0% found this document useful (0 votes)

76 views

Angular

Angular router interprets a browser URL as commands to navigate to a client-generated view. The router is bound to links on a page, allowing Angular to navigate the application view to the required page when a user clicks a link.

Uploaded by

Dilip Pinto

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

76 views

Angular

Uploaded by

Dilip Pinto

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 175

Question: How Does Angular Router Work?

Answer: Angular router interprets a browser URL as

commands to navigate to a client-generated view. The router is bound to the links on a page.
This way Angular knows to navigate the application view to the required page when a user clicks
on it.
1. Why were client-side frameworks like Angular introduced?

Back in the day, web developers used VanillaJS and jQuery to develop dynamic websites
but, as the logic of one's website grew, the code became more and more tedious to
maintain. For applications that use complex logic, developers had to put in extra effort to
maintain separation of concerns for the app. Also, jQuery did not provide facilities for
data handling across views.
For tackling the above problems, client-side frameworks like Angular came into the
picture, which made life easier for the developers by handling separation of concerns and
dividing code into smaller bits of information (In the case of Angular, called
Components).
Client-side frameworks allow one to develop advanced web applications like Single-
Page-Application. Not that we cannot develop SPAs using VanillaJS, but by doing so, the
development process becomes slower.

2. How does an Angular application work?

Every Angular app consists of a file named angular.json. This file will contain all the
configurations of the app. While building the app, the builder looks at this file to find the
entry point of the application. Following is an image of the angular.json file:

"build": {
"builder": "@angular-devkit/build-angular:browser",
"options": {
"outputPath": "dist/angular-starter",
"index": "src/index.html",
"main": "src/main.ts",
"polyfills": "src/polyfills.ts",
"tsConfig": "tsconfig.app.json",
"aot": false,
"assets": [
"src/favicon.ico",
"src/assets"
],
"styles": [

"./node_modules/@angular/material/prebuilt-themes/deeppurple-amber.css",
"src/style.css"
]
}
}

Inside the build section, the main property of the options object defines the entry point of
the application which in this case is main.ts.
The main.ts file creates a browser environment for the application to run, and, along with
this, it also calls a function called bootstrapModule, which bootstraps the application.
These two steps are performed in the following order inside the main.ts file:

import { platformBrowserDynamic } from '@angular/platform-browser-dynamic';

platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule)

In the above line of code, AppModule is getting bootstrapped.

The AppModule is declared in the app.module.ts file. This module contains declarations
of all the components.
Below is an example of app.module.ts file:

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
imports: [
BrowserModule
],
providers: [],
entryComponents: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

As one can see in the above file, AppComponent is getting bootstrapped.

This component is defined in app.component.ts file. This file interacts with the webpage
and serves data to it.
Below is an example of app.component.ts file:

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
templateUrl: './app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./app.component.css']
})
export class AppComponent {
title = 'angular';
}
Each component is declared with three properties:
1. Selector - used for accessing the component
2. Template/TemplateURL - contains HTML of the component
3. StylesURL - contains component-specific stylesheets

After this, Angular calls the index.html file. This file consequently calls the root
component that is app-root. The root component is defined in app.component.ts.
This is how the index.html file looks:

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Angular</title>
<base href="/">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1">
</head>
<body>
<app-root></app-root>
</body>
</html>

The HTML template of the root component is displayed inside the <app-root> tags.

This is how every angular application works.

3. What are some of the advantages of Angular over other frameworks?

 Features that are provided out of the box - Angular provides a number of built-in
features like,routing, state management, rxjs library and http servicesstraight out of the
box. This means that one does not need tolook for the above stated features separately.
They are allprovided with angular.
 Declarative UI - Angular uses HTML to render the UI of an application. HTML isa
declarative language and is much easier to use than JavaScript.
 Long-term Google support - Google announced Long-term support for Angular.
This means that Google plans to stick with Angular and further scale up its ecosystem.

4. List out differences between AngularJS and Angular

Architecture
AngularJS uses MVC or Model-View-Controller architecture, where the Model contains
the business logic, Controller processes information and View shows the information
present in the Model.
Angular replaces controllers with Components. Components are nothing but directives
with a predefined template.

Language

AngularJS uses JavaScript language, which is a dynamically typed language.

Angular uses TypeScript language, which is a statically typed language and is a superset
of JavaScript. By using statically typed language, Angular provides better performance
while developing larger applications.

Mobile Support

AngularJS does not provide mobile support.

Angular is supported by all popular mobile browsers.

Structure

While developing larger applications, the process of maintaining code becomes tedious in
the case of AngularJS.
In the case of Angular, it is easier to maintain code for larger applications as it provides a
better structure.

Expression Syntax

While developing an AngularJS application, a developer needs to remember the correct

ng-directive for binding an event, or a property. Whereas in Angular, property binding is
done using "[ ]" attribute and event binding is done using "( )" attribute.

5. What is AOT compilation? What are the advantages of AOT?

Every Angular application consists of components and templates which the browser
cannot understand. Therefore, all the Angular applications need to be compiled first
before running inside the browser.

Angular provides two types of compilation:

 JIT(Just-in-Time) compilation
 AOT(Ahead-of-Time) compilation
In JIT compilation, the application compiles inside the browser during runtime.
Whereas in the AOT compilation, the application compiles during the build time.

The advantages of using AOT compilation are:

 Since the application compiles before running inside the browser, the browser loads
the executable code and renders the application immediately, which leads to faster
rendering.
 In AOT compilation, the compiler sends the external HTML and CSS files along with
the application, eliminating separate AJAX requests for those source files, which leads to
fewer ajax requests.
 Developers can detect and handle errors during the building phase, which helps in
minimizing errors.
 The AOT compiler adds HTML and templates into the JS files before they run inside
the browser. Due to this, there are no extra HTML files to be read, which provide better
security to the application.

By default, angular builds and serves the application using JIT compiler:

ng build
ng serve

For using AOT compiler following changes should be made:

ng build --aot
ng serve --aot

6. Explain Components, Modules and Services in Angular

For better understanding, I would like you to create an Angular application by running
the following inside the command terminal:
ng new angularApp

The above command will create an angular application in the directory.

Next, let's move on to understand Components, Modules, and Services.

Components
In Angular, components are the basic building blocks, which control a part of the UI for
any application.
A component is defined using the @Component decorator. Every component consists of
three parts, the template which loads the view for the component, a stylesheet which
defines the look and feel for the component, and a class that contains the business logic
for the component.
For creating a component, inside the command terminal, navigate to the directory of the
application created, and run the following command:

ng generate component test

ng g c test

One can see the generated component inside src/app/test folder. The component will be
defined inside test.component.ts and this is how it looks:

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-test',
templateUrl: './test.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./test.component.css']
})
export lass TestComponent implements OnInit {

constructor() {}

ngOnInit() {
}
}
As we can see in the above image, our component is defined with @Component
decorator.

Modules
A module is a place where we can group components, directives, services, and pipes.
Module decides whether the components, directives, etc can be used by other modules,
by exporting or hiding these elements. Every module is defined with a @NgModule
decorator.
By default, modules are of two types:

 Root Module
 Feature Module Every application can have only one root module whereas, it can have
one or more feature modules.
A root module imports BrowserModule, whereas a feature module imports
CommonModule.

In the application that we created before, one can see that the root module is defined
inside app.module.ts and this is how it looks:
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

import { TestComponent } from './test/text.component';

@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent,
TestComponent
],
imports: [
BrowserModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

We can see in the above image that the component we created earlier is already imported
in the declarations array.

To create a feature module, run the following command:

ng g m test-module

The module is created inside the src/app/test-module/test-module.module.ts file:

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';

@NgModule({
declarations: [],
imports: [
CommonModule
]
})
export class TestModuleModule { }

As one can see, CommonModule is imported since this is a feature module.

Services Services are objects which get instantiated only once during the lifetime of an
application. The main objective of a service is to share data, functions with different
components of an Angular application.
A service is defined using a @Injectable decorator. A function defined inside a service
can be invoked from any component or directive.

To create a service, run the following command:

ng g s test-service

The service will be created inside src/app/test-service.service.ts:

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class TestServiceService {

constructor() { }

Any method/function defined inside the TestServiceService class can be directly used
inside any component by just importing the service.

7. What are lifecycle hooks in Angular? Explain a few lifecycle hooks.

Every component in Angular has a lifecycle, different phases it goes through from the
time of creation to the time it's destroyed. Angular provides hooks to tap into these
phases and trigger changes at specific phases in a lifecycle.

ngOnChanges( ) This hook/method is called before ngOnInit and whenever one or more
input properties of the component changes.
This method/hook receives a SimpleChanges object which contains the previous and
current values of the property.

ngOnInit( ) This hook gets called once, after the ngOnChanges hook.
It initializes the component and sets the input properties of the component.

ngDoCheck( ) It gets called after ngOnChanges and ngOnInit and is used to detect and
act on changes that cannot be detected by Angular.
We can implement our change detection algorithm in this hook. ngAfterContentInit( ) It
gets called after the first ngDoCheck hook. This hook responds after the content gets
projected inside the component.

ngAfterContentChecked( ) It gets called after ngAfterContentInit and every

subsequent ngDoCheck. It responds after the projected content is checked.

ngAfterViewInit( ) It responds after a component's view, or a child component's view is

initialized.

ngAfterViewChecked( ) It gets called after ngAfterViewInit, and it responds after the

component's view, or the child component's view is checked.
ngOnDestroy( ) It gets called just before Angular destroys the component. This hook can
be used to clean up the code and detach event handlers.

Let’s understand how to use ngOnInit hook, since it’s the most oftenly used hook. If one
has to process lot of data during component creation, it’s better to do it inside ngOnInit
hook rather than the constructor:
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-test',
templateUrl: './test.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./test.component.css']
})
export class TestComponent implements OnInit {
constructor() { }

ngOnInit() {
this.processData();
}

processData(){
// Do something..
}

As you can see we have imported OnInit but we have used ngOnInit function. This
principle should be used with the rest of the hooks as well.

8. Explain string interpolation and property binding in Angular.

String interpolation and property binding are parts of data-binding in Angular.

Data-binding is a feature in angular, which provides a way to communicate between the
component(Model) and its view(HTML template).
Data-binding can be done in two ways, one-way binding and two-way binding.
In Angular, data from the component can be inserted inside the HTML template. In one-
way binding, any changes in the component will directly reflect inside the HTML
template but, vice-versa is not possible. Whereas, it is possible in two-way binding.

String interpolation and property binding allow only one-way data binding.
String interpolation uses the double curly braces {{ }} to display data from the
component. Angular automatically runs the expression written inside the curly braces, for
example, {{ 2 + 2 }} will be evaluated by Angular and the output 4, will be displayed
inside the HTML template. Using property binding, we can bind the DOM properties of
an HTML element to a component's property. Property binding uses the square brackets [
] syntax.
9. How are Angular expressions different from JavaScript expressions?

The first and perhaps, the biggest difference is that Angular expressions allow us to write
JavaScript in HTML which is not the case when it comes to JavaScript expressions.
Next, Angular expressions are evaluated against a local scope object whereas JavaScript
expressions against global window object. Let's understand that better with an example :

Consider the following component named test:

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-test',
template: `
<h4>{{message}}</h4>
`,
styleUrls: ['./test.component.css']
})
export class TestComponent implements OnInit {
message:string = “Hello world”;
constructor() { }

ngOnInit() {
}
}

As one can see that Angular expression is used to display message property of a
component. Since we are using Angular expressions, in the present template, we cannot
access a property outside of its local scope, which in this case is TestComponent.
This proves that Angular expressions are always evaluated based on scope object rather
than the global object.

Next difference is how Angular expressions handle null and undefined.

Consider the following JavaScript example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<title>JavaScript Test</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="foo"><div>
</body>
<script>
'use strict';
let bar = {};
document.getElementById('foo').innerHTML = bar.x;
</script>
</html>

If you run the above code, you will see undefined displayed on the screen. Although it’s
not ideal to leave any property undefined, the user does not need to see this.
Now consider the following Angular example:

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-new',
template: `
<h4>{{message}}</h4>
`,
styleUrls: ['./new.component.css']
})
export class NewComponent implements OnInit {
message:object = {};
constructor() { }

ngOnInit() {
}

If you render the above component, you will not see undefined being displayed on the
screen.

Next, in Angular expressions one cannot use loops, conditionals and exceptions.

The difference which makes Angular expressions quite beneficial is the use of pipes.
Angular uses pipes(called filters in AngularJS), which can be used to format data before
displaying it. Let’s see one predefined pipe in action:

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-new',
template: `
<h4>{{message | lowercase}}</h4>
`,
styleUrls: ['./new.component.css']
})
export class NewComponent implements OnInit {
message:string = "HELLO WORLD";
constructor() { }

ngOnInit() {
}

In the above code we have used a predefined pipe called lowercase, which transforms all
the letters in lowercase. Therefore, if you render the above component, you will see
“hello world” being displayed.

In contrast, JavaScript does not have the concept of pipes.

10. How are observables different from promises?

The first difference is that an Observable is lazy whereas a Promise is eager.

Promise Observable
Emits a single value Emits multiple values over a period of time
Lazy. An observable is not called until we
Not Lazy
subscribe to the observable
Can be cancelled by using the unsubscribe()
Cannot be cancelled
method
Observable provides operators like map,
forEach, filter, reduce, retry, retryWhen etc.

Consider the following Observable:

const observable = rxjs.Observable.create(observer => {
console.log('Text inside an observable');
observer.next('Hello world!');
observer.complete();
});

console.log('Before subscribing an Observable');

observable.subscribe((message)=> console.log(message));

When you run the above Observable, you can see messages being displayed in the
following order:

Before subscribing an Observable

Text inside an observable
Hello world!
As you can see, observables are lazy. Observable runs only when someone subscribes to
them hence, the message “Before subscribing…” is displayed ahead of the message
inside the observable.

Now let’s consider a Promise:

const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

console.log('Text inside promise');
resolve('Hello world!');
});

console.log('Before calling then method on Promise');

greetingPoster.then(message => console.log(message));

Running the above promise, the messages will be displayed in the following order:

Text inside promise

Before calling then method on Promise
Hello world!

As you can see the message inside Promise is displayed first. This means that a promise
runs before the then method is called. Therefore, promises are eager.

The next difference is that Promises are always asynchronous. Even when the promise is
immediately resolved. Whereas an Observable, can be both synchronous and
asynchronous.

The above example of an observable is the case to show that an observable is

synchronous. Let’s see the case where an observable can be asynchronous:

const observable = rxjs.Observable.create(observer => {

setTimeout(()=>{
observer.next('Hello world');
observer.complete();
},3000)
});

console.log('Before calling subscribe on an Observable');

observable.subscribe((data)=> console.log(data));

console.log('After calling subscribe on an Observable');

The messages will be displayed in the following order:

Before calling subscribe on an Observable
After calling subscribe on an Observable
Hello world!

You can see in this case, observable runs asynchronously.

The next difference is that Observables can emit multiple values whereas Promises can
emit only one value.

The biggest feature of using observables is the use of operators. We can use multiple
operators on an observable whereas, there is no such feature in a promise.

11. Angular by default, uses client-side rendering for its applications.

Can one make an angular application to render on the server-side?

Yes, angular provides a technology called Angular Universal, which can be used to
render applications on the server-side.

The advantages of using Angular Universal are :

 First time users can instantly see a view of the application. This benefits in providing
better user experience.
 Many search engines expect pages in plain HTML, thus, Universal can make sure that
your content is available on every search engine, which leads to better SEO.
 Any server-side rendered application loads faster since rendered pages are available
to the browser sooner.

12. What are directives in Angular?

A directive is a class in Angular that is declared with a @Directive decorator.

Every directive has its own behaviour and can be imported into various components of an
application.

When to use a directive?

Consider an application, where multiple components need to have similar functionalities.
The norm thing to do is by adding this functionality individually to every component but,
this task is tedious to perform. In such a situation, one can create a directive having the
required functionality and then, import the directive to components which require this
functionality.

Types of directives
Component directives
These form the main class in directives. Instead of @Directive decorator we use
@Component decorator to declare these directives. These directives have a view, a
stylesheet and a selector property.
Structural directives
These directives are generally used to manipulate DOM elements.
Every structural directive has a ‘ * ’ sign before them.
We can apply these directives to any DOM element.

Let’s see some built-in structural directives in action:

<div *ngIf="isReady" class="display_name">

{{name}}
</div>

<div class="details" *ngFor="let x of details" >

<p>{{x.name}}</p>
<p> {{x.address}}</p>
<p>{{x.age}}</p>
</div>

In the above example, we can *ngIf and *ngFor directives being used.

*ngIf is used to check a boolean value and if it’s truthy,the div element will be displayed.

*ngFor is used to iterate over a list and display each item of the list.

Attribute Directives

These directives are used to change the look and behaviour of a DOM element. Let’s
understand attribute directives by creating one:

How to create a custom directive?

We’re going to create an attribute directive:

In the command terminal, navigate to the directory of the angular app and type the
following command to generate a directive:

ng g directive blueBackground

The following directive will be generated. Manipulate the directive to look like this:

import { Directive, ElementRef } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({
selector: '[appBlueBackground]'
})
export class BlueBackgroundDirective {
constructor(el:ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = "blue";
}
}

Now we can apply the above directive to any DOM element:

<p appBlueBackground>Hello World!</p>

13. How does one share data between components in Angular?

Following are the commonly used methods by which one can pass data between
components in angular:

Parent to child using @Input decorator

Consider the following parent component:

@Component({
selector: 'app-parent',
template: `
<app-child [data]=data></app-child>
` ,
styleUrls: ['./parent.component.css']
})
export class ParentComponent{
data:string = "Message from parent";
constructor() { }
}

In the above parent component, we are passing “data” property to the following child
component:

import { Component, Input} from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-child',
template:`
<p>{{data}}</p>
`,
styleUrls: ['./child.component.css']
})
export class ChildComponent {
@Input() data:string
constructor() { }
}

In the child component, we are using @Input decorator to capture data coming from a
parent component and using it inside the child component’s template.
Child to parent using @ViewChild decorator

Child component:
import {Component} from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-child',
template:`
<p>{{data}}</p>
`,
styleUrls: ['./child.component.css']
})
export class ChildComponent {
data:string = "Message from child to parent";
constructor() { }
}

Parent Component

import { Component,ViewChild, AfterViewInit} from '@angular/core';

import { ChildComponent } from './../child/child.component';

@Component({
selector: 'app-parent',
template: `
<p>{{dataFromChild}}</p>
` ,
styleUrls: ['./parent.component.css']
})
export class ParentComponent implements AfterViewInit {
dataFromChild: string;
@ViewChild(ChildComponent,{static:false}) child;

ngAfterViewInit(){
this.dataFromChild = this.child.data;
}
constructor() { }
}

In the above example, a property named “data” is passed from the child component to the
parent component.
@ViewChild decorator is used to reference the child component as “child” property.
Using the ngAfterViewInit hook, we assign the child’s data property to the
messageFromChild property and use it in the parent component’s template.

