SETS

THEORY
Prepared by
Aldrin S. Bendal
January 2024
CONTENTS 01 SET, ELEMENTS, SUBSETS

02 TYPES OF SETS

03 VENN DIAGRAM

04 SETS OPERATION

05 LAW OF INCLUSION-
EXCLUSION

06 WORD PROBLEMS
01
SETS
 SETS
➢It is a well-defined collection of objects,
➢called the ELEMENTS or members.
➢Symbol for set: CAPITAL LETTERS: S, A,B,
X, Y, . .
 DIFFERENT SETS
IDENTIFY WHAT SET IS DECRIBE IN
THE FIGURE BELOW?

SET OF
BOOKS!
 DIFFERENT SETS

IDENTIFY WHAT SET IS DECRIBE IN

THE FIGURE BELOW?

SET OF
BOXES!
 DIFFERENT SETS

IDENTIFY WHAT SET IS DECRIBE IN

THE FIGURE BELOW?

SET OF PH. PRESIDENTS!

 DIFFERENT SETS
IDENTIFY WHAT SET IS DECRIBE IN
THE FIGURE BELOW?

SET OF
FIRE
POKEMON!
 DIFFERENT SETS

IDENTIFY WHAT SET IS DECRIBE IN

THE FIGURE BELOW?

SET OF G.E. TEACHERS!

 SETS
In terms of numbers:
Set of: 7. Complex numbers
1. Natural numbers 8. Odd
2. Whole numbers 9. Even
3. Integers 10. Prime and
4. Rational numbers composite numbers
5. Irrational numbers 11. decimals or
6.Real numbers fractions
 Example of Sets

Natural Numbers:
Whole, non-fractional, and non-negative number:

S = ( 1, 2, 3 , 4….) (zero is not a natural number)

Whole numbers:
Whole, non-fractional, and non-negative number:

S = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4…) (zero is a whole number)

Integers:
A whole number (not a fractional number) that can be positive, neg
ative, or zero:

S = (..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...)

 Example of Sets

Rational numbers:

Any numbers (positive or negative) that can be expressed as one

integer divided by another integer.

S = (..., -3, -2 ½ -2, - 1 ½, -1, -1/2, 0, ½ 1, 2, 2 ½, 3, ...)

Irrational Numbers:

The irrational numbers are all the real numbers that are not rational
numbers. That is, irrational numbers cannot be expressed as the
ratio of two integers.

A number that cannot be written as fraction.

 Example of Sets

Complex numbers:
Numbers that has an imaginary (i) elements

Odd numbers:

An odd number is a number which is not divisible by 2.

S = {3, 5, 7, 9,….}

Even Numbers:

Even numbers are those numbers that can be divided into two equal groups or pairs and
are exactly divisible by 2

S = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10,…}
 DESRIBING SETS

Symbols and Variables

 DESRIBING SETS

Different ways of describing SETS.

1. Verbal Description Method
Sets of All Natural Numbers
2. Roster Notation or Listing Method
S = { 1, 2, 3 , 4….}
3. Set-Builder Notation Method
X → elements
S = {x x is all N}
 EXAMPLE

1.

What type of set description?

Roster Notation or Listing Method

Transform this into Set-Builder

Notation.
 EXAMPLE

2.

What type of set description?

Transform this into Roster Notation.

 DESRIBING SETS

EQUAL SET

TWO OR MORE SETS

HAVE EQUAL ELEMENTS
A = {1,2} = B = {1,2}
A = {1,2} = B = {2,1}
A = {1,2,1} = B = {1,1,2}
A = {1,1} = B = {1}
 DESRIBING SETS

EQUAL SET

A set does not depend on the way in which its

elements are displayed. A set remains the
same if its elements are repeated or rearranged.
SHORT ACTIVITY!
 ACTIVITY

1.
 ACTIVITY

2. Transform into Roster notation form:

 ACTIVITY

3. Transform into Roster notation form:

 ACTIVITY

4. Transform into Roster notation form:

 ACTIVITY

5. Transform into Roster notation form:

D = All colors in rainbow

02 TYPES
OF
SETS
 SUBSETS

Suppose every element in a set A

is also an element of a set B, that
is, suppose a ∈ A implies a ∈ B.

A = {2, 3, 4}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
 SUBSETS

Then A is called a subset of

B. We also say that A
is contained in B
This relationship is written:

A⊂ B
 TYPES OF SUBSETS
1. Proper Subset
A proper subset is one that contains a few
elements of the original set.