Child to parent using @Output and EventEmitter

In this method, we bind a DOM element inside the child component, to an event ( click
event for example ) and using this event we emit data that will captured by the parent
component:

Child Component:

import {Component, Output, EventEmitter} from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-child',
template:`
<button (click)="emitData()">Click to emit data</button>
`,
styleUrls: ['./child.component.css']
})
export class ChildComponent {

data:string = "Message from child to parent";

@Output() dataEvent = new EventEmitter<string>();

constructor() { }

emitData(){
this.dataEvent.emit(this.data);
}
}

As you can see in the child component, we have used @Output property to bind an
EventEmitter. This event emitter emits data when the button in the template is clicked.

In the parent component’s template we can capture the emitted data like this:

<app-child (dataEvent)="receiveData($event)"></app-child>

Then inside the receiveData function we can handle the emitted data:

receiveData($event){
this.dataFromChild = $event;
}

14. Explain the concept of Dependency Injection?

Dependency injection is an application design pattern which is implemented by Angular.
It also forms one of the core concepts of Angular.

So what is dependency injection in simple terms?

Let’s break it down, dependencies in angular are nothing but services which have a
functionality. Functionality of a service, can be needed by various components and
directives in an application. Angular provides a smooth mechanism by which we can
inject these dependencies in our components and directives.
So basically, we are just making dependencies which are injectable across all components
of an application.

Let’s understand how DI (Dependency Injection) works:

Consider the following service, which can be generated using:

ng g service test

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class TestService {
importantValue:number = 42;

constructor() { }

returnImportantValue(){
return this.importantValue;
}
}
As one can notice, we can create injectable dependencies by adding the @Injectable
decorator to a class.

We inject the above dependency inside the following component:

import { TestService } from './../test.service';

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-test',
templateUrl: './test.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./test.component.css']
})
export class TestComponent implements OnInit {
value:number;
constructor(private testService:TestService) { }

ngOnInit() {
this.value = this.testService.returnImportantValue();
}
}

One can see we have imported our TestService at the top of the page. Then, we have
created an instance inside the constructor of the component and implemented the
returnImportantValue function of the service.

From the above example, we can observe how angular provides a smooth way to inject
dependencies in any component.

15. Explain MVVM architecture

MVVM architecture consists of three parts:

1. Model
2. View
3. ViewModel
Model contains the structure of an entity. In simple terms it contains data of an object.
View is the visual layer of the application. It displays the data contained inside the
Model. In angular terms, this will be the HTML template of a component.

ViewModel is an abstract layer of the application. A viewmodel handles the logic of the
application. It manages the data of a model and displays it in the view.
View and ViewModel are connected with data-binding (two-way data-binding in this
case). Any change in the view, the viewmodel takes a note and changes the appropriate
data inside the model.
Question: What is Angular?

Answer: Angular is a TypeScript-based open-source web application framework,

developed and maintained by Google. It offers an easy and powerful way of building
front end web-based applications.

Angular integrates a range of features like declarative templates, dependency injection,

end-to-end tooling, etc. that facilitates web application development.

Question: Why was Angular introduced as a client-side framework?

Answer: Traditionally, VanillaJS and jQuery were used by developers to develop

dynamic websites. As the websites became more complex with added features and
functionality, it was hard for the developers to maintain the code. Moreover, there was no
provision of data handling facilities across the views by jQuery. So, Angular was built to
address these issues, thus, making it easier for the developers by dividing code into
smaller bits of information that are known as Components in Angular.

Client-side frameworks permit the development of advanced web applications like SPAs
which, if developed by VanillaJS, is a slower process.

Question: Define the ng-content Directive?

Answer: Conventional HTML elements have some content between the tags. For
instance:

<p>Put your paragraph here</p>

Now consider the following example of having custom text between angular tags:

<app-work>This won’t work like HTML until you use ng-content

Directive</app-work>

However, doing so won’t work the way it worked for HTML elements. In order to make
it work just like the HTML example mentioned above, we need to use the ng-content
Directive. Moreover, it is helpful in building reusable components.

Know more about the ng-content directive.

Question: Please explain the various features of Angular.

Answer: There are several features of Angular that make it an ideal front end JavaScript
framework. Most important of them are described as follows:

 Accessibility Applications
Angular allows creating accessible applications using ARIA-enabled components, built-
in a11y test infrastructure, and developer guides.

 Angular CLI

Angular provides support for command-line interface tools. These tools can be used for
adding components, testing, instant deploying, etc.

 Animation Support

Angular’s intuitive API allows the creation of high-performance, complex animation

timelines with very little code.

 Cross-Platform App Development

Angular can be used for building an efficient and powerful desktop, native, and
progressive web apps. Angular provides support for building native mobile applications
using Cordova, Ionic, or NativeScript.

Angular allows creating high performance, offline, and zero-step installation progressive
web apps using modern web platform capabilities. The popular JS framework can also be
used for building desktop apps for Linux, macOS, and Windows.

 Code Generation

Angular is able to convert templates into highly-optimized code for modern JavaScript
virtual machines.

 Code Splitting

With the new Component Router, Angular apps load quickly. The Component Router
offers automatic code-splitting so that only the code required to render the view that is
requested by a user is loaded.

 Synergy with Popular Code Editors and IDEs

Angular offers code completion, instant errors, etc. with popular source code editors and
IDEs.

 Templates

Allows creating UI views with a simple and powerful template syntax.

 Testing
Angular lets you carry out frequent unit tests using Karma. The Protractor allows running
faster scenario tests in a stable way.

Question: State some advantages of Angular over other frameworks.

Answer:

Out of box Features: Several built-in features like routing, state management, rxjs
library, and HTTP services are straight out of the box services provided by Angular. So,
one does not need to look for the above-stated features separately.

Declarative UI: Angular uses HTML to render the UI of an application as it is a

declarative language and is much easier to use than JavaScript.

Long-term Google Support: Google plans to stick with Angular and further scale up its
ecosystem as it has offered its long term support to Angular.

Question: What is the difference between Angular and AngularJS.

Answer:

Parameters AngularJS Angular

MVC or Model-View-Controller architecture

facilitates the AngularJS framework, where
Angular replaces controllers with
the Model contains the business logic and
Architecture Components that are directives
Controllers processes information, lastly,
with a predefined template.
View shows the information present in the
Model.

Angular uses TypeScript language,

a statically typed language, and a
AngularJS uses JavaScript language, which is
Language superset of JavaScript. Angular
a dynamically typed language.
provides better performance while
developing larger applications.

Mobile Supported by all popular mobile

Does not support mobile support.
Support browsers.

It is easier to maintain code for

The process of maintaining code becomes
Structure larger applications as it provides a
tedious in the case of larger applications.
better structure.

A developer needs to remember the correct Property binding is done using "[ ]"
Expression
ng-directive for binding an event or a attribute and event binding is done
Syntax
property. using "( )" attribute.
Routing AngularJS uses $routeprovider.when() Angular uses @RouteConfig{(…)}

The development effort and time are

Angular is faster due to upgraded
Speed reduced significantly because of the two-way
features.
data binding

Angular supports a hierarchical

Dependency Dependency Injection with
AngularJS doesn’t support DI.
Injection unidirectional tree-based change
detection.

Angular has active support with

No official support or updates are available
Support updates rolling out every now and
for AngularJS.
then.

Question: What are Lifecycle hooks in Angular? Explain some life cycles hooks

ngOnChanges( ): This method is called whenever one or more input properties of the
component changes. The hook receives a SimpleChanges object containing the previous
and current values of the property.

ngOnInit( ): This hook gets called once, after the ngOnChanges hook.

It initializes the component and sets the input properties of the component.

ngDoCheck( ): It gets called after ngOnChanges and ngOnInit and is used to detect and
act on changes that cannot be detected by Angular.

We can implement our change detection algorithm in this hook.

ngAfterContentInit( ): It gets called after the first ngDoCheck hook. This hook responds
after the content gets projected inside the component.

ngAfterContentChecked( ): It gets called after ngAfterContentInit and every subsequent

ngDoCheck. It responds after the projected content is checked.

ngAfterViewInit( ): It responds after a component's view, or a child component's view is

initialized.

ngAfterViewChecked( ): It gets called after ngAfterViewInit, and it responds after the

component's view, or the child component's view is checked.
ngOnDestroy( ): It gets called just before Angular destroys the component. This hook
can be used to clean up the code and detach event handlers.

Question: Could we make an angular application to render on the server-side?

Answer: Yes, we can, with Angular Universal, a technology provided by Angular

capable of rendering applications on the server-side.

The benefits of using Angular Universal are:

 Better User Experience: Allows users to see the view of the application instantly.
 Better SEO: Universal ensures that the content is available on every search engine
leading to better SEO.
 Loads Faster: Render pages are available to the browsers sooner, so the server-side
application loads faster.

Question: Explain Dependency Injection?

Answer: Dependency injection is an application design pattern that is implemented by

Angular and forms the core concepts of Angular.

Let us understand in a detailed manner. Dependencies in Angular are services which have
a functionality. Various components and directives in an application can need these
functionalities of the service. Angular provides a smooth mechanism by which these
dependencies are injected into components and directives.

Question: Describe the MVVM architecture.

Answer: MVVM architecture removes tight coupling between each component. The
MVVM architecture comprises of three parts:

 Model
 View
 ViewModel

The architecture allows the children to have reference through observables and not
directly to their parents.

 Model: It represents the data and the business logic of an application, or we may say it
contains the structure of an entity. It consists of the business logic - local and remote
data source, model classes, repository.
 View: View is a visual layer of the application, and so consists of the UI Code(in Angular-
HTML template of a component.). It sends the user action to the ViewModel but does
not get the response back directly. It has to subscribe to the observables which
ViewModel exposes to it to get the response.
 ViewModel: It is an abstract layer of the application and acts as a bridge between the
View and Model(business logic). It does not have any clue which View has to use it as it
does not have a direct reference to the View. View and ViewModel are connected with
data-binding so, any change in the View the ViewModel takes note and changes the
data inside the Model. It interacts with the Model and exposes the observable that can
be observed by the View.

Question: Demonstrate navigating between different routes in an Angular

application.

Answer: Following code demonstrates how to navigate between different routes in an

Angular app dubbed “Some Search App”:

import from "@angular/router";

.
.
.
@Component({
selector: 'app-header',
template: `
<nav class="navbar navbar-light bg-faded">
<a class="navbar-brand" (click)="goHome()">Some Search App</a>
<ul class="nav navbar-nav">
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" (click)="goHome()">Home</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" (click)="goSearch()">Search</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
`
})
class HeaderComponent {
constructor(private router: Router) {}
goHome() {
this.router.navigate(['']);
}
goSearch() {
this.router.navigate(['search']);
}
}

Question: What is the AOT (Ahead-Of-Time) Compilation? What are its

advantages?

Answer: An angular application consists of components and templates which a browser

cannot understand. Therefore, every Angular application needs to be compiled before
running inside the browser. The Angular compiler takes in the JS code, compiles it, and
then produces some JS code. It is known as AOT compilation and happens only once per
occasion per user.

There are two kinds of compilation that Angular provides:

JIT(Just-in-Time) compilation: the application compiles inside the browser during
runtime

AOT(Ahead-of-Time) compilation: the application compiles during the build time.

Advantages of AOT compilation:

 Fast Rendering: The browser loads the executable code and renders it immediately as
the application is compiled before running inside the browser.
 Fewer Ajax Requests: The compiler sends the external HTML and CSS files along with
the application, eliminating AJAX requests for those source files.
 Minimizing Errors: Easy to detect and handle errors during the building phase.
 Better Security: Before an application runs inside the browser, the AOT compiler adds
HTML and templates into the JS files, so there are no extra HTML files to be read, thus
providing better security for the application.

Question: Could you explain services in Angular?

Answer: Singleton objects in Angular that get instantiated only once during the lifetime
of an application are called services. An Angular service contains methods that maintain
the data throughout the life of an application.

The primary intent of an Angular service is to organize as well as share business logic,
models, or data and functions with various components of an Angular application.

The functions offered by an Angular service can be invoked from any Angular
component, such as a controller or directive.

Question: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using Angular?

Answer: Following are the various advantages of using Angular:

 Ability to add a custom directive

 Exceptional community support
 Facilitates client and server communication
 Features strong features, such as Animation and Event Handlers
 Follows the MVC pattern architecture
 Offers support for static template and Angular template
 Support for two-way data-binding
 Supports dependency injection, RESTful services, and validations

Disadvantages of using Angular are enumerated as follows:

 Complex SPAs can be inconvenient and laggy to use due to their size
 Dynamic applications do not always perform well
 Learning Angular requires a decent effort and time
Question: Enumerate some salient features of Angular 7.

Answer: Unlike the previous versions of Angular, the 7th major release comes with
splitting in @angular/core. This is done in order to reduce the size of the same. Typically,
not each and every module is required by an Angular developer. Therefore, in Angular 7
each split of the @angular/core will have no more than 418 modules.

Also, Angular 7 brings drag-and-drop and virtual scrolling into play. The latter enables
loading as well as unloading elements from the DOM. For virtual scrolling, the latest
version of Angular comes with the package. Furthermore, Angular 7 comes with a new
and enhanced version of the ng-compiler.

Question: What is string interpolation in Angular?

Answer: Also referred to as moustache syntax, string interpolation in Angular refers to a

special type of syntax that makes use of template expressions in order to display the
component data. These template expressions are enclosed within double curly braces i.e.
{{ }}.

The JavaScript expressions that are to be executed by Angular are added within the curly
braces and the corresponding output is embedded into the HTML code. Typically, these
expressions are updated and registered like watches as a part of the digest cycle.

Question: Explain Angular Authentication and Authorization.

Answer: The user login credentials are passed to an authenticate API, which is present on
the server. Post server-side validation of the credentials, a JWT (JSON Web Token) is
returned. The JWT has information or attributes regarding the current user. The user is
then identified with the given JWT. This is called authentication.

Post logging-in successfully, different users have a different level of access. While some
may access everything, access for others might be restricted to only some resources. The
level of access is authorization.

Here is a detailed post on Angular 7 - JWT Authentication Example & Tutorial:

http://jasonwatmore.com/post/2018/11/16/angular-7-jwt-authentication-example-tutorial

Question: Can you explain the concept of scope hierarchy in Angular?

Answer: Angular organizes the $scope objects into a hierarchy that is typically used by
views. This is known as the scope hierarchy in Angular. It has a root scope that can
further contain one or several scopes called child scopes.

In a scope hierarchy, each view has its own $scope. Hence, the variables set by a view’s
view controller will remain hidden to other view controllers. Following is a typical
representation of a Scope Hierarchy:
 Root $scope
o $scope for Controller 1
o $scope for Controller 2
o …
o ..
o .
o $scope for Controller n

Question: How to generate a class in Angular 7 using CLI?

Answer:

ng generate class Dummy [options]

This will generate a class named Dummy.

Question: Explain what is the difference between Angular and backbone.js?

Answer: Following are the various notable differences between Angular and Backbone.js

 Architecture

Backbone.js makes use of the MVP architecture and doesn’t offer any data binding
process. Angular, on the contrary, works on the MVC architecture and makes use of two-
way data binding for driving application activity.

 Community Support

Being backed by Google greatly ups the community support received by the Angular
framework. Also, extensive documentation is available. Although Backbone.js has a good
level of community support, it only documents on Underscore.js templates, not much
else.

 Data Binding

Angular uses two-way data binding process and thus is a bit complex. Backbone.js, on
the contrary, doesn’t have any data binding process and thus, has a simplistic API.

 DOM

The prime focus of Angular JS is upon valid HTML and dynamic elements that imitate
the underlying data for rebuilding the DOM as per the specified rules and then works on
the updated data records.

Backbone.js follows the direct DOM manipulation approach for representing data and
application architecture changes.
 Performance

Thanks to its two-way data binding functionality, Angular offers an impactful

performance for both small and large projects.

Backbone.js has a significant upper hand in performance over Angular in small data sets
or small webpages. However, it is not recommended for larger webpages or large data
sets due to the absence of any data binding process.

 Templating

Angular supports templating via dynamic HTML attributes. These are added to the
document to develop an easy to understand application at a functional level. Unlike
Angular, Backbone.js uses Underscore.js templates that aren’t fully-featured as Angular
templates.

 The Approach to Testing

The approach to testing varies greatly between Angular and Backbone.js due to the fact
that while the former is preferred for building large applications the latter is ideal for
developing smaller webpages or applications.

For Angular, unit testing is preferred and the testing process is smoother through the
framework. In the case of Backbone.js, the absence of a data binding process allows for a
swift testing experience for a single page and small applications.

 Type

Angular is an open-source JS-based front-end web application framework that extends

HTML with new attributes. On the other hand, Backbone.js is a lightweight JavaScript
library featuring a RESTful JSON interface and MVP framework.

Question: How do Observables differ from Promises?

Answer: As soon as a promise is made, the execution takes place. However, this is not
the case with observables because they are lazy. This means that nothing happens until a
subscription is made. While promises handle a single event, observable is a stream that
allows passing of more than one event. A callback is made for each event in an
observable.

Question: Please explain the difference between Angular and AngularJS?

Answer: Various differences between Angular and AngularJS are stated as follows:

 Architecture - AngularJS supports the MVC design model. Angular relies on

components and directives instead
 Dependency Injection (DI) - Angular supports a hierarchical Dependency Injection with
unidirectional tree-based change detection. AngularJS doesn’t support DI
 Expression Syntax - In AngularJS, a specific ng directive is required for the image or
property and an event. Angular, on the other hand, use () and [] for blinding an event
and accomplishing property binding, respectively
 Mobile Support - AngularJS doesn’t have mobile support while Angular does have
 Recommended Language - While JavaScript is the recommended language for
AngularJS, TypeScript is the recommended language for Angular
 Routing - For routing, AngularJS uses $routeprovider.when() whereas Angular uses
@RouteConfig{(…)}
 Speed - The development effort and time are reduced significantly thanks to support for
two-way data binding in AngularJS. Nonetheless, Angular is faster thanks to upgraded
features
 Structure - With a simplified structure, Angular makes the development and
maintenance of large applications easier. Comparatively, AngularJS has a less
manageable structure
 Support - No official support or updates are available for the AngularJS. On the contrary,
Angular has active support with updates rolling out every now and then

Question: Observe the following image:

What should replace the “?”?

Answer: Directives. The image represents the types of directives in Angular; Attribute,
structural, and custom.

Question: Could you explain the concept of templates in Angular?

Answer: Written with HTML, templates in Angular contains Angular-specific attributes
and elements. Combined with information coming from the controller and model,
templates are then further rendered to cater the user with the dynamic view.

Question: Explain the difference between an Annotation and a Decorator in

Angular?

Answer: In Angular, annotations are used for creating an annotation array. They are only
metadata set of the class using the Reflect Metadata library.

Decorators in Angular are design patterns used for separating decoration or modification
of some class without changing the original source code.

Question: What are directives in Angular?

Answer: Directives are one of the core features of Angular. They allow an Angular
developer to write new, application-specific HTML syntax. In actual, directives are
functions that are executed by the Angular compiler when the same finds them in the
DOM. Directives are of three types:

 Attribute Directives
 Component Directives
 Structural Directives

Question: What are the building blocks of Angular?

Answer: There are essentially 9 building blocks of an Angular application. These are:

1. Components – A component controls one or more views. Each view is some specific
section of the screen. Every Angular application has at least one component, known as
the root component. It is bootstrapped inside the main module, known as the root
module. A component contains application logic defined inside a class. This class is
responsible for interacting with the view via an API of properties and methods.
2. Data Binding – The mechanism by which parts of a template coordinates with parts of a
component is known as data binding. In order to let Angular know how to connect both
sides (template and its component), the binding markup is added to the template HTML.
3. Dependency Injection (DI) – Angular makes use of DI to provide required dependencies
to new components. Typically, dependencies required by a component are services. A
component’s constructor parameters tell Angular about the services that a component
requires. So, a dependency injection offers a way to supply fully-formed dependencies
required by a new instance of a class.
4. Directives – The templates used by Angular are dynamic in nature. Directives are
responsible for instructing Angular about how to transform the DOM when rendering a
template. Actually, components are directives with a template. Other types of directives
are attribute and structural directives.
5. Metadata – In order to let Angular know how to process a class, metadata is attached to
the class. For doing so decorators are used.
6. Modules – Also known as NgModules, a module is an organized block of code with a
specific set of capabilities. It has a specific application domain or a workflow. Like
components, any Angular application has at least one module. This is known as the root
module. Typically, an Angular application has several modules.
7. Routing – An Angular router is responsible for interpreting a browser URL as an
instruction to navigate to a client-generated view. The router is bound to links on a page
to tell Angular to navigate the application view when a user clicks on it.
8. Services – A very broad category, a service can be anything ranging from a value and
function to a feature that is required by an Angular app. Technically, a service is a class
with a well-defined purpose.
9. Template – Each component’s view is associated with its companion template. A
template in Angular is a form of HTML tags that lets Angular know that how it is meant
to render the component.

Question: Please explain the differences between Angular and jQuery?

Answer: The single biggest difference between Angular and jQuery is that while the
former is a JS frontend framework, the latter is a JS library. Despite this, there are some
similarities between the two, such as both features DOM manipulation and provides
support for animation.

Nonetheless, notable differences between Angular and jQuery are:

 Angular has two-way data binding, jQuery does not

 Angular provides support for RESTful API while jQuery doesn’t
 jQuery doesn’t offer deep linking routing though Angular supports it
 There is no form validation in jQuery whereas it is present in Angular

Question: Could you explain the difference between Angular expressions and
JavaScript expressions?

Answer: Although both Angular expressions and JavaScript expressions can contain
literals, operators, and variables, there are some notable dissimilarities between the two.
Important differences between Angular expressions and JavaScript expressions are
enlisted below:

 Angular expressions support filters while JavaScript expressions do not

 It is possible to write Angular expressions inside the HTML tags. JavaScript expressions,
contrarily, can’t be written inside the HTML tags
 While JavaScript expressions support conditionals, exceptions, and loops, Angular
expressions don’t

Question: Can you give us an overview of Angular architecture?

Answer: You can draw some like this:

Here is Angular Architecture in detail: https://angular.io/guide/architecture

Question: What is Angular Material?

Answer: It is a UI component library. Angular Material helps in creating attractive,

consistent, and fully functional web pages as well as web applications. It does so while
following modern web design principles, including browser portability and graceful
degradation.

Question: What is AOT (Ahead-Of-Time) Compilation?

Answer: Each Angular app gets compiled internally. The Angular compiler takes in the
JS code, compiles it and then produces some JS code. This happens only once per
occasion per user. It is known as AOT (Ahead-Of-Time) compilation.

Question: What is Data Binding? How many ways it can be done?

Answer: In order to connect application data with the DOM (Data Object Model), data
binding is used. It happens between the template (HTML) and component (TypeScript).
There are 3 ways to achieve data binding:

1. Event Binding – Enables the application to respond to user input in the target
environment
2. Property Binding – Enables interpolation of values computed from application data into
the HTML
3. Two-way Binding – Changes made in the application state gets automatically reflected in
the view and vice-versa. The ngModel directive is used for achieving this type of data
binding.

Question: What is demonstrated by the arrow in the following image?

Answer: This represents a dependency injection or DI.

Question: Can you draw a comparison between the service() and the factory()
functions?

Answer: Used for the business layer of the application, the service() function operates as
a constructor function. The function is invoked at runtime using the new keyword.

Although the factory() function works in pretty much the same way as the service()
function does, the former is more flexible and powerful. In actual, the factory() function
are design patterns that help in creating objects.

Question: Please explain the digest cycle in Angular?

Answer: The process of monitoring the watchlist in order to track changes in the value of
the watch variable is termed the digest cycle in Angular. The previous and present
versions of the scope model values are compared in each digest cycle.

Although the digest cycle process gets triggered implicitly, it is possible to start it
manually by using the $apply() function.

Question: Could you explain the various types of filters in AngularJS.

Answer: In order to format the value of expression so that it can be displayed to the user,
AngularJS has filters. It is possible to add these filters to the controllers, directives,
services, or templates. AngularJS also provides support for creating custom filters.

Organizing data in such a way so that it is displayed only when certain criteria are
fulfilled is made possible using filters. Filters are added to the expressions using the pipe
‘|’ character. Various types of AngularJS filters are enumerated as follows:

 currency – Formats a number to the currency format

 date – Formats a data to some specific format
 filter – Selects a subset of items from an array
 json – Formats an object to a JSON string
 limitTo – Limits an array or string into a specified number of characters or elements
 lowercase – Formats a string to lowercase
 number – Formats a number to a string
 orderBy – Orders an array by an expression

Question: What is new in Angular 6?

Answer: Here are some of the new aspects introduced in Angular 6:

 Angular Elements – It allows converting Angular components into web components and
embeds the same in some non-Angular application
 Tree Shakeable Provider – Angular 6 introduces a new way of registering a provider
directly inside the @Injectable() decorator. It is achieved by using the providedIn
attribute
 RxJS 6 – Angular 6 makes use of RxJS 6 internally
 i18n (internationalization) – Without having to build the application once per locale, any
Angular application can have “runtime i18n”

Question: What is ngOnInit()? How to define it?

Answer: ngOnInit() is a lifecycle hook that is called after Angular has finished
initializing all data-bound properties of a directive. It is defined as:

Interface OnInit {
ngOnInit() : void
}

Question: What is SPA (Single Page Application) in Angular? Contrast SPA

technology with traditional web technology?

Answer: In the SPA technology, only a single page, which is index.HTML, is maintained
although the URL keeps on changing. Unlike traditional web technology, SPA
technology is faster and easy to develop as well.

In conventional web technology, as soon as a client requests a webpage, the server sends
the resource. However, when again the client requests for another page, the server
responds again with sending the requested resource. The problem with this technology is
that it requires a lot of time.

Question: What is the code for creating a decorator?

Answer: We create a decorator called Dummy:

function Dummy(target) {
dummy.log('This decorator is Dummy', target);
}
Question: What is the process called by which TypeScript code is converted into
JavaScript code?

Answer: It is called Transpiling. Even though TypeScript is used for writing code in
Angular applications, it gets internally transpiled into equivalent JavaScript.

Question: What is ViewEncapsulation and how many ways are there do to do it in

Angular?

Answer: To put simply, ViewEncapsulation determines whether the styles defined in a

particular component will affect the entire application or not. Angular supports 3 types of
ViewEncapsulation:

 Emulated – Styles used in other HTML spread to the component

 Native – Styles used in other HTML doesn’t spread to the component
 None – Styles defined in a component are visible to all components of the application

Question: Why prioritize TypeScript over JavaScript in Angular?

Answer: TypeScript is a superset of Javascript as it is Javascript + Types or extra

features like typecasting for variables, annotations, variable scope and much more. The
typescript is designed in a way to overcome Javascript shortcomings like typecasting of
variables, classes, decorators, variable scope and many more. Moreover, Typescript is
purely object-oriented programming that offers a "Compiler" that can convert to
Javascript-equivalent code.

Question: Discuss the lifecycle designed for directive and components in Angular JS
especially for the newly introduced version 6.0?

Answer:

Components and directive of Angular JS follow the following typical lifecycle.

 nhOnInit
 ngDoCheck
 ngOnDestroy
 Constructor
 ngOnChanges
 ngAfterContentInit (only for components)
 ngAfterContentChecked (only for components)
 ngAfterViewInit (only for components)
 ngAfterViewChecked (only for components)

Question: Write the features for Angular 6 over Angular 5.

Answer: Following are the features:

1. Added ng update

CLI command updates angular project dependencies to their latest versions. The ng
update is a normal package manager tool to identify and update in normal package
manager tools to identify and update other dependencies.

2. Uses RxJS6

This is the third party library (RxJS) and introduces two important changes as compared
to RxJS5.

1. Introduces a new internal package structure.

2. Operator concept

To update of RxJS6, run the following command:

npm install --save rxjs@6

To update your existing Angular Project, run the following:

npm install --save rxjs-compat

3. The <ng-template>

Angular 6 uses <ng-template> instead of <template>

4. Service Level Changes

If in an earlier version, the user wanted to provide a service to the entire application, the
user was required to add it to providers in the AppModule but it is not required in the
case of Angular6.

5. Renamed Operators

Angular 6 has renamed following operators:

 do() => tap()

 catch() => catchError()
 finally() => finalize()
 switch()=>switchAll()
 throw() => throwError

Question: Why was Angular introduced as a client-side framework?

Answer: Traditionally, VanillaJS and jQuery were used by developers to develop

Question: State some advantages of Angular over other frameworks.

Answer:

 Out of box Features: Several built-in features like routing, state management, rxjs
library, and HTTP services are straight out of the box services provided by Angular. So,
one does not need to look for the above-stated features separately.
 Declarative UI: Angular uses HTML to render the UI of an application as it is a
declarative language and is much easier to use than JavaScript.
 Long-term Google Support: Google plans to stick with Angular and further scale up its
ecosystem as it has offered its long term support to Angular.

Question: What is the difference between Angular and AngularJS.

Answer:

Parameters AngularJS Angular

MVC or Model-View-Controller architecture

Angular uses TypeScript language, a

statically typed language, and a
AngularJS uses JavaScript language, which is
Language superset of JavaScript. Angular
a dynamically typed language.
provides better performance while
developing larger applications.

Mobile Supported by all popular mobile

Does not support mobile support.
Support browsers.

It is easier to maintain code for

The process of maintaining code becomes
Structure larger applications as it provides a
tedious in the case of larger applications.
better structure.

Expression A developer needs to remember the correct Property binding is done using "[ ]"
Syntax ng-directive for binding an event or a attribute and event binding is done
property. using "( )" attribute.

Routing AngularJS uses $routeprovider.when() Angular uses @RouteConfig{(…)}

The development effort and time are

Angular is faster due to upgraded
Speed reduced significantly because of the two-way
features.
data binding

Angular supports a hierarchical

Dependency Dependency Injection with
AngularJS doesn’t support DI.
Injection unidirectional tree-based change
detection.

Angular has active support with

No official support or updates are available
Support updates rolling out every now and
for AngularJS.
then.

Question: What is the AOT (Ahead-Of-Time) Compilation? What are its

advantages?

Answer: An angular application consists of components and templates which a browser

 JIT(Just-in-Time) compilation: The application compiles inside the browser during

runtime
 AOT(Ahead-of-Time) compilation: The application compiles during the build time.

Advantages of AOT compilation:

Question: What are Lifecycle hooks in Angular? Explain some life cycles hooks.

Answer: Angular components enter its lifecycle from the time it is created to the time it
is destroyed. Angular hooks provide ways to tap into these phases and trigger changes at
specific phases in a lifecycle.
 ngOnChanges(): This method is called whenever one or more input properties of the
component changes. The hook receives a SimpleChanges object containing the previous
and current values of the property.
 ngOnInit(): This hook gets called once, after the ngOnChanges hook.
 It initializes the component and sets the input properties of the component.
 ngDoCheck(): It gets called after ngOnChanges and ngOnInit and is used to detect and
act on changes that cannot be detected by Angular.
 We can implement our change detection algorithm in this hook.
 ngAfterContentInit(): It gets called after the first ngDoCheck hook. This hook responds
after the content gets projected inside the component.
 ngAfterContentChecked(): It gets called after ngAfterContentInit and every subsequent
ngDoCheck. It responds after the projected content is checked.
 ngAfterViewInit(): It responds after a component's view, or a child component's view is
initialized.
 ngAfterViewChecked(): It gets called after ngAfterViewInit, and it responds after the
component's view, or the child component's view is checked.
 ngOnDestroy(): It gets called just before Angular destroys the component. This hook can
be used to clean up the code and detach event handlers.

Question: Could we make an angular application to render on the server-side?

Answer: Yes, we can, with Angular Universal, a technology provided by Angular

capable of rendering applications on the server-side. The benefits of using Angular
Universal are:

Question: Explain Dependency Injection?

Answer: Dependency injection is an application design pattern that is implemented by

Angular and forms the core concepts of Angular. Let us understand in a detailed manner.
Dependencies in Angular are services which have a functionality. Various components
and directives in an application can need these functionalities of the service. Angular
provides a smooth mechanism by which these dependencies are injected into components
and directives.

Question: Describe the MVVM architecture.

Answer: MVVM architecture removes tight coupling between each component. The
MVVM architecture comprises of three parts:

 Model
 View
 ViewModel

The architecture allows the children to have reference through observables and not
directly to their parents.

Question: Do these questions show relevancy to Angular 6 Interview Questions?

Answer: Yes, they can be considered as Angular 6 Interview Question.

Conclusion

You need to be confident while giving the Anterview interview. Also, try avoiding
hogwash in case you’re asked a question that you don’t know about. A simple no is better
than giving some random non-answer and adding unnecessary details. Candidates that are
straightforward and honest are preferred over those pretending to be know-it-alls!
Further, don’t disburse your personal details until asked for. The interviewer is more
interested in knowing you as a technical person. So, all the very best! Do let us know the
Angular questions you faced in the interview that are not covered here so that we can add
those here for the benefit of the Angular community.

Are these questions also relevant as Angular JS Interview Questions? Yes, these
questions are helpful while preparing for the AngularJS interview. Angular is the top
programming language and used by most web developers.
276

1. What is Angular Framework?

Angular is a TypeScript-based open-source front-end platform that makes it

easy to build applications with in web/mobile/desktop. The major features of this
framework such as declarative templates, dependency injection, end to end
tooling, and many more other features are used to ease the development.

⬆ Back to Top

2. What is the difference between AngularJS and Angular?

Angular is a completely revived component-based framework in which an

application is a tree of individual components.

Some of the major difference in tabular form

AngularJS Angular
It is based on MVC architecture This is based on Service/Controller
It uses JavaScript to build the Introduced the TypeScript to write the
application application
Based on controllers concept This is a component based UI approach
Not a mobile friendly framework Developed considering mobile platform
Difficulty in SEO friendly application
Ease to create SEO friendly applications
development

⬆ Back to Top

3. What is TypeScript?

TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript created by Microsoft that adds

optional types, classes, async/await, and many other features, and compiles to
plain JavaScript. Angular built entirely in TypeScript and used as a primary
language. You can install it globally as

npm install -g typescript

Let's see a simple example of TypeScript usage,

function greeter(person: string) {

return "Hello, " + person;
}

let user = "Sudheer";

document.body.innerHTML = greeter(user);

The greeter method allows only string type as argument.

⬆ Back to Top

4. Write a pictorial diagram of Angular architecture?

The main building blocks of an Angular application is shown in the below

diagram

⬆ Back to Top

5. What are the key components of Angular?

Angular has the below key components,

1. Component: These are the basic building blocks of angular application to
control HTML views.
2. Modules: An angular module is set of angular basic building blocks like
component, directives, services etc. An application is divided into logical
pieces and each piece of code is called as "module" which perform a
single task.
3. Templates: This represent the views of an Angular application.
4. Services: It is used to create components which can be shared across the
entire application.
5. Metadata: This can be used to add more data to an Angular class.

⬆ Back to Top

6. What are directives?

Directives add behaviour to an existing DOM element or an existing component

instance.

import { Directive, ElementRef, Input } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({ selector: '[myHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(el: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'yellow';
}
}

Now this directive extends HTML element behavior with a yellow background as
below

<p myHighlight>Highlight me!</p>

⬆ Back to Top

7. What are components?

Components are the most basic UI building block of an Angular app which
formed a tree of Angular components. These components are subset of directives.
Unlike directives, components always have a template and only one component
can be instantiated per an element in a template. Let's see a simple example of
Angular component
import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: ` <div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular6 with examples</div>
</div> `,
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Welcome to Angular world';
}

⬆ Back to Top

8. What are the differences between Component and Directive?

In a short note, A component(@component) is a directive-with-a-template.

Some of the major differences are mentioned in a tabular form

Component Directive
To register a component we use To register directives we use
@Component meta-data annotation @Directive meta-data annotation
Components are typically used to create UI Directive is used to add behavior to
widgets an existing DOM element
Component is used to break up the Directive is use to design re-usable
application into smaller components components
Only one component can be present per Many directives can be used per
DOM element DOM element
@View decorator or templateurl/template
Directive doesn't use View
are mandatory

⬆ Back to Top

9. What is a template?

A template is a HTML view where you can display data by binding controls to
properties of an Angular component. You can store your component's template in
one of two places. You can define it inline using the template property, or you can
define the template in a separate HTML file and link to it in the component
metadata using the @Component decorator's templateUrl property.

Using inline template with template syntax,

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: '
<div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular</div>
</div>
'
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Hello World';
}

Using separate template file such as app.component.html

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
templateUrl: 'app/app.component.html'
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Hello World';
}

⬆ Back to Top

10.

10.What is a module?

Modules are logical boundaries in your application and the application is divided
into separate modules to separate the functionality of your application. Lets take
an example of app.module.ts root module declared with @NgModule decorator
as below,

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

@NgModule ({
imports: [ BrowserModule ],
declarations: [ AppComponent ],
bootstrap: [ AppComponent ],
providers: []
})
export class AppModule { }

The NgModule decorator has five important(among all) options

1. The imports option is used to import other dependent modules. The

BrowserModule is required by default for any web based angular
application
2. The declarations option is used to define components in the respective
module
3. The bootstrap option tells Angular which Component to bootstrap in the
application
4. The providers option is used to configure set of injectable objects that are
available in the injector of this module.
5. The entryComponents option is a set of components dynamically loaded
into the view.

⬆ Back to Top

11.