Determine the number of proper subset in set

A.
A = {2, 4, 6}
Formula to determine the number of
proper subset:
2n -1
Where n is the number of elements.
 TYPES OF SUBSETS
2. Improper Subset
An Improper subset contains every eleme
nt of the original set along with the null
set. (Equal set)

Determine the number of improper subset in

set A.
A = {2, 4, 6}
 TYPES OF SUBSETS
3. Power set
The power set is said to be the collection of
all the subsets. It is represented by P(A).

Determine the power set in set A.

A = {a,b}
 SUBSETS

Two sets are equal if they both have the

same elements or, equivalently, if each is
contained in the other. That is:

A ⊆ B.
 Additional Examples
State YES if the statement is correct, NO if not.
1. A = {x|x𝜖N} and B = {x|x𝜖W}
A⊂B
2. A = {p, q, r} and B = {set of all alphabets}
A⊂B
3. A = {set of all even numbers}
B = {set of all integers}
A⊂B
Empty set

Such a set with no elements is called the

empty set or null set and is denoted by
∅

The empty set ∅ is also regarded as a

subset of every other set.
Disjoint Sets

Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint

if they have no elements in common.

For example, suppose:

A = {1, 2}, B= {4, 5, 6}, and C = {5, 6, 7, 8}

03 VENN
DIAGRAM
Venn Diagram

A Venn diagram is a pictorial representation

of sets in which sets are represented by
enclosed areas in the plane.

U The universal set

U is represented
by the interior of a
rectangle.
Venn Diagram

A Venn diagram is a pictorial representation

of sets in which sets are represented by
enclosed areas in the plane.

U And the other sets

are represented by
A disks lying within
the rectangle.
Venn Diagram

A Venn diagram is a pictorial representation

of sets in which sets are represented by
enclosed areas in the plane.

U And the other sets

are represented by
A B disks lying within
the rectangle.
Venn Diagram

SUBSET

U
B

BA
Venn Diagram

TWO SETS WITH COMMON ELEMENTS

U
B

A
Application of Venn Diagram
Application of Venn Diagram
Application of Venn Diagram
Application of Venn Diagram
Common Design of Venn Diagram
04 SETS
OPERATION
 SETS OPERATION

Union
The union of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∪ B, is the set of all
elements which belong to A or to B; that is,

A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}

Here “or” is used in the sense of and/or.

 SETS OPERATION

Intersection
The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∩ B, is the set of
elements which belong to both A and B; that is,
A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
 SETS OPERATION

Complement
A set A, denoted by AC, is the set of elements which belong to
U but which do not belong to A. That is,

AC = {x | x ∈ U, x /∈ A}
 SETS OPERATION

Differences
The relative complement of a set B with respect to a set A or, simpl
y, the difference of A
and B, denoted by A\B, is the set of elements which belong to A but
which do not belong
to B; that is
A\B = {x | x ∈ A, x / ∈ B}
 SETS OPERATION

Symmetry Differences
The symmetric difference of sets A and B, denoted by A ⊕ B,
consists of those elements which belong to A or B but not to
both. That is,

A ⊕ B = (A ∪ B)\(A ∩ B) or A ⊕ B = (A\B) ∪ (B\A)

LAWS OF THE ALGEBRA SETS
05 Law of Inclusion
–Exclusion
Principle
 INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion is an approach which

derives the method of finding the number of elements in
the union of two finite sets. This is used for solving
combinations and probability problems when it is necess
ary to find a counting method, which makes sure that an
object is not counted twice.

TWO SETS (A and B)

𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 − (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
 INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

THREE SETS (A, B and C)

𝐴 ∪𝐵∪𝐶

=𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 − 𝑨∩𝑩 − 𝑩∩𝑪 − 𝑨∩𝑪 + 𝑨∩𝑩∩𝑪

05 WORD
PROBLEMS:
APPLICATION OF
SET THEORY
WORD PROBLEMS: EXAMPLE
Each student in CE Dept. has a mathematics
Requirement (A) and a science requirement
(B). A poll of 140 sophomore students shows
that:
60 completed A
45 completed B
20 completed both A and B

Use a Venn diagram to find the number of

students who have completed:
(a) At least one of A and B;
(b) (b) exactly one of A or B;
(c) (c) neither A nor B.
 WORD PROBLEMS: EXAMPLE
In a survey of 120 people, it was found that:
65 read Newsweek magazine,
20 read both Newsweek and Time,
45 read Time, 25 read both Newsweek and Fortune,
42 read Fortune, 15 read both Time and Fortune,
8 read all three magazines.

(a) Find the number of people who read at least one of the
three magazines.

(b) Find the number of people who read exactly one

magazine.
THANK
YOU