11.What are lifecycle hooks available?

Angular application goes through an entire set of processes or has a lifecycle right
from its initiation to the end of the application. The representation of lifecycle in
pictorial representation as follows,

The description of each lifecycle method is as below,

1. ngOnChanges: When the value of a data bound property changes, then
this method is called.
2. ngOnInit: This is called whenever the initialization of the
directive/component after Angular first displays the data-bound properties
happens.
3. ngDoCheck: This is for the detection and to act on changes that Angular
can't or won't detect on its own.
4. ngAfterContentInit: This is called in response after Angular projects
external content into the component's view.
5. ngAfterContentChecked: This is called in response after Angular checks
the content projected into the component.
6. ngAfterViewInit: This is called in response after Angular initializes the
component's views and child views.
7. ngAfterViewChecked: This is called in response after Angular checks the
component's views and child views.
8. ngOnDestroy: This is the cleanup phase just before Angular destroys the
directive/component.

⬆ Back to Top

12.

12.What is a data binding?

Data binding is a core concept in Angular and allows to define communication

between a component and the DOM, making it very easy to define interactive
applications without worrying about pushing and pulling data. There are four
forms of data binding(divided as 3 categories) which differ in the way the data is
flowing.

1. From the Component to the DOM:

Interpolation: {{ value }}: Adds the value of a property from the

component

<li>Name: {{ user.name }}</li>

<li>Address: {{ user.address }}</li>

Property binding: [property]=”value”: The value is passed from the

component to the specified property or simple HTML attribute

<input type="email" [value]="user.email">

2. From the DOM to the Component: Event binding:

(event)=”function”: When a specific DOM event happens (eg.: click,
change, keyup), call the specified method in the component
<button (click)="logout()"></button>

3. Two-way binding: Two-way data binding: [(ngModel)]=”value”: Two-

way data binding allows to have the data flow both ways. For example, in
the below code snippet, both the email DOM input and component email
property are in sync

<input type="email" [(ngModel)]="user.email">

⬆ Back to Top

13.

13.What is metadata?

Metadata is used to decorate a class so that it can configure the expected behavior
of the class. The metadata is represented by decorators

1. Class decorators, e.g. @Component and @NgModule

2. import { NgModule, Component } from '@angular/core';
3.
4. @Component({
5. selector: 'my-component',
6. template: '<div>Class decorator</div>',
7. })
8. export class MyComponent {
9. constructor() {
10. console.log('Hey I am a component!');
11. }
12. }
13.
14. @NgModule({
15. imports: [],
16. declarations: [],
17. })
18. export class MyModule {
19. constructor() {
20. console.log('Hey I am a module!');
21. }
}

22. Property decorators Used for properties inside classes, e.g. @Input and
@Output
23. import { Component, Input } from '@angular/core';
24.
25. @Component({
26. selector: 'my-component',
27. template: '<div>Property decorator</div>'
28. })
29.
30. export class MyComponent {
31. @Input()
32. title: string;
}

33. Method decorators Used for methods inside classes, e.g. @HostListener
34. import { Component, HostListener } from '@angular/core';
35.
36. @Component({
37. selector: 'my-component',
38. template: '<div>Method decorator</div>'
39. })
40. export class MyComponent {
41. @HostListener('click', ['$event'])
42. onHostClick(event: Event) {
43. // clicked, `event` available
44. }
}

45. Parameter decorators Used for parameters inside class constructors, e.g.
@Inject, Optional
46. import { Component, Inject } from '@angular/core';
47. import { MyService } from './my-service';
48.
49. @Component({
50. selector: 'my-component',
51. template: '<div>Parameter decorator</div>'
52. })
53. export class MyComponent {
54. constructor(@Inject(MyService) myService) {
55. console.log(myService); // MyService
56. }
}

⬆ Back to Top

14.

14.What is angular CLI?

Angular CLI(Command Line Interface) is a command line interface to scaffold

and build angular apps using nodejs style (commonJs) modules. You need to
install using below npm command,

npm install @angular/cli@latest

Below are the list of few commands, which will come handy while creating
angular projects

1. Creating New Project: ng new

2. Generating Components, Directives & Services: ng generate/g The
different types of commands would be,
 ng generate class my-new-class: add a class to your application
 ng generate component my-new-component: add a component to
your application
 ng generate directive my-new-directive: add a directive to your
application
 ng generate enum my-new-enum: add an enum to your application
 ng generate module my-new-module: add a module to your
application
 ng generate pipe my-new-pipe: add a pipe to your application
 ng generate service my-new-service: add a service to your
application
3. Running the Project: ng serve

⬆ Back to Top

15.

15.What is the difference between constructor and ngOnInit?

TypeScript classes has a default method called constructor which is normally used
for the initialization purpose. Whereas ngOnInit method is specific to Angular,
especially used to define Angular bindings. Even though constructor getting
called first, it is preferred to move all of your Angular bindings to ngOnInit
method. In order to use ngOnInit, you need to implement OnInit interface as
below,

export class App implements OnInit{

constructor(){
//called first time before the ngOnInit()
}

ngOnInit(){
//called after the constructor and called after the first
ngOnChanges()
}
}

⬆ Back to Top

16.

16.What is a service?
A service is used when a common functionality needs to be provided to various
modules. Services allow for greater separation of concerns for your application
and better modularity by allowing you to extract common functionality out of
components.

Let's create a repoService which can be used across components,

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { Http } from '@angular/http';

@Injectable({ // The Injectable decorator is required for

dependency injection to work
// providedIn option registers the service with a specific
NgModule
providedIn: 'root', // This declares the service with the root
app (AppModule)
})
export class RepoService{
constructor(private http: Http){
}

fetchAll(){
return this.http.get('https://api.github.com/repositories');
}
}

The above service uses Http service as a dependency.

⬆ Back to Top

17.

17.What is dependency injection in Angular?

Dependency injection (DI), is an important application design pattern in which a

class asks for dependencies from external sources rather than creating them itself.
Angular comes with its own dependency injection framework for resolving
dependencies( services or objects that a class needs to perform its function).So
you can have your services depend on other services throughout your application.

⬆ Back to Top

18.

18.How is Dependency Hierarchy formed?

⬆ Back to Top

19.

19.What is the purpose of async pipe?

The AsyncPipe subscribes to an observable or promise and returns the latest value
it has emitted. When a new value is emitted, the pipe marks the component to be
checked for changes.

Let's take a time observable which continuously updates the view for every 2
seconds with the current time.

@Component({
selector: 'async-observable-pipe',
template: `<div><code>observable|async</code>:
Time: {{ time | async }}</div>`
})
export class AsyncObservablePipeComponent {
time = new Observable(observer =>
setInterval(() => observer.next(new Date().toString()), 2000)
);
}

⬆ Back to Top

20.

20.What is the option to choose between inline and external template

file?

You can store your component's template in one of two places. You can define it
inline using the template property, or you can define the template in a separate
HTML file and link to it in the component metadata using the @Component
decorator's templateUrl property.

The choice between inline and separate HTML is a matter of taste, circumstances,
and organization policy. But normally we use inline template for small portion of
code and external template file for bigger views. By default, the Angular CLI
generates components with a template file. But you can override that with the
below command,

ng generate component hero -it

⬆ Back to Top

21.

21.What is the purpose of ngFor directive?

We use Angular ngFor directive in the template to display each item in the list.
For example, here we iterate over list of users,

<li *ngFor="let user of users">

{{ user }}
</li>

The user variable in the ngFor double-quoted instruction is a template input

variable

⬆ Back to Top

22.

22.What is the purpose of ngIf directive?

Sometimes an app needs to display a view or a portion of a view only under

specific circumstances. The Angular ngIf directive inserts or removes an element
based on a truthy/falsy condition. Let's take an example to display a message if
the user age is more than 18,

<p *ngIf="user.age > 18">You are not eligible for student

pass!</p>

Note: Angular isn't showing and hiding the message. It is adding and removing
the paragraph element from the DOM. That improves performance, especially in
the larger projects with many data bindings.

⬆ Back to Top

23.

23.What happens if you use script tag inside template?

Angular recognizes the value as unsafe and automatically sanitizes it, which
removes the script tag but keeps safe content such as the text content of the
script tag. This way it eliminates the risk of script injection attacks. If you still
use it then it will be ignored and a warning appears in the browser console.

Let's take an example of innerHtml property binding which causes XSS

vulnerability,

export class InnerHtmlBindingComponent {

// For example, a user/attacker-controlled value from a URL.
htmlSnippet = 'Template <script>alert("0wned")</script>
<b>Syntax</b>';
}

⬆ Back to Top

24.

24.What is interpolation?

Interpolation is a special syntax that Angular converts into property binding. It’s a
convenient alternative to property binding. It is represented by double curly
braces({{}}). The text between the braces is often the name of a component
property. Angular replaces that name with the string value of the corresponding
component property.

Let's take an example,

<h3>
{{title}}
<img src="{{url}}" style="height:30px">
</h3>

In the example above, Angular evaluates the title and url properties and fills in the
blanks, first displaying a bold application title and then a URL.

⬆ Back to Top

25.

25.What are template expressions?

A template expression produces a value similar to any Javascript expression.

Angular executes the expression and assigns it to a property of a binding target;
the target might be an HTML element, a component, or a directive. In the
property binding, a template expression appears in quotes to the right of the =
symbol as in [property]="expression". In interpolation syntax, the template
expression is surrounded by double curly braces. For example, in the below
interpolation, the template expression is {{username}},

<h3>{{username}}, welcome to Angular</h3>

The below javascript expressions are prohibited in template expression

1. assignments (=, +=, -=, ...)

2. new
3. chaining expressions with ; or ,
4. increment and decrement operators (++ and --)

⬆ Back to Top

26.

26.What are template statements?

A template statement responds to an event raised by a binding target such as an

element, component, or directive. The template statements appear in quotes to the
right of the = symbol like (event)="statement".

Let's take an example of button click event's statement

<button (click)="editProfile()">Edit Profile</button>

In the above expression, editProfile is a template statement. The below JavaScript

syntax expressions are not allowed.

1. new
2. increment and decrement operators, ++ and --
3. operator assignment, such as += and -=
4. the bitwise operators | and &
5. the template expression operators

⬆ Back to Top

27.

27.How do you categorize data binding types?

Binding types can be grouped into three categories distinguished by the direction
of data flow. They are listed as below,

1. From the source-to-view

2. From view-to-source
3. View-to-source-to-view

The possible binding syntax can be tabularized as below,

Data direction Syntax Type

1. {{expression}} 2.
From the source- Interpolation, Property,
[target]="expression" 3. bind-
to-view(One-way) Attribute, Class, Style
target="expression"
From view-to- 1. (target)="statement" 2. on-
Event
source(One-way) target="statement"
View-to-source-to- 1. [(target)]="expression" 2. bindon-
Two-way
view(Two-way) target="expression"

⬆ Back to Top

28.

28.What are pipes?

A pipe takes in data as input and transforms it to a desired output. For example,
let us take a pipe to transform a component's birthday property into a human-
friendly date using date pipe.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date }}</p>`
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18); // June 18, 1987
}

⬆ Back to Top

29.

29.What is a parameterized pipe?

A pipe can accept any number of optional parameters to fine-tune its output. The
parameterized pipe can be created by declaring the pipe name with a colon ( : )
and then the parameter value. If the pipe accepts multiple parameters, separate the
values with colons. Let's take a birthday example with a particular
format(dd/MM/yyyy):

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday |
date:'dd/MM/yyyy'}}</p>` // 18/06/1987
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);
}

Note: The parameter value can be any valid template expression, such as a string
literal or a component property.

⬆ Back to Top

30.

30.How do you chain pipes?

You can chain pipes together in potentially useful combinations as per the needs.
Let's take a birthday property which uses date pipe(along with parameter) and
uppercase pipes as below

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date:'fullDate'
| uppercase}} </p>` // THURSDAY, JUNE 18, 1987
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);
}

⬆ Back to Top

31.

31.What is a custom pipe?

Apart from built-inn pipes, you can write your own custom pipe with the below
key characteristics,

1. A pipe is a class decorated with pipe metadata @Pipe decorator, which

you import from the core Angular library For example,

@Pipe({name: 'myCustomPipe'})

2. The pipe class implements the PipeTransform interface's transform

method that accepts an input value followed by optional parameters and
returns the transformed value. The structure of pipeTransform would be as
below,
3. interface PipeTransform {
4. transform(value: any, ...args: any[]): any
}

5. The @Pipe decorator allows you to define the pipe name that you'll use
within template expressions. It must be a valid JavaScript identifier.

template: `{{someInputValue | myCustomPipe:

someOtherValue}}`

⬆ Back to Top

32.

32.Give an example of custom pipe?

You can create custom reusable pipes for the transformation of existing value. For
example, let us create a custom pipe for finding file size based on an extension,

import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';

@Pipe({name: 'customFileSizePipe'})
export class FileSizePipe implements PipeTransform {
transform(size: number, extension: string = 'MB'): string {
return (size / (1024 * 1024)).toFixed(2) + extension;
}
}

Now you can use the above pipe in template expression as below,

template: `
<h2>Find the size of a file</h2>
<p>Size: {{288966 | customFileSizePipe: 'GB'}}</p>
`
⬆ Back to Top

33.

33.What is the difference between pure and impure pipe?

A pure pipe is only called when Angular detects a change in the value or the
parameters passed to a pipe. For example, any changes to a primitive input value
(String, Number, Boolean, Symbol) or a changed object reference (Date, Array,
Function, Object). An impure pipe is called for every change detection cycle no
matter whether the value or parameters changes. i.e, An impure pipe is called
often, as often as every keystroke or mouse-move.

⬆ Back to Top

34.

34.What is a bootstrapping module?

Every application has at least one Angular module, the root module that you
bootstrap to launch the application is called as bootstrapping module. It is
commonly known as AppModule. The default structure of AppModule generated
by AngularCLI would be as follows,

```javascript
/* JavaScript imports */
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

/* the AppModule class with the @NgModule decorator */

@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
FormsModule,
HttpClientModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }
```
⬆ Back to Top

35.

35.What are observables?

Observables are declarative which provide support for passing messages between
publishers and subscribers in your application. They are mainly used for event
handling, asynchronous programming, and handling multiple values. In this case,
you define a function for publishing values, but it is not executed until a consumer
subscribes to it. The subscribed consumer then receives notifications until the
function completes, or until they unsubscribe.

⬆ Back to Top

36.

36.What is HttpClient and its benefits?

Most of the Front-end applications communicate with backend services over

HTTP protocol using either XMLHttpRequest interface or the fetch() API.
Angular provides a simplified client HTTP API known as HttpClient which is
based on top of XMLHttpRequest interface. This client is avaialble from
@angular/common/http package. You can import in your root module as below,

import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

The major advantages of HttpClient can be listed as below,

1. Contains testability features

2. Provides typed request and response objects
3. Intercept request and response
4. Supports Observalbe APIs
5. Supports streamlined error handling

⬆ Back to Top

37.

37.Explain on how to use HttpClient with an example?

Below are the steps need to be followed for the usage of HttpClient.
1. Import HttpClient into root module:
2. import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';
3. @NgModule({
4. imports: [
5. BrowserModule,
6. // import HttpClientModule after BrowserModule.
7. HttpClientModule,
8. ],
9. ......
10. })
export class AppModule {}

11. Inject the HttpClient into the application: Let's create a

userProfileService(userprofile.service.ts) as an example. It also defines get
method of HttpClient
12. import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
13. import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';
14.
15. const userProfileUrl: string =
'assets/data/profile.json';
16.
17. @Injectable()
18. export class UserProfileService {
19. constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }
20.
21. getUserProfile() {
22. return this.http.get(this.userProfileUrl);
23. }
}

24. Create a component for subscribing service: Let's create a component

called UserProfileComponent(userprofile.component.ts) which inject
UserProfileService and invokes the service method,
25. fetchUserProfile() {
26. this.userProfileService.getUserProfile()
27. .subscribe((data: User) => this.user = {
28. id: data['userId'],
29. name: data['firstName'],
30. city: data['city']
31. });
}

Since the above service method returns an Observable which needs to be

subscribed in the component.

⬆ Back to Top

38.

38.How can you read full response?

The response body doesn't may not return full response data because sometimes
servers also return special headers or status code which which are important for
the application workflow. Inorder to get full response, you should use observe
option from HttpClient,

getUserResponse(): Observable<HttpResponse<User>> {
return this.http.get<User>(
this.userUrl, { observe: 'response' });
}

Now HttpClient.get() method returns an Observable of typed HttpResponse rather

than just the JSON data.

⬆ Back to Top

39.

39.How do you perform Error handling?

If the request fails on the server or failed to reach the server due to network issues
then HttpClient will return an error object instead of a successful reponse. In this
case, you need to handle in the component by passing error object as a second
callback to subscribe() method.

Let's see how it can be handled in the component with an example,

fetchUser() {
this.userService.getProfile()
.subscribe(
(data: User) => this.userProfile = { ...data }, // success
path
error => this.error = error // error path
);
}

It is always a good idea to give the user some meaningful feedback instead of
displaying the raw error object returned from HttpClient.

⬆ Back to Top

40.

40.What is RxJS?

RxJS is a library for composing asynchronous and callback-based code in a

functional, reactive style using Observables. Many APIs such as HttpClient
produce and consume RxJS Observables and also uses operators for processing
observables.

For example, you can import observables and operators for using HttpClient as
below,

import { Observable, throwError } from 'rxjs';

import { catchError, retry } from 'rxjs/operators';

⬆ Back to Top

41.

41.What is subscribing?

An Observable instance begins publishing values only when someone subscribes

to it. So you need to subscribe by calling the subscribe() method of the instance,
passing an observer object to receive the notifications.

Let's take an example of creating and subscribing to a simple observable, with an

observer that logs the received message to the console.

Creates an observable sequence of 5 integers, starting from 1

const source = range(1, 5);

// Create observer object

const myObserver = {
next: x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x),
error: err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err),
complete: () => console.log('Observer got a complete
notification'),
};

// Execute with the observer object and Prints out each item
source.subscribe(myObserver);
// => Observer got a next value: 1
// => Observer got a next value: 2
// => Observer got a next value: 3
// => Observer got a next value: 4
// => Observer got a next value: 5
// => Observer got a complete notification

⬆ Back to Top

42.

42.What is an observable?
An Observable is a unique Object similar to a Promise that can help manage
async code. Observables are not part of the JavaScript language so we need to
rely on a popular Observable library called RxJS. The observables are created
using new keyword.

Let see the simple example of observable,

import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

const observable = new Observable(observer => {

setTimeout(() => {
observer.next('Hello from a Observable!');
}, 2000);
});

⬆ Back to Top

43.

43.What is an observer?

Observer is an interface for a consumer of push-based notifications delivered by

an Observable. It has below structure,

interface Observer<T> {
closed?: boolean;
next: (value: T) => void;
error: (err: any) => void;
complete: () => void;
}

A handler that implements the Observer interface for receiving observable

notifications will be passed as a parameter for observable as below,

myObservable.subscribe(myObserver);

Note: If you don't supply a handler for a notification type, the observer ignores
notifications of that type.

⬆ Back to Top

44.

44.What is the difference between promise and observable?

Below are the list of differences between promise and observable,

Observable Promise
Declarative: Computation does not start until subscription Execute immediately
so that they can be run whenever you need the result on creation
Provide multiple values over time Provide only one
Subscribe method is used for error handling which makes Push errors to the
centralized and predictable error handling child promises
Provides chaining and subscription to handle complex Uses only .then()
applications clause

⬆ Back to Top

45.

45.What is multicasting?

Multi-casting is the practice of broadcasting to a list of multiple subscribers in a

single execution.

Let's demonstrate the multi-casting feature,

var source = Rx.Observable.from([1, 2, 3]);

var subject = new Rx.Subject();
var multicasted = source.multicast(subject);

// These are, under the hood, `subject.subscribe({...})`:

multicasted.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log('observerA: ' + v)
});
multicasted.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log('observerB: ' + v)
});

// This is, under the hood, `s

⬆ Back to Top

46.

46.How do you perform error handling in observables?

You can handle errors by specifying an error callback on the observer instead of
relying on try/catch which are ineffective in asynchronous environment.

For example, you can define error callback as below,

myObservable.subscribe({
next(num) { console.log('Next num: ' + num)},
error(err) { console.log('Received an errror: ' + err)}
});

⬆ Back to Top

47.

47.What is the short hand notation for subscribe method?

The subscribe() method can accept callback function definitions in line, for next,
error, and complete handlers is known as short hand notation or Subscribe method
with positional arguments.

For example, you can define subscribe method as below,

myObservable.subscribe(
x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x),
err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err),
() => console.log('Observer got a complete notification')
);

⬆ Back to Top

48.

48.What are the utility functions provided by RxJS?

The RxJS library also provides below utility functions for creating and working
with observables.

1. Converting existing code for async operations into observables

2. Iterating through the values in a stream
3. Mapping values to different types
4. Filtering streams
5. Composing multiple streams

⬆ Back to Top

49.

49.What are observable creation functions?

RxJS provides creation functions for the process of creating observables from
things such as promises, events, timers and Ajax requests. Let us explain each of
them with an example,

1. Create an observable from a promise

2. import { from } from 'rxjs'; // from function
3. const data = from(fetch('/api/endpoint')); //Created from
Promise
4. data.subscribe({
5. next(response) { console.log(response); },
6. error(err) { console.error('Error: ' + err); },
7. complete() { console.log('Completed'); }
});

8. Create an observable that creates an AJAX request

9. import { ajax } from 'rxjs/ajax'; // ajax function
10. const apiData = ajax('/api/data'); // Created from AJAX
request
11. // Subscribe to create the request
apiData.subscribe(res => console.log(res.status,
res.response));

12. Create an observable from a counter

13. import { interval } from 'rxjs'; // interval function
14. const secondsCounter = interval(1000); // Created from
Counter value
15. secondsCounter.subscribe(n =>
console.log(`Counter value: ${n}`));

16. Create an observable from an event

17. import { fromEvent } from 'rxjs';
18. const el = document.getElementById('custom-element');
19. const mouseMoves = fromEvent(el, 'mousemove');
20. const subscription = mouseMoves.subscribe((e:
MouseEvent) => {
21. console.log(`Coordnitaes of mouse pointer: $
{e.clientX} * ${e.clientY}`);
});

⬆ Back to Top

50.

50.What will happen if you do not supply handler for observer?

Normally an observer object can define any combination of next, error and
complete notification type handlers. If you don't supply a handler for a
notification type, the observer just ignores notifications of that type.
⬆ Back to Top

51.

51.What are angular elements?

Angular elements are Angular components packaged as custom elements(a web

standard for defining new HTML elements in a framework-agnostic way).
Angular Elements hosts an Angular component, providing a bridge between the
data and logic defined in the component and standard DOM APIs, thus, providing
a way to use Angular components in non-Angular environments.

⬆ Back to Top

52.

52.What is the browser support of Angular Elements?

Since Angular elements are packaged as custom elements the browser support of
angular elements is same as custom elements support.

This feature is is currently supported natively in a number of browsers and

pending for other browsers.

Browser Angular Element Support

Chrome Natively supported
Opera Natively supported
Safari Natively supported
Natively supported from 63 version onwards. You need to enable
Firefox dom.webcomponents.enabled and
dom.webcomponents.customelements.enabled in older browsers
Edge Currently it is in progress

⬆ Back to Top

53.

53.What are custom elements?

Custom elements (or Web Components) are a Web Platform feature which
extends HTML by allowing you to define a tag whose content is created and
controlled by JavaScript code. The browser maintains a CustomElementRegistry
of defined custom elements, which maps an instantiable JavaScript class to an
HTML tag. Currently this feature is supported by Chrome, Firefox, Opera, and
Safari, and available in other browsers through polyfills.

⬆ Back to Top

54.

54.Do I need to bootstrap custom elements?

No, custom elements bootstrap (or start) automatically when they are added to the
DOM, and are automatically destroyed when removed from the DOM. Once a
custom element is added to the DOM for any page, it looks and behaves like any
other HTML element, and does not require any special knowledge of Angular.

⬆ Back to Top

55.

55.Explain how custom elements works internally?

Below are the steps in an order about custom elements functionality,

1. App registers custom element with browser: Use the

createCustomElement() function to convert a component into a class
that can be registered with the browser as a custom element.
2. App adds custom element to DOM: Add custom element just like a
built-in HTML element directly into the DOM.
3. Browser instantiate component based class: Browser creates an instance
of the registered class and adds it to the DOM.
4. Instance provides content with data binding and change detection:
The content with in template is rendered using the component and DOM
data. The flow chart of the custom elements functionality would be as
follows,
⬆ Back to Top

56.

56.How to transfer components to custom elements?

Transforming components to custom elements involves two major steps,

1. Build custom element class: Angular provides the

createCustomElement() function for converting an Angular component
(along with its dependencies) to a custom element. The conversion process
implements NgElementConstructor interface, and creates a constructor
class which is used to produce a self-bootstrapping instance of Angular
component.
2. Register element class with browser: It uses
customElements.define() JS function, to register the configured
constructor and its associated custom-element tag with the browser's
CustomElementRegistry. When the browser encounters the tag for the
registered element, it uses the constructor to create a custom-element
instance.
The detailed structure would be as follows,

⬆ Back to Top

57.

57.What are the mapping rules between Angular component and

custom element?

The Component properties and logic maps directly into HTML attributes and the
browser's event system. Let us describe them in two steps,

1. The createCustomElement() API parses the component input properties

with corresponding attributes for the custom element. For example,
component @Input('myInputProp') converted as custom element attribute
my-input-prop.
2. The Component outputs are dispatched as HTML Custom Events, with the
name of the custom event matching the output name. For example,
component @Output() valueChanged = new EventEmitter() converted as
custom element with dispatch event as "valueChanged".

⬆ Back to Top

58.
58.How do you define typings for custom elements?

You can use the NgElement and WithProperties types exported from
@angular/elements.

Let's see how it can be applied by comparing with Angular component.

1. The simple container with input property would be as below,

2. @Component(...)
3. class MyContainer {
4. @Input() message: string;
}

5. After applying types typescript validates input value and their types,
6. const container = document.createElement('my-container') as
NgElement & WithProperties<{message: string}>;
7. container.message = 'Welcome to Angular elements!';
8. container.message = true; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows
this should be a string.
9. container.greet = 'News'; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows
there is no `greet` property on `container`.

⬆ Back to Top

59.

59.What are dynamic components?

Dynamic components are the components in which components location in the

application is not defined at build time.i.e, They are not used in any angular
template. But the component is instantiated and placed in the application at
runtime.

⬆ Back to Top

60.

60.What are the various kinds of directives?

There are mainly three kinds of directives,

1. Components — These are directives with a template.

2. Structural directives — These directives change the DOM layout by
adding and removing DOM elements.
3. Attribute directives — These directives change the appearance or
behavior of an element, component, or another directive.
⬆ Back to Top

61.

61.How do you create directives using CLI?

You can use CLI command ng generate directive to create the directive class
file. It creates the source
file(src/app/components/directivename.directive.ts), the respective test
file(.spec.ts) and declare the directive class file in root module.

⬆ Back to Top

62.

62.Give an example for attribute directives?

Let's take simple highlighter behavior as a example directive for DOM element.
You can create and apply the attribute directive using below steps,

1. Create HighlightDirective class with the file name

src/app/highlight.directive.ts. In this file, we need to import
Directive from core library to apply the metadata and ElementRef in the
directive's constructor to inject a reference to the host DOM element ,
2. import { Directive, ElementRef } from '@angular/core';
3.
4. @Directive({
5. selector: '[appHighlight]'
6. })
7. export class HighlightDirective {
8. constructor(el: ElementRef) {
9. el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'red';
10. }
}

11. Apply the attribute directive as an attribute to the host element(for

example,

<p appHighlight>Highlight me!</p>

12. Run the application to see the highlight behavior on paragraph element

ng serve
⬆ Back to Top

63.

63.What is Angular Router?

Angular Router is a mechanism in which navigation happens from one view to the
next as users perform application tasks. It borrows the concepts or model of
browser's application navigation.

⬆ Back to Top

64.

64.What is the purpose of base href tag?

The routing application should add element to the index.html as the first child in
the tag in order to indicate how to compose navigation URLs. If app folder is the
application root then you can set the href value as below

⬆ Back to Top

65.

65.What are the router imports?

The Angular Router which represents a particular component view for a given
URL is not part of Angular Core. It is available in library named
@angular/router to import required router components. For example, we import
them in app module as below,

import { RouterModule, Routes } from '@angular/router';

⬆ Back to Top

66.

66.What is router outlet?

The RouterOutlet is a directive from the router library and it acts as a placeholder
that marks the spot in the template where the router should display the
components for that outlet. Router outlet is used like a component,

<router-outlet></router-outlet>

⬆ Back to Top

67.

67.What are router links?

The RouterLink is a directive on the anchor tags give the router control over those
elements. Since the navigation paths are fixed, you can assign string values to
router-link directive as below,

<h1>Angular Router</h1>
<nav>
<a routerLink="/todosList" >List of todos</a>
<a routerLink="/completed" >Completed todos</a>
</nav>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>

⬆ Back to Top

68.

68.What are active router links?

RouterLinkActive is a directive that toggles css classes for active RouterLink

bindings based on the current RouterState. i.e, the Router will add CSS classes
when this link is active and and remove when the link is inactive. For example,
you can add them to RouterLinks as below

<h1>Angular Router</h1>
<nav>
<a routerLink="/todosList" routerLinkActive="active">List of
todos</a>
<a routerLink="/completed" routerLinkActive="active">Completed
todos</a>
</nav>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>

⬆ Back to Top
69.

69.What is router state?

RouterState is a tree of activated routes. Every node in this tree knows about the
"consumed" URL segments, the extracted parameters, and the resolved data. You
can access the current RouterState from anywhere in the application using the
Router service and the routerState property.

@Component({templateUrl:'template.html'})
class MyComponent {
constructor(router: Router) {
const state: RouterState = router.routerState;
const root: ActivatedRoute = state.root;
const child = root.firstChild;
const id: Observable<string> = child.params.map(p => p.id);
//...
}
}

⬆ Back to Top

70.

70.What are router events?

During each navigation, the Router emits navigation events through the
Router.events property allowing you to track the lifecycle of the route.

The sequence of router events is as below,

1. NavigationStart,
2. RouteConfigLoadStart,
3. RouteConfigLoadEnd,
4. RoutesRecognized,
5. GuardsCheckStart,
6. ChildActivationStart,
7. ActivationStart,
8. GuardsCheckEnd,
9. ResolveStart,
10. ResolveEnd,
11. ActivationEnd
12. ChildActivationEnd
13. NavigationEnd,
14. NavigationCancel,
15. NavigationError
16. Scroll
⬆ Back to Top

71.

71.What is activated route?

ActivatedRoute contains the information about a route associated with a

component loaded in an outlet. It can also be used to traverse the router state tree.
The ActivatedRoute will be injected as a router service to access the information.
In the below example, you can access route path and parameters,

@Component({...})
class MyComponent {
constructor(route: ActivatedRoute) {
const id: Observable<string> = route.params.pipe(map(p =>
p.id));
const url: Observable<string> = route.url.pipe(map(segments =>
segments.join('')));
// route.data includes both `data` and `resolve`
const user = route.data.pipe(map(d => d.user));
}
}

⬆ Back to Top

72.

72.How do you define routes?

A router must be configured with a list of route definitions. You configures the
router with routes via the RouterModule.forRoot() method, and adds the result
to the AppModule's imports array.

const appRoutes: Routes = [

{ path: 'todo/:id', component: TodoDetailComponent },
{
path: 'todos',
component: TodosListComponent,
data: { title: 'Todos List' }
},
{ path: '',
redirectTo: '/todos',
pathMatch: 'full'
},
{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }
];

@NgModule({
imports: [
RouterModule.forRoot(
appRoutes,
{ enableTracing: true } // <-- debugging purposes only
)
// other imports here
],
...
})
export class AppModule { }

⬆ Back to Top

73.

73.What is the purpose of Wildcard route?

If the URL doesn't match any predefined routes then it causes the router to throw
an error and crash the app. In this case, you can use wildcard route. A wildcard
route has a path consisting of two asterisks to match every URL.

For example, you can define PageNotFoundComponent for wildcard route as

below

{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }

⬆ Back to Top

74.

74.Do I need a Routing Module always?

No, the Routing Module is a design choice. You can skip routing Module (for
example, AppRoutingModule) when the configuration is simple and merge the
routing configuration directly into the companion module (for example,
AppModule). But it is recommended when the configuration is complex and
includes specialized guard and resolver services.

⬆ Back to Top

75.

75.What is Angular Universal?

Angular Universal is a server-side rendering module for Angular applications in
various scenarios. This is a community driven project and available under
@angular/platform-server package. Recently Angular Universal is integrated with
Angular CLI.

⬆ Back to Top

76.

76.What are different types of compilation in Angular?

Angular offers two ways to compile your application,

1. Just-in-Time (JIT)
2. Ahead-of-Time (AOT)

⬆ Back to Top

77.

77.What is JIT?

Just-in-Time (JIT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app in the browser
at runtime. JIT compilation is the default when you run the ng build (build only)
or ng serve (build and serve locally) CLI commands. i.e, the below commands
used for JIT compilation,

ng build
ng serve

⬆ Back to Top

78.

78.What is AOT?

Ahead-of-Time (AOT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app at build

time. For AOT compilation, include the --aot option with the ng build or ng
serve command as below,

ng build --aot
ng serve --aot
Note: The ng build command with the --prod meta-flag (ng build --prod)
compiles with AOT by default.

⬆ Back to Top

79.

79.Why do we need compilation process?

The Angular components and templates cannot be understood by the browser

directly. Due to that Angular applications require a compilation process before
they can run in a browser. For example, In AOT compilation, both Angular
HTML and TypeScript code converted into efficient JavaScript code during the
build phase before browser runs it.

⬆ Back to Top

80.

80.What are the advantages with AOT?

Below are the list of AOT benefits,

1. Faster rendering: The browser downloads a pre-compiled version of the

application. So it can render the application immediately without
compiling the app.
2. Fewer asynchronous requests: It inlines external HTML templates and
CSS style sheets within the application javascript which eliminates
separate ajax requests.
3. Smaller Angular framework download size: Doesn't require
downloading the Angular compiler. Hence it dramatically reduces the
application payload.
4. Detect template errors earlier: Detects and reports template binding
errors during the build step itself
5. Better security: It compiles HTML templates and components into
JavaScript. So there won't be any injection attacks.

⬆ Back to Top

81.

81.What are the ways to control AOT compilation?

You can control your app compilation in two ways,

1. By providing template compiler options in the tsconfig.json file

2. By configuring Angular metadata with decorators

⬆ Back to Top

82.

82.What are the restrictions of metadata?

In Angular, You must write metadata with the following general constraints,

1. Write expression syntax with in the supported range of javascript features

2. The compiler can only reference symbols which are exported
3. Only call the functions supported by the compiler
4. Decorated and data-bound class members must be public.

⬆ Back to Top

83.

83.What are the two phases of AOT?

The AOT compiler works in three phases,

1. Code Analysis: The compiler records a representation of the source

2. Code generation: It handles the interpretation as well as places
restrictions on what it interprets.
3. Validation: In this phase, the Angular template compiler uses the
TypeScript compiler to validate the binding expressions in templates.

⬆ Back to Top

84.

84.Can I use arrow functions in AOT?

No, Arrow functions or lambda functions can’t be used to assign values to the
decorator properties. For example, the following snippet is invalid:

@Component({
providers: [{
provide: MyService, useFactory: () => getService()
}]
})

To fix this, it has to be changed as following exported function:

function getService(){
return new MyService();
}

@Component({
providers: [{
provide: MyService, useFactory: getService
}]
})

If you still use arrow function, it generates an error node in place of the function.
When the compiler later interprets this node, it reports an error to turn the arrow
function into an exported function. Note: From Angular5 onwards, the compiler
automatically performs this rewriting while emitting the .js file.

⬆ Back to Top

85.

85.What is the purpose of metadata json files?

The metadata.json file can be treated as a diagram of the overall structure of a

decorator's metadata, represented as an abstract syntax tree(AST). During the
analysis phase, the AOT collector scan the metadata recorded in the Angular
decorators and outputs metadata information in .metadata.json files, one per .d.ts
file.

⬆ Back to Top

86.

86.Can I use any javascript feature for expression syntax in AOT?

No, the AOT collector understands a subset of (or limited) JavaScript features. If
an expression uses unsupported syntax, the collector writes an error node to
the .metadata.json file. Later point of time, the compiler reports an error if it needs
that piece of metadata to generate the application code.

⬆ Back to Top
87.

87.What is folding?

The compiler can only resolve references to exported symbols in the metadata.
Where as some of the non-exported members are folded while generating the
code. i.e Folding is a process in which the collector evaluate an expression during
collection and record the result in the .metadata.json instead of the original
expression. For example, the compiler couldn't refer selector reference because it
is not exported

let selector = 'app-root';

@Component({
selector: selector
})

Will be folded into inline selector

@Component({
selector: 'app-root'
})

Remember that the compiler can’t fold everything. For example, spread operator
on arrays, objects created using new keywords and function calls.

⬆ Back to Top

88.

88.What are macros?

The AOT compiler supports macros in the form of functions or static methods
that return an expression in a single return expression. For example, let us
take a below macro function,

export function wrapInArray<T>(value: T): T[] {

return [value];
}

You can use it inside metadata as an expression,

@NgModule({
declarations: wrapInArray(TypicalComponent)
})
export class TypicalModule {}

The compiler treats the macro expression as it written directly

@NgModule({
declarations: [TypicalComponent]
})
export class TypicalModule {}

⬆ Back to Top

89.

89.Give an example of few metadata errors?

Below are some of the errors encountered in metadata,

1. Expression form not supported: Some of the language features outside

of the compiler's restricted expression syntax used in angular metadata can
produce this error. Let's see some of these examples,
2. 1. export class User { ... }
3. const prop = typeof User; // typeof is not valid in
metadata
2. { provide: 'token', useValue: { [prop]: 'value' } }; //
bracket notation is not valid in metadata

4. Reference to a local (non-exported) symbol: The compiler encountered

a referenced to a locally defined symbol that either wasn't exported or
wasn't initialized. Let's take example of this error,
5. // ERROR
6. let username: string; // neither exported nor initialized
7.
8. @Component({
9. selector: 'my-component',
10. template: ... ,
11. providers: [
12. { provide: User, useValue: username }
13. ]
14. })
export class MyComponent {}

You can fix this by either exporting or initializing the value,

export let username: string; // exported

(or)
let username = 'John'; // initialized

15. Function calls are not supported: The compiler does not currently
support function expressions or lambda functions. For example, you
cannot set a provider's useFactory to an anonymous function or arrow
function as below.
16. providers: [
17. { provide: MyStrategy, useFactory: function()
{ ... } },
18. { provide: OtherStrategy, useFactory: () =>
{ ... } }
]

You can fix this with exported function

export function myStrategy() { ... }

export function otherStrategy() { ... }
... // metadata
providers: [
{ provide: MyStrategy, useFactory: myStrategy },
{ provide: OtherStrategy, useFactory: otherStrategy },

19. Destructured variable or constant not supported: The compiler does

not support references to variables assigned by destructuring. For
example, you cannot write something like this:
20. import { user } from './user';
21.
22. // destructured assignment to name and age
23. const {name, age} = user;
24. ... //metadata
25. providers: [
26. {provide: Name, useValue: name},
27. {provide: Age, useValue: age},
]

You can fix this by non-destructured values

import { user } from './user';

... //metadata
providers: [
{provide: Name, useValue: user.name},
{provide: Age, useValue: user.age},
]

⬆ Back to Top

90.

90.What is metadata rewriting?

Metadata rewriting is the process in which the compiler converts the expression
initializing the fields such as useClass, useValue, useFactory, and data into an
exported variable, which replaces the expression. Remember that the compiler
does this rewriting during the emit of the .js file but not in definition files( .d.ts
file).

⬆ Back to Top
91.

91.How do you provide configuration inheritance?

Angular Compiler supports configuration inheritance through extends in the

tsconfig.json on angularCompilerOptions. i.e, The configuration from the base
file(for example, tsconfig.base.json) are loaded first, then overridden by those in
the inheriting config file.

{
"extends": "../tsconfig.base.json",
"compilerOptions": {
"experimentalDecorators": true,
...
},
"angularCompilerOptions": {
"fullTemplateTypeCheck": true,
"preserveWhitespaces": true,
...
}
}

⬆ Back to Top

92.

92.How do you specify angular template compiler options?

The angular template compiler options are specified as members of the

angularCompilerOptions object in the tsconfig.json file. These options will be
specified adjecent to typescript compiler options.

{
"compilerOptions": {
"experimentalDecorators": true,
...
},
"angularCompilerOptions": {
"fullTemplateTypeCheck": true,
"preserveWhitespaces": true,
...
}
}

⬆ Back to Top

93.
93.How do you enable binding expression validation?

You can enable binding expression validation explicitly by adding the compiler
option fullTemplateTypeCheck in the "angularCompilerOptions" of the project's
tsconfig.json. It produces error messages when a type error is detected in a
template binding expression.

For example, consider the following component:

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '{{user.contacts.email}}'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
}

This will produce the following error:

my.component.ts.MyComponent.html(1,1): : Property 'contacts' does

not exist on type 'User'. Did you mean 'contact'?

⬆ Back to Top

94.

94.What is the purpose of any type cast function?

You can disable binding expression type checking using $any() type cast
function(by surrounding the expression). In the following example, the error
Property contacts does not exist is suppressed by casting user to the any type.

template:
'{{ $any(user).contacts.email }}'

The $any() cast function also works with this to allow access to undeclared
members of the component.

template:
'{{ $any(this).contacts.email }}'

⬆ Back to Top

95.

95.What is Non null type assertion operator?

You can use the non-null type assertion operator to suppress the Object is
possibly 'undefined' error. In the following example, the user and contact
properties are always set together, implying that contact is always non-null if user
is non-null. The error is suppressed in the example by using contact!.email.

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<span *ngIf="user"> {{user.name}} contacted through
{{contact!.email}} </span>'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
contact?: Contact;

setData(user: User, contact: Contact) {

this.user = user;
this.contact = contact;
}
}

⬆ Back to Top

96.

96.What is type narrowing?

The expression used in an ngIf directive is used to narrow type unions in the
Angular template compiler similar to if expression in typescript. So *ngIf allows
the typeScript compiler to infer that the data used in the binding expression will
never be undefined.

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<span *ngIf="user"> {{user.contact.email}} </span>'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
}

⬆ Back to Top

97.

97.How do you describe various dependencies in angular application?

The dependencies section of package.json with in an angular application can be

divided as follow,
1. Angular packages: Angular core and optional modules; their package
names begin @angular/.
2. Support packages: Third-party libraries that must be present for Angular
apps to run.
3. Polyfill packages: Polyfills plug gaps in a browser's JavaScript
implementation.

⬆ Back to Top

98.

98.What is zone?

A Zone is an execution context that persists across async tasks. Angular relies on
zone.js to run Angular's change detection processes when native JavaScript
operations raise events

⬆ Back to Top

99.

99.What is the purpose of common module?

The commonly-needed services, pipes, and directives provided by

@angular/common module. Apart from these HttpClientModule is available
under @angular/common/http.

⬆ Back to Top

100.

100. What is codelyzer?

Codelyzer provides set of tslint rules for static code analysis of Angular
TypeScript projects. ou can run the static code analyzer over web apps,
NativeScript, Ionic etc. Angular CLI has support for this and it can be use as
below,

ng new codelyzer
ng lint

⬆ Back to Top
101.

101. What is angular animation?

Angular's animation system is built on CSS functionality in order to animate any

property that the browser considers animatable. These properties includes
positions, sizes, transforms, colors, borders etc. The Angular modules for
animations are @angular/animations and @angular/platform-browser and
these dependencies are automatically added to your project when you create a
project using Angular CLI.

⬆ Back to Top

102.

102. What are the steps to use animation module?

You need to follow below steps to implement animation in your angular project,

1. Enabling the animations module: Import BrowserAnimationsModule to

add animation capabilities into your Angular root application module(for
example, src/app/app.module.ts).
2. import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
3. import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
4. import { BrowserAnimationsModule } from '@angular/platform-
browser/animations';
5.
6. @NgModule({
7. imports: [
8. BrowserModule,
9. BrowserAnimationsModule
10. ],
11. declarations: [ ],
12. bootstrap: [ ]
13. })
export class AppModule { }

14. Importing animation functions into component files: Import required

animation functions from @angular/animations in component files(for
example, src/app/app.component.ts).
15. import {
16. trigger,
17. state,
18. style,
19. animate,
20. transition,
21. // ...
} from '@angular/animations';
22. Adding the animation metadata property: add a metadata property
called animations: within the @Component() decorator in component
files(for example, src/app/app.component.ts)
23. @Component({
24. selector: 'app-root',
25. templateUrl: 'app.component.html',
26. styleUrls: ['app.component.css'],
27. animations: [
28. // animation triggers go here
29. ]
})

⬆ Back to Top

103.

103. What is State function?

Angular's state() function is used to define different states to call at the end of
each transition. This function takes two arguments: a unique name like open or
closed and a style() function.

For example, you can write a open state function

state('open', style({
height: '300px',
opacity: 0.5,
backgroundColor: 'blue'
})),

⬆ Back to Top

104.

104. What is Style function?

The style function is used to define a set of styles to associate with a given state
name. You need to use it along with state() function to set CSS style attributes.
For example, in the close state, the button has a height of 100 pixels, an opacity of
0.8, and a background color of green.

state('close', style({
height: '100px',
opacity: 0.8,
backgroundColor: 'green'
})),
Note: The style attributes must be in camelCase.

⬆ Back to Top

105.

105. What is the purpose of animate function?

Angular Animations are a powerful way to implement sophisticated and

compelling animations for your Angular single page web application.

import { Component, OnInit, Input } from '@angular/core';

import { trigger, state, style, animate, transition } from
'@angular/animations';

@Component({
selector: 'app-animate',
templateUrl: `<div [@changeState]="currentState" class="myblock
mx-auto"></div>`,
styleUrls: `.myblock {
background-color: green;
width: 300px;
height: 250px;
border-radius: 5px;
margin: 5rem;
}`,
animations: [
trigger('changeState', [
state('state1', style({
backgroundColor: 'green',
transform: 'scale(1)'
})),
state('state2', style({
backgroundColor: 'red',
transform: 'scale(1.5)'
})),
transition('*=>state1', animate('300ms')),
transition('*=>state2', animate('2000ms'))
])
]
})
export class AnimateComponent implements OnInit {

@Input() currentState;

constructor() { }

ngOnInit() {
}
}
⬆ Back to Top

106.

106. What is transition function?

The animation transition function is used to specify the changes that occur
between one state and another over a period of time. It accepts two arguments: the
first argument accepts an expression that defines the direction between two
transition states, and the second argument accepts an animate() function.

Let's take an example state transition from open to closed with an half second
transition between states.

transition('open => closed', [

animate('500ms')
]),

⬆ Back to Top

107.

107. How to inject the dynamic script in angular?

Using DomSanitizer we can inject the dynamic Html,Style,Script,Url.

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

import { DomSanitizer } from '@angular/platform-browser';
@Component({
selector: 'my-app',
template: `
<div [innerHtml]="htmlSnippet"></div>
`,
})
export class App {
constructor(protected sanitizer: DomSanitizer) {}
htmlSnippet: string =
this.sanitizer.bypassSecurityTrustScript("<script>safeCode()</scri
pt>");
}

⬆ Back to Top

108.

108. What is a service worker and its role in Angular?

A service worker is a script that runs in the web browser and manages caching for
an application. Starting from 5.0.0 version, Angular ships with a service worker
implementation. Angular service worker is designed to optimize the end user
experience of using an application over a slow or unreliable network connection,
while also minimizing the risks of serving outdated content.

⬆ Back to Top

109.

109. What are the design goals of service workers?

Below are the list of design goals of Angular's service workers,

1. It caches an application just like installing a native application

2. A running application continues to run with the same version of all files
without any incompatible files
3. When you refresh the application, it loads the latest fully cached version
4. When changes are published then it immediately updates in the
background
5. Service workers saves the bandwidth by downloading the resources only
when they changed.

⬆ Back to Top

110.

110. What are the differences between AngularJS and Angular

with respect to dependency injection?

Dependency injection is a common component in both AngularJS and Angular,

but there are some key differences between the two frameworks in how it actually
works.

AngularJS Angular
Dependency injection tokens are Tokens can have different types. They are
always strings often classes and sometimes can be strings.
There is exactly one injector even There is a tree hierarchy of injectors, with a
though it is a multi-module root injector and an additional injector for
applications each component.

⬆ Back to Top
111.

111. What is Angular Ivy?

Angular Ivy is a new rendering engine for Angular. You can choose to opt in a
preview version of Ivy from Angular version 8.

1. You can enable ivy in a new project by using the --enable-ivy flag with the
ng new command

ng new ivy-demo-app --enable-ivy

2. You can add it to an existing project by adding enableIvy option in the

angularCompilerOptions in your project's tsconfig.app.json.
3. {
4. "compilerOptions": { ... },
5. "angularCompilerOptions": {
6. "enableIvy": true
7. }
}

⬆ Back to Top

112.

112. What are the features included in ivy preview?

You can expect below features with Ivy preview,

1. Generated code that is easier to read and debug at runtime

2. Faster re-build time
3. Improved payload size
4. Improved template type checking

⬆ Back to Top

113.

113. Can I use AOT compilation with Ivy?

Yes, it is a recommended configuration. Also, AOT compilation with Ivy is faster.

So you need set the default build options(with in angular.json) for your project to
always use AOT compilation.

{
"projects": {
"my-project": {
"architect": {
"build": {
"options": {
...
"aot": true,
}
}
}
}
}
}

⬆ Back to Top

114.

114. What is Angular Language Service?

The Angular Language Service is a way to get completions, errors, hints, and
navigation inside your Angular templates whether they are external in an HTML
file or embedded in annotations/decorators in a string. It has the ability to
autodetect that you are opening an Angular file, reads your tsconfig.json file,
finds all the templates you have in your application, and then provides all the
language services.

⬆ Back to Top

115.

115. How do you install angular language service in the project?

You can install Angular Language Service in your project with the following npm
command,

npm install --save-dev @angular/language-service

After that add the following to the "compilerOptions" section of your project's
tsconfig.json

"plugins": [
{"name": "@angular/language-service"}
]

Note: The completion and diagnostic services works for .ts files only. You need
to use custom plugins for supporting HTML files.
⬆ Back to Top

116.

116. Is there any editor support for Angular Language Service?

Yes, Angular Language Service is currently available for Visual Studio Code and
WebStorm IDEs. You need to install angular language service using an extension
and devDependency respectively. In sublime editor, you need to install typescript
which has has a language service plugin model.

⬆ Back to Top

117.

117. Explain the features provided by Angular Language Service?

Basically there are 3 main features provided by Angular Language Service,

1. Autocompletion: Autocompletion can speed up your development time

by providing you with contextual possibilities and hints as you type with
in an interpolation and elements.

2. Error checking: It can also warn you of mistakes in your code.

3. Navigation: Navigation allows you to hover a component, directive,

module and then click and press F12 to go directly to its definition.
⬆ Back to Top

118.

118. How do you add web workers in your application?

You can add web worker anywhere in your application. For example, If the file
that contains your expensive computation is src/app/app.component.ts, you
can add a Web Worker using ng generate web-worker app command which
will create src/app/app.worker.ts web worker file. This command will
perform below actions,

1. Configure your project to use Web Workers

2. Adds app.worker.ts to receive messages
3. addEventListener('message', ({ data }) => {
4. const response = `worker response to ${data}`;
5. postMessage(response);
});

6. The component app.component.ts file updated with web worker file

7. if (typeof Worker !== 'undefined') {
8. // Create a new
9. const worker = new Worker('./app.worker', { type: 'module'
});
10. worker.onmessage = ({ data }) => {
11. console.log('page got message: $\{data\}');
12. };
13. worker.postMessage('hello');
14. } else {
15. // Web Workers are not supported in this environment.
}

Note: You may need to refactor your initial scaffolding web worker code for
sending messages to and from.
⬆ Back to Top

119.

119. What are the limitations with web workers?

You need to remember two important things when using Web Workers in Angular
projects,

1. Some environments or platforms(like @angular/platform-server) used in

Server-side Rendering, don't support Web Workers. In this case you need
to provide a fallback mechanism to perform the computations to work in
this environments.
2. Running Angular in web worker using @angular/platform-webworker
is not yet supported in Angular CLI.

⬆ Back to Top

120.

120. What is Angular CLI Builder?

In Angular8, the CLI Builder API is stable and available to developers who want
to customize the Angular CLI by adding or modifying commands. For example,
you could supply a builder to perform an entirely new task, or to change which
third-party tool is used by an existing command.

⬆ Back to Top

121.

121. What is a builder?

A builder function ia a function that uses the Architect API to perform a

complex process such as "build" or "test". The builder code is defined in an npm
package. For example, BrowserBuilder runs a webpack build for a browser target
and KarmaBuilder starts the Karma server and runs a webpack build for unit tests.

⬆ Back to Top

122.
122. How do you invoke a builder?

The Angular CLI command ng run is used to invoke a builder with a specific
target configuration. The workspace configuration file, angular.json, contains
default configurations for built-in builders.

⬆ Back to Top

123.

123. How do you create app shell in Angular?

An App shell is a way to render a portion of your application via a route at build
time. This is useful to first paint of your application that appears quickly because
the browser can render static HTML and CSS without the need to initialize
JavaScript. You can achieve this using Angular CLI which generates an app shell
for running server-side of your app.

ng generate appShell [options] (or)

ng g appShell [options]

⬆ Back to Top

124.

124. What are the case types in Angular?

Angular uses capitalization conventions to distinguish the names of various types.

Angular follows the list of the below case types.

1. camelCase : Symbols, properties, methods, pipe names, non-component

directive selectors, constants uses lowercase on the first letter of the item.
For example, "selectedUser"
2. UpperCamelCase (or PascalCase): Class names, including classes that
define components, interfaces, NgModules, directives, and pipes uses
uppercase on the first letter of the item.
3. dash-case (or "kebab-case"): The descriptive part of file names,
component selectors uses dashes between the words. For example, "app-
user-list".
4. UPPER_UNDERSCORE_CASE: All constants uses capital letters
connected with underscores. For example, "NUMBER_OF_USERS".

⬆ Back to Top
125.

125. What are the class decorators in Angular?

A class decorator is a decorator that appears immediately before a class definition,

which declares the class to be of the given type, and provides metadata suitable to
the type

The following list of decorators comes under class decorators,

1. @Component()
2. @Directive()
3. @Pipe()
4. @Injectable()
5. @NgModule()

⬆ Back to Top

126.

126. What are class field decorators?

The class field decorators are the statements declared immediately before a field
in a class definition that defines the type of that field. Some of the examples are:
@input and @output,

@Input() myProperty;
@Output() myEvent = new EventEmitter();

⬆ Back to Top

127.

127. What is declarable in Angular?

Declarable is a class type that you can add to the declarations list of an
NgModule. The class types such as components, directives, and pipes comes can
be declared in the module. The structure of declarations would be,

declarations: [
YourComponent,
YourPipe,
YourDirective
],
⬆ Back to Top

128.

128. What are the restrictions on declarable classes?

Below classes shouldn't be declared,

1. A class that's already declared in another NgModule

2. Ngmodule classes
3. Service classes
4. Helper classes

⬆ Back to Top

129.

129. What is a DI token?

A DI token is a lookup token associated with a dependency provider in

dependency injection system. The injector maintains an internal token-provider
map that it references when asked for a dependency and the DI token is the key to
the map. Let's take example of DI Token usage,

const BASE_URL = new InjectionToken<string>('BaseUrl');

const injector =
Injector.create({providers: [{provide: BASE_URL, useValue:
'http://some-domain.com'}]});
const url = injector.get(BASE_URL);

⬆ Back to Top

130.

130. What is Angular DSL?

A domain-specific language (DSL) is a computer language specialized to a

particular application domain. Angular has its own Domain Specific Language
(DSL) which allows us to write Angular specific html-like syntax on top of
normal html. It has its own compiler that compiles this syntax to html that the
browser can understand. This DSL is defined in NgModules such as animations,
forms, and routing and navigation.
Basically you will see 3 main syntax in Angular DSL.

1. (): Used for Output and DOM events.

2. []: Used for Input and specific DOM element attributes.
3. *: Structural directives(*ngFor or *ngIf) will affect/change the DOM
structure.

⬆ Back to Top

131.

131. what is an rxjs subject in Angular

An RxJS Subject is a special type of Observable that allows values to be

multicasted to many Observers. While plain Observables are unicast (each
subscribed Observer owns an independent execution of the Observable), Subjects
are multicast.

A Subject is like an Observable, but can multicast to many Observers. Subjects

are like EventEmitters: they maintain a registry of many listeners.

import { Subject } from 'rxjs';

const subject = new Subject<number>();

subject.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log(`observerA: ${v}`)
});
subject.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log(`observerB: ${v}`)
});

subject.next(1);
subject.next(2);

⬆ Back to Top

132.

132. What is Bazel tool?

Bazel is a powerful build tool developed and massively used by Google and it can
keep track of the dependencies between different packages and build targets. In
Angular8, you can build your CLI application with Bazel. Note: The Angular
framework itself is built with Bazel.
⬆ Back to Top

133.

133. What are the advantages of Bazel tool?

Below are the list of key advantages of Bazel tool,

1. It creates the possibility of building your back-ends and front-ends with

the same tool
2. The incremental build and tests
3. It creates the possibility to have remote builds and cache on a build farm.

⬆ Back to Top

134.

134. How do you use Bazel with Angular CLI?

The @angular/bazel package provides a builder that allows Angular CLI to use
Bazel as the build tool.

1. Use in an existing applciation: Add @angular/bazel using CLI

ng add @angular/bazel

2. Use in a new application: Install the package and create the application
with collection option
3. npm install -g @angular/bazel
ng new --collection=@angular/bazel

When you use ng build and ng serve commands, Bazel is used behind the scenes
and outputs the results in dist/bin folder.

⬆ Back to Top

135.

135. How do you run Bazel directly?

Sometimes you may want to bypass the Angular CLI builder and run Bazel
directly using Bazel CLI. You can install it globally using @bazel/bazel npm
package. i.e, Bazel CLI is available under @bazel/bazel package. After you can
apply the below common commands,

bazel build [targets] // Compile the default output artifacts of

the given targets.
bazel test [targets] // Run the tests with *_test targets found in
the pattern.
bazel run [target]: Compile the program represented by target and
then run it.

⬆ Back to Top

136.

136. What is platform in Angular?

A platform is the context in which an Angular application runs. The most

common platform for Angular applications is a web browser, but it can also be an
operating system for a mobile device, or a web server. The runtime-platform is
provided by the @angular/platform-* packages and these packages allow
applications that make use of @angular/core and @angular/common to execute
in different environments. i.e, Angular can be used as platform-independent
framework in different environments, For example,

1. While running in the browser, it uses platform-browser package.

2. When SSR(server-side rendering ) is used, it uses platform-server
package for providing web server implementation.

⬆ Back to Top

137.

137. What happens if I import the same module twice?

If multiple modules imports the same module then angular evaluates it only once
(When it encounters the module first time). It follows this condition even the
module appears at any level in a hierarchy of imported NgModules.

⬆ Back to Top

138.

138. How do you select an element with in a component template?

You can use @ViewChild directive to access elements in the view directly. Let's
take input element with a reference,

and define view child directive and access it in ngAfterViewInit lifecycle hook

@ViewChild('uname') input;

ngAfterViewInit() {
console.log(this.input.nativeElement.value);
}

⬆ Back to Top

139.

139. How do you detect route change in Angular?

In Angular7, you can subscribe to router to detect the changes. The subscription
for router events would be as below,

this.router.events.subscribe((event: Event) => {})

Let's take a simple component to detect router changes

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

import { Router, Event, NavigationStart, NavigationEnd,
NavigationError } from '@angular/router';

@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `<router-outlet></router-outlet>`
})
export class AppComponent {

constructor(private router: Router) {

this.router.events.subscribe((event: Event) => {

if (event instanceof NavigationStart) {
// Show loading indicator and perform an action
}

if (event instanceof NavigationEnd) {

// Hide loading indicator and perform an action
}

if (event instanceof NavigationError) {

// Hide loading indicator and perform an action
console.log(event.error); // It logs an error for
debugging
}
});
}
}

⬆ Back to Top

140.

 How do you pass headers for HTTP client?

You can directly pass object map for http client or create HttpHeaders class to supply the
headers.

constructor(private _http: HttpClient) {}

this._http.get('someUrl',{
headers: {'header1':'value1','header2':'value2'}
});

(or)
let headers = new HttpHeaders().set('header1', headerValue1); // create
header object
headers = headers.append('header2', headerValue2); // add a new header,
creating a new object
headers = headers.append('header3', headerValue3); // add another header

let params = new HttpParams().set('param1', value1); // create params

object
params = params.append('param2', value2); // add a new param, creating a
new object
params = params.append('param3', value3); // add another param

return this._http.get<any[]>('someUrl', { headers: headers, params:

params })

⬆ Back to Top

 What is the purpose of differential loading in CLI?

From Angular8 release onwards, the applications are built using differential loading
strategy from CLI to build two separate bundles as part of your deployed application.

1. The first build contains ES2015 syntax which takes the advantage of built-in
support in modern browsers, ships less polyfills, and results in a smaller bundle
size.
2. The second build contains old ES5 syntax to support older browsers with all
necessary polyfills. But this results in a larger bundle size.

Note: This strategy is used to support multiple browsers but it only load the code that the
browser needs.

⬆ Back to Top

 Is Angular supports dynamic imports?

Yes, Angular 8 supports dynamic imports in router configuration. i.e, You can use the
import statement for lazy loading the module using loadChildren method and it will be
understood by the IDEs(VSCode and WebStorm), webpack, etc. Previously, you have
been written as below to lazily load the feature module. By mistake, if you have typo in
the module name it still accepts the string and throws an error during build time.

{path: ‘user’, loadChildren: ‘./users/user.module#UserModulee’},

This problem is resolved by using dynamic imports and IDEs are able to find it during
compile time itself.

{path: ‘user’, loadChildren: () => import(‘./users/user.module’).then(m

=> m.UserModule)};

⬆ Back to Top

 What is lazy loading?

Lazy loading is one of the most useful concepts of Angular Routing. It helps us to
download the web pages in chunks instead of downloading everything in a big bundle. It
is used for lazy loading by asynchronously loading the feature module for routing
whenever required using the property loadChildren. Let's load both Customer and
Order feature modules lazily as below,

const routes: Routes = [

{
path: 'customers',
loadChildren: () =>
import('./customers/customers.module').then(module =>
module.CustomersModule)
},
{
path: 'orders',
loadChildren: () => import('./orders/orders.module').then(module =>
module.OrdersModule)
},
{
path: '',
redirectTo: '',
pathMatch: 'full'
}
];

⬆ Back to Top

 What are workspace APIs?

Angular 8.0 release introduces Workspace APIs to make it easier for developers to read
and modify the angular.json file instead of manually modifying it. Currently, the only
supported storage3 format is the JSON-based format used by the Angular CLI. You can
enable or add optimization option for build target as below,

import { NodeJsSyncHost } from '@angular-devkit/core/node';

import { workspaces } from '@angular-devkit/core';

async function addBuildTargetOption() {

const host = workspaces.createWorkspaceHost(new NodeJsSyncHost());
const workspace = await
workspaces.readWorkspace('path/to/workspace/directory/', host);

const project = workspace.projects.get('my-app');

if (!project) {
throw new Error('my-app does not exist');
}

const buildTarget = project.targets.get('build');

if (!buildTarget) {
throw new Error('build target does not exist');
}

buildTarget.options.optimization = true;

await workspaces.writeWorkspace(workspace, host);

}

addBuildTargetOption();

⬆ Back to Top


 How do you upgrade angular version?

The Angular upgrade is quite easier using Angular CLI ng update command as
mentioned below. For example, if you upgrade from Angular 7 to 8 then your lazy loaded
route imports will be migrated to the new import syntax automatically.

$ ng update @angular/cli @angular/core

⬆ Back to Top

 What is Angular Material?

Angular Material is a collection of Material Design components for Angular framework

following the Material Design spec. You can apply Material Design very easily using
Angular Material. The installation can be done through npm or yarn,

npm install --save @angular/material @angular/cdk @angular/animations

(OR)
yarn add @angular/material @angular/cdk @angular/animations

It supports the most recent two versions of all major browsers. The latest version of
Angular material is 8.1.1

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you upgrade location service of angularjs?

If you are using $location service in your old AngularJS application, now you can use
LocationUpgradeModule(unified location service) which puts the responsibilities of
$location service to Location service in Angular. Let's add this module to AppModule
as below,

// Other imports ...

import { LocationUpgradeModule } from '@angular/common/upgrade';

@NgModule({
imports: [
// Other NgModule imports...
LocationUpgradeModule.config()
]
})
export class AppModule {}

⬆ Back to Top

 What is NgUpgrade?

NgUpgrade is a library put together by the Angular team, which you can use in your
applications to mix and match AngularJS and Angular components and bridge the
AngularJS and Angular dependency injection systems.

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you test Angular application using CLI?

Angular CLI downloads and install everything needed with the Jasmine Test framework.
You just need to run ng test to see the test results. By default this command builds the
app in watch mode, and launches the Karma test runner. The output of test results
would be as below,

10% building modules 1/1 modules 0 active

...INFO [karma]: Karma v1.7.1 server started at http://0.0.0.0:9876/
...INFO [launcher]: Launching browser Chrome ...
...INFO [launcher]: Starting browser Chrome
...INFO [Chrome ...]: Connected on socket ...
Chrome ...: Executed 3 of 3 SUCCESS (0.135 secs / 0.205 secs)

Note: A chrome browser also opens and displays the test output in the "Jasmine HTML
Reporter".

⬆ Back to Top

 How to use polyfills in Angular application?

The Angular CLI provides support for polyfills officially. When you create a new project
with the ng new command, a src/polyfills.ts configuration file is created as part of
your project folder. This file includes the mandatory and many of the optional polyfills as
JavaScript import statements. Let's categorize the polyfills,

1. Mandatory polyfills: These are installed automatically when you create your
project with ng new command and the respective import statements enabled in
'src/polyfills.ts' file.
2. Optional polyfills: You need to install its npm package and then create import
statement in 'src/polyfills.ts' file. For example, first you need to install below npm
package for adding web animations (optional) polyfill. bash npm install --
save web-animations-js and create import statement in polyfill file.
javascript import 'web-animations-js';

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the ways to trigger change detection in Angular?

You can inject either ApplicationRef or NgZone, or ChangeDetectorRef into your

component and apply below specific methods to trigger change detection in Angular. i.e,
There are 3 possible ways,

1. ApplicationRef.tick(): Invoke this method to explicitly process change detection

and its side-effects. It check the full component tree.
2. NgZone.run(callback): It evaluate the callback function inside the Angular zone.
3. ChangeDetectorRef.detectChanges(): It detects only the components and it's
children.

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the differences of various versions of Angular?

There are different versions of Angular framework. Let's see the features of all the
various versions,

1. Angular 1:
o Angular 1 (AngularJS) is the first angular framework released in the year
2010.
o AngularJS is not built for mobile devices.
o It is based on controllers with MVC architecture.
2. Angular 2:
o Angular 2 was released in the year 2016. Angular 2 is a complete rewrite
of Angular1 version.
o The performance issues that Angular 1 version had has been addressed in
Angular 2 version.
o Angular 2 is built from scratch for mobile devices unlike Angular 1
version.
o Angular 2 is components based.
3. Angular 3:
o The following are the different package versions in Angular 2:
 @angular/core v2.3.0
 @angular/compiler v2.3.0
 @angular/http v2.3.0
 @angular/router v3.3.0
o The router package is already versioned 3 so to avoid confusion switched
to Angular 4 version and skipped 3 version.
4. Angular 4:
o The compiler generated code file size in AOT mode is very much reduced.
o With Angular 4 the production bundles size is reduced by hundreds of
KB’s.
o Animation features are removed from angular/core and formed as a
separate package.
o Supports Typescript 2.1 and 2.2.
o Angular Universal
o New HttpClient
5. Angular 5:
o Angular 5 makes angular faster. It improved the loading time and
execution time.
o Shipped with new build optimizer.
o Supports Typescript 2.5.
o Service Worker
6. Angular 6:
o It is released in May 2018.
o Includes Angular Command Line Interface (CLI), Component
Development KIT (CDK), Angular Material Package, Angular Elements.
o Service Worker bug fixes.
o i18n
o Experimental mode for Ivy.
o RxJS 6.0
o Tree Shaking
7. Angular 7:
o It is released in October 2018.
o TypeScript 3.1
o RxJS 6.3
o New Angular CLI
o CLI Prompts capability provide an ability to ask questions to the user
before they run. It is like interactive dialog between the user and the CLI
o With the improved CLI Prompts capability, it helps developers to make
the decision. New ng commands ask users for routing and CSS styles
types(SCSS) and ng add @angular/material asks for themes and gestures
or animations.
8. Angular 8:
o It is released in May 2019.
o TypeScript 3.4
9. Angular 9:
o It is released in February 2020.
o TypeScript 3.7
o Ivy enabled by default
10. Angular 10:
o It is released in June 2020.
o TypeScript 3.9
o TSlib 2.0

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the security principles in angular?

Below are the list of security principles in angular,

1. You should avoid direct use of the DOM APIs.

2. You should enable Content Security Policy (CSP) and configure your web server
to return appropriate CSP HTTP headers.
3. You should Use the offline template compiler.
4. You should Use Server Side XSS protection.
5. You should Use DOM Sanitizer.
6. You should Preventing CSRF or XSRF attacks.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is the reason to deprecate Web Tracing Framework?

Angular has supported the integration with the Web Tracing Framework (WTF) for the
purpose of performance testing. Since it is not well maintained and failed in majority of
the applications, the support is deprecated in latest releases.
⬆ Back to Top

 What is the reason to deprecate web worker packages?

Both @angular/platform-webworker and @angular/platform-webworker-dynamic

are officially deprecated, the Angular team realized it's not good practice to run the
Angular application on Web worker

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you find angular CLI version?

Angular CLI provides it's installed version using below different ways using ng
command,

ng v
ng version
ng -v
ng --version

and the output would be as below,

Angular CLI: 1.6.3

Node: 8.11.3
OS: darwin x64
Angular:
...

⬆ Back to Top

 What is the browser support for Angular?

Angular supports most recent browsers which includes both desktop and mobile
browsers.

Browser Version
Chrome latest
Browser Version
Firefox latest
Edge 2 most recent major versions
IE 11, 10, 9 (Compatibility mode is not supported)
Safari 2 most recent major versions
IE Mobile 11
iOS 2 most recent major versions
Android 7.0, 6.0, 5.0, 5.1, 4.4

⬆ Back to Top

 What is schematic?

It's a scaffolding library that defines how to generate or transform a programming project
by creating, modifying, refactoring, or moving files and code. It defines rules that operate
on a virtual file system called a tree.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is rule in Schematics?

In schematics world, it's a function that operates on a file tree to create, delete, or modify
files in a specific manner.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is Schematics CLI?

Schematics come with their own command-line tool known as Schematics CLI. It is used
to install the schematics executable, which you can use to create a new schematics
collection with an initial named schematic. The collection folder is a workspace for
schematics. You can also use the schematics command to add a new schematic to an
existing collection, or extend an existing schematic. You can install Schematic CLI
globally as below,
npm install -g @angular-devkit/schematics-cli

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the best practices for security in angular?

Below are the best practices of security in angular,

1. Use the latest Angular library releases

2. Don't modify your copy of Angular
3. Avoid Angular APIs marked in the documentation as “Security Risk.”

⬆ Back to Top

 What is Angular security model for preventing XSS attacks?

Angular treats all values as untrusted by default. i.e, Angular sanitizes and escapes
untrusted values When a value is inserted into the DOM from a template, via property,
attribute, style, class binding, or interpolation.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is the role of template compiler for prevention of XSS attacks?

The offline template compiler prevents vulnerabilities caused by template injection, and
greatly improves application performance. So it is recommended to use offline template
compiler in production deployments without dynamically generating any template.

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the various security contexts in Angular?

Angular defines the following security contexts for sanitization,

1. HTML: It is used when interpreting a value as HTML such as binding to
innerHtml.
2. Style: It is used when binding CSS into the style property.
3. URL: It is used for URL properties such as <a href>.
4. Resource URL: It is a URL that will be loaded and executed as code such as
<script src>.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is Sanitization? Is angular supports it?

Sanitization is the inspection of an untrusted value, turning it into a value that's safe to
insert into the DOM. Yes, Angular suppports sanitization. It sanitizes untrusted values for
HTML, styles, and URLs but sanitizing resource URLs isn't possible because they
contain arbitrary code.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is the purpose of innerHTML?

The innerHtml is a property of HTML-Elements, which allows you to set it's html-
content programmatically. Let's display the below html code snippet in a <div> tag as
below using innerHTML binding,

and define the htmlSnippet property from any component

export class myComponent {

htmlSnippet: string = '<b>Hello World</b>, Angular';
}

Unfortunately this property could cause Cross Site Scripting (XSS) security bugs when
improperly handled.

⬆ Back to Top


 What is the difference between interpolated content and innerHTML?

The main difference between interpolated and innerHTML code is the behavior of code
interpreted. Interpolated content is always escaped i.e, HTML isn't interpreted and the
browser displays angle brackets in the element's text content. Where as in innerHTML
binding, the content is interpreted i.e, the browser will convert < and > characters as
HTMLEntities. For example, the usage in template would be as below,

<p>Interpolated value:</p>
<div >{{htmlSnippet}}</div>
<p>Binding of innerHTML:</p>
<div [innerHTML]="htmlSnippet"></div>

and the property defined in a component.

export class InnerHtmlBindingComponent {

htmlSnippet = 'Template <script>alert("XSS Attack")</script> <b>Code
attached</b>';
}

Even though innerHTML binding create a chance of XSS attack, Angular recognizes the
value as unsafe and automatically sanitizes it.

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you prevent automatic sanitization?

Sometimes the applications genuinely need to include executable code such as displaying
<iframe> from an URL. In this case, you need to prevent automatic sanitization in
Angular by saying that you inspected a value, checked how it was generated, and made
sure it will always be secure. Basically it involves 2 steps,

1. Inject DomSanitizer: You can inject DomSanitizer in component as parameter in

constructor
2. Mark the trusted value by calling some of the below methods
1. bypassSecurityTrustHtml
2. bypassSecurityTrustScript
3. bypassSecurityTrustStyle
4. bypassSecurityTrustUrl
5. bypassSecurityTrustResourceUrl

For example,The usage of dangerous url to trusted url would be as below,

constructor(private sanitizer: DomSanitizer) {

this.dangerousUrl = 'javascript:alert("XSS attack")';
this.trustedUrl = sanitizer.bypassSecurityTrustUrl(this.dangerousUrl);

⬆ Back to Top

 Is safe to use direct DOM API methods in terms of security?

No,the built-in browser DOM APIs or methods don't automatically protect you from
security vulnerabilities. In this case it is recommended to use Angular templates instead
of directly interacting with DOM. If it is unavoidable then use the built-in Angular
sanitization functions.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is DOM sanitizer?

DomSanitizer is used to help preventing Cross Site Scripting Security bugs (XSS) by
sanitizing values to be safe to use in the different DOM contexts.

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you support server side XSS protection in Angular application?

The server-side XSS protection is supported in an angular application by using a

templating language that automatically escapes values to prevent XSS vulnerabilities on
the server. But don't use a templating language to generate Angular templates on the
server side which creates a high risk of introducing template-injection vulnerabilities.

⬆ Back to Top

 Is angular prevents http level vulnerabilities?

Angular has built-in support for preventing http level vulnerabilities such as as cross-site
request forgery (CSRF or XSRF) and cross-site script inclusion (XSSI). Even though
these vulnerabilities need to be mitigated on server-side, Angular provides helpers to
make the integration easier on the client side.

1. HttpClient supports a token mechanism used to prevent XSRF attacks

2. HttpClient library recognizes the convention of prefixed JSON responses(which
non-executable js code with ")]}',\n" characters) and automatically strips the
string ")]}',\n" from all responses before further parsing

⬆ Back to Top

 What are Http Interceptors?

Http Interceptors are part of @angular/common/http, which inspect and transform HTTP
requests from your application to the server and vice-versa on HTTP responses. These
interceptors can perform a variety of implicit tasks, from authentication to logging.

The syntax of HttpInterceptor interface looks like as below,

interface HttpInterceptor {
intercept(req: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler):
Observable<HttpEvent<any>>
}

You can use interceptors by declaring a service class that implements the intercept()
method of the HttpInterceptor interface.

@Injectable()
export class MyInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
constructor() {}
intercept(req: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler):
Observable<HttpEvent<any>> {
...
}
}

After that you can use it in your module,

@NgModule({
...
providers: [
{
provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS,
useClass: MyInterceptor,
multi: true
}
]
...
})
export class AppModule {}

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the applications of HTTP interceptors?

The HTTP Interceptors can be used for different variety of tasks,

1. Authentication
2. Logging
3. Caching
4. Fake backend
5. URL transformation
6. Modifying headers

⬆ Back to Top

 Is multiple interceptors supported in Angular?

Yes, Angular supports multiple interceptors at a time. You could define multiple
interceptors in providers property:

providers: [
{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: MyFirstInterceptor, multi:
true },
{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: MySecondInterceptor, multi:
true }
],

The interceptors will be called in the order in which they were provided. i.e,
MyFirstInterceptor will be called first in the above interceptors configuration.

⬆ Back to Top

 How can I use interceptor for an entire application?

You can use same instance of HttpInterceptors for the entire app by importing the
HttpClientModule only in your AppModule, and add the interceptors to the root
application injector. For example, let's define a class that is injectable in root application.

@Injectable()
export class MyInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
intercept(
req: HttpRequest<any>,
next: HttpHandler
): Observable<HttpEvent<any>> {

return next.handle(req).do(event => {

if (eventt instanceof HttpResponse) {
// Code goes here
}
});

}
}

After that import HttpClientModule in AppModule

@NgModule({
declarations: [AppComponent],
imports: [BrowserModule, HttpClientModule],
providers: [
{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: MyInterceptor, multi: true }
],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule {}

⬆ Back to Top

 How does Angular simplifies Internationalization?

Angular simplifies the below areas of internationalization,

1. Displaying dates, number, percentages, and currencies in a local format.

2. Preparing text in component templates for translation.
3. Handling plural forms of words.
4. Handling alternative text.

⬆ Back to Top


 How do you manually register locale data?

By default, Angular only contains locale data for en-US which is English as spoken in the
United States of America . But if you want to set to another locale, you must import
locale data for that new locale. After that you can register using registerLocaleData
method and the syntax of this method looks like below,

registerLocaleData(data: any, localeId?: any, extraData?: any): void

For example, let us import German locale and register it in the application

import { registerLocaleData } from '@angular/common';

import localeDe from '@angular/common/locales/de';

registerLocaleData(localeDe, 'de');

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the four phases of template translation?

The i18n template translation process has four phases:

1. Mark static text messages in your component templates for translation: You
can place i18n on every element tag whose fixed text is to be translated. For
example, you need i18n attribue for heading as below,

<h1 i18n>Hello i18n!</h1>

2. Create a translation file: Use the Angular CLI xi18n command to extract the
marked text into an industry-standard translation source file. i.e, Open terminal
window at the root of the app project and run the CLI command xi18n.

ng xi18n

The above command creates a file named messages.xlf in your project's root
directory.

Note: You can supply command options to change the format, the name, the
location, and the source locale of the extracted file.

3. Edit the generated translation file: Translate the extracted text into the target
language. In this step, create a localization folder (such as locale)under root
directory(src) and then create target language translation file by copying and
renaming the default messages.xlf file. You need to copy source text node and
provide the translation under target tag. For example, create the translation
file(messages.de.xlf) for German language
4. <trans-unit id="greetingHeader" datatype="html">
5. <source>Hello i18n!</source>
6. <target>Hallo i18n !</target>
7. <note priority="1" from="description">A welcome header for this
sample</note>
8. <note priority="1" from="meaning">welcome message</note>
</trans-unit>

9. Merge the completed translation file into the app: You need to use Angular
CLI build command to compile the app, choosing a locale-specific configuration,
or specifying the following command options.
1. --i18nFile=path to the translation file
2. --i18nFormat=format of the translation file
3. --i18nLocale= locale id

⬆ Back to Top

 What is the purpose of i18n attribute?

The Angular i18n attribute marks translatable content. It is a custom attribute, recognized
by Angular tools and compilers. The compiler removes it after translation.

Note: Remember that i18n is not an Angular directive.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is the purpose of custom id?

When you change the translatable text, the Angular extractor tool generates a new id for
that translation unit. Because of this behavior, you must then update the translation file
with the new id every time.

For example, the translation file messages.de.xlf.html has generated trans-unit for
some text message as below

<trans-unit id="827wwe104d3d69bf669f823jjde888" datatype="html">

You can avoid this manual update of id attribute by specifying a custom id in the i18n
attribute by using the prefix @@.
<h1 i18n="@@welcomeHeader">Hello i18n!</h1>

⬆ Back to Top

 What happens if the custom id is not unique?

You need to define custom ids as unique. If you use the same id for two different text
messages then only the first one is extracted. But its translation is used in place of both
original text messages.

For example, let's define same custom id myCustomId for two messages,

<h2 i18n="@@myCustomId">Good morning</h3>

<h2 i18n="@@myCustomId">Good night</p>

and the translation unit generated for first text in for German language as

<trans-unit id="myId" datatype="html">

<source>Good morning</source>
<target state="new">Guten Morgen</target>
</trans-unit>

Since custom id is the same, both of the elements in the translation contain the same text
as below

<h2>Guten Morgen</h2>
<h2>Guten Morgen</h2>

⬆ Back to Top

 Can I translate text without creating an element?

Yes, you can achieve using <ng-container> attribute. Normally you need to wrap a text
content with i18n attribute for the translation. But if you don't want to create a new DOM
element just for the sake of translation, you can wrap the text in an element.

<ng-container i18n>I'm not using any DOM element for translation</ng-

container>

Remember that <ng-container> is transformed into an html comment

⬆ Back to Top

 How can I translate attribute?

You can translate attributes by attaching i18n-x attribute where x is the name of the
attribute to translate. For example, you can translate image title attribute as below,

<img [src]="example" i18n-title title="Internationlization" />

By the way, you can also assign meaning, description and id with the i18n-x="|@@"
syntax.

⬆ Back to Top

 List down the pluralization categories?

Pluralization has below categories depending on the language.

1. =0 (or any other number)

2. zero
3. one
4. two
5. few
6. many
7. other

⬆ Back to Top

 What is select ICU expression?

ICU expression is is similar to the plural expressions except that you choose among
alternative translations based on a string value instead of a number. Here you define those
string values.
Let's take component binding with residenceStatus property which has "citizen",
"permanent resident" and "foreigner" possible values and the message maps those values
to the appropriate translations.

<span i18n>The person is {residenceStatus, select, citizen {citizen}

permanent resident {permanentResident} foreigner {foreigner}}</span>

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you report missing translations?

By default, When translation is missing, it generates a warning message such as "Missing

translation for message 'somekey'". But you can configure with a different level of
message in Angular compiler as below,

1. Error: It throws an error. If you are using AOT compilation, the build will fail.
But if you are using JIT compilation, the app will fail to load.
2. Warning (default): It shows a 'Missing translation' warning in the console or
shell.
3. Ignore: It doesn't do anything.

If you use AOT compiler then you need to perform changes in configurations section
of your Angular CLI configuration file, angular.json.

"configurations": {
...
"de": {
...
"i18nMissingTranslation": "error"
}
}

If you use the JIT compiler, specify the warning level in the compiler config at bootstrap
by adding the 'MissingTranslationStrategy' property as below,

import { MissingTranslationStrategy } from '@angular/core';

import { platformBrowserDynamic } from '@angular/platform-browser-
dynamic';
import { AppModule } from './app/app.module';

platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule, {
missingTranslation: MissingTranslationStrategy.Error,
providers: [
// ...
]
});
⬆ Back to Top

 How do you provide build configuration for multiple locales?

You can provide build configuration such as translation file path, name, format and
application url in configuration settings of Angular.json file. For example, the German
version of your application configured the build as follows,

"configurations": {
"de": {
"aot": true,
"outputPath": "dist/my-project-de/",
"baseHref": "/fr/",
"i18nFile": "src/locale/messages.de.xlf",
"i18nFormat": "xlf",
"i18nLocale": "de",
"i18nMissingTranslation": "error",
}

⬆ Back to Top

 What is an angular library?

An Angular library is an Angular project that differs from an app in that it cannot run on
its own. It must be imported and used in an app. For example, you can import or add
service worker library to an Angular application which turns an application into a
Progressive Web App (PWA).

Note: You can create own third party library and publish it as npm package to be used in
an Application.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is AOT compiler?

The AOT compiler is part of a build process that produces a small, fast, ready-to-run
application package, typically for production. It converts your Angular HTML and
TypeScript code into efficient JavaScript code during the build phase before the browser
downloads and runs that code.

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you select an element in component template?

You can control any DOM element via ElementRef by injecting it into your component's
constructor. i.e, The component should have constructor with ElementRef parameter,

constructor(myElement: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'yellow';
}

⬆ Back to Top

 What is TestBed?

TestBed is an api for writing unit tests for Angular applications and it's libraries. Even
though We still write our tests in Jasmine and run using Karma, this API provides an
easier way to create components, handle injection, test asynchronous behaviour and
interact with our application.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is protractor?

Protractor is an end-to-end test framework for Angular and AngularJS applications. It

runs tests against your application running in a real browser, interacting with it as a user
would.

npm install -g protractor

⬆ Back to Top


 What is collection?

Collection is a set of related schematics collected in an npm package. For example,

@schematics/angular collection is used in Angular CLI to apply transforms to a web-
app project. You can create your own schematic collection for customizing angular
projects.

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you create schematics for libraries?

You can create your own schematic collections to integrate your library with the Angular
CLI. These collections are classified as 3 main schematics,

1. Add schematics: These schematics are used to install library in an Angular

workspace using ng add command. For example, @angular/material schematic
tells the add command to install and set up Angular Material and theming.
2. Generate schematics: These schematics are used to modify projects, add
configurations and scripts, and scaffold artifacts in library using ng generate
command. For example, @angular/material generation schematic supplies
generation schematics for the UI components. Let's say the table component is
generated using ng generate @angular/material:table .
3. Update schematics: These schematics are used to update library's dependencies
and adjust for breaking changes in a new library release using ng update
command. For example, @angular/material update schematic updates material
and cdk dependencies using ng update @angular/material command.

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you use jquery in Angular?

You can use jquery in Angular using 3 simple steps,

1. Install the dependency: At first, install the jquery dependency using npm

npm install --save jquery

2. Add the jquery script: In Angular-CLI project, add the relative path to jquery in
the angular.json file.
3. "scripts": [
4. "node_modules/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js"
]

5. Start using jquery: Define the element in template. Whereas declare the jquery
variable and apply CSS classes on the element.
6. <div id="elementId">
7. <h1>JQuery integration</h1>
</div>
import {Component, OnInit} from '@angular/core';

declare var $: any; // (or) import * as $ from 'jquery';

@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
templateUrl: './app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./app.component.css']
})
export class AppComponent implements OnInit {
ngOnInit(): void {
$(document).ready(() => {
$('#elementId').css({'text-color': 'blue', 'font-size':
'150%'});
});
}
}

⬆ Back to Top

 What is the reason for No provider for HTTP exception?

This exception is due to missing HttpClientModule in your module. You just need to
import in module as below,

import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

@NgModule({
imports: [
BrowserModule,
HttpClientModule,
],
declarations: [ AppComponent ],
bootstrap: [ AppComponent ]
})
export class AppModule { }

⬆ Back to Top


 What is router state?

The RouteState is an interface which represents the state of the router as a tree of
activated routes.

interface RouterState extends Tree {

snapshot: RouterStateSnapshot
toString(): string
}

You can access the current RouterState from anywhere in the Angular app using the
Router service and the routerState property.

⬆ Back to Top

 How can I use SASS in angular project?

When you are creating your project with angular cli, you can use ng newcommand. It
generates all your components with predefined sass files.

ng new My_New_Project --style=sass

But if you are changing your existing style in your project then use ng set command,

ng set defaults.styleExt scss

⬆ Back to Top

 What is the purpose of hidden property?

The hidden property is used to show or hide the associated DOM element, based on an
expression. It can be compared close to ng-show directive in AngularJS. Let's say you
want to show user name based on the availability of user using hidden property.

⬆ Back to Top


 What is the difference between ngIf and hidden property?

The main difference is that *ngIf will remove the element from the DOM, while [hidden]
actually plays with the CSS style by setting display:none. Generally it is expensive to
add and remove stuff from the DOM for frequent actions.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is slice pipe?

The slice pipe is used to create a new Array or String containing a subset (slice) of the
elements. The syntax looks like as below,

For example, you can provide 'hello' list based on a greeting array,

@Component({
selector: 'list-pipe',
template: `<ul>
<li *ngFor="let i of greeting | slice:0:5">{{i}}</li>
</ul>`
})
export class PipeListComponent {
greeting: string[] = ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 'm','o', 'r', 'n', 'i',
'n', 'g'];
}

⬆ Back to Top

 What is index property in ngFor directive?

The index property of the NgFor directive is used to return the zero-based index of the
item in each iteration. You can capture the index in a template input variable and use it in
the template.

For example, you can capture the index in a variable named indexVar and displays it with
the todo's name using ngFor directive as below.
<div *ngFor="let todo of todos; let i=index">{{i + 1}} -
{{todo.name}}</div>

⬆ Back to Top

 What is the purpose of ngFor trackBy?

The main purpose of using *ngFor with trackBy option is performance optimization.
Normally if you use NgFor with large data sets, a small change to one item by removing
or adding an item, can trigger a cascade of DOM manipulations. In this case, Angular
sees only a fresh list of new object references and to replace the old DOM elements with
all new DOM elements. You can help Angular to track which items added or removed by
providing a trackBy function which takes the index and the current item as arguments
and needs to return the unique identifier for this item.

For example, lets set trackBy to the trackByTodos() method

<div *ngFor="let todo of todos; trackBy: trackByTodos">

({{todo.id}}) {{todo.name}}
</div>

and define the trackByTodos method,

trackByTodos(index: number, item: Todo): number { return todo.id; }

⬆ Back to Top

 What is the purpose of ngSwitch directive?

NgSwitch directive is similar to JavaScript switch statement which displays one element
from among several possible elements, based on a switch condition. In this case only the
selected element placed into the DOM. It has been used along with NgSwitch,
NgSwitchCase and NgSwitchDefault directives.

For example, let's display the browser details based on selected browser using ngSwitch
directive.

⬆ Back to Top

 Is it possible to do aliasing for inputs and outputs?

Yes, it is possible to do aliasing for inputs and outputs in two ways.

1. Aliasing in metadata: The inputs and outputs in the metadata aliased using a
colon-delimited (:) string with the directive property name on the left and the
public alias on the right. i.e. It will be in the format of propertyName:alias.
2. inputs: ['input1: buyItem'],
outputs: ['outputEvent1: completedEvent']

3. Aliasing with @Input()/@Output() decorator: The alias can be specified for

the property name by passing the alias name to the @Input()/@Output()
decorator.i.e. It will be in the form of @Input(alias) or @Output(alias).
4. @Input('buyItem') input1: string;
@Output('completedEvent') outputEvent1 = new
EventEmitter<string>();

⬆ Back to Top

 What is safe navigation operator?

The safe navigation operator(?)(or known as Elvis Operator) is used to guard against
null and undefined values in property paths when you are not aware whether a path
exists or not. i.e. It returns value of the object path if it exists, else it returns the null
value.

For example, you can access nested properties of a user profile easily without null
reference errors as below,

<p>The user firstName is: {{user?.fullName.firstName}}</p>

Using this safe navigation operator, Angular framework stops evaluating the expression
when it hits the first null value and renders the view without any errors.

⬆ Back to Top

 Is any special configuration required for Angular9?

You don't need any special configuration. In Angular9, the Ivy renderer is the default
Angular compiler. Even though Ivy is available Angular8 itself, you had to configure it in
tsconfig.json file as below,

"angularCompilerOptions": { "enableIvy": true }

⬆ Back to Top

 What are type safe TestBed API changes in Angular9?

Angular 9 provides type safe changes in TestBed API changes by replacing the old get
function with the new inject method. Because TestBed.get method is not type-safe. The
usage would be as below,

TestBed.get(ChangeDetectorRef) // returns any. It is deprecated now.

TestBed.inject(ChangeDetectorRef) // returns ChangeDetectorRef

⬆ Back to Top

 Is mandatory to pass static flag for ViewChild?

In Angular 8, the static flag is required for ViewChild. Whereas in Angular9, you no
longer need to pass this property. Once you updated to Angular9 using ng update, the
migration will remove { static: false } script everywhere.

@ViewChild(ChildDirective) child: ChildDirective; // Angular9 usage

@ViewChild(ChildDirective, { static: false }) child: ChildDirective;
//Angular8 usage
⬆ Back to Top

 What are the list of template expression operators?

The Angular template expression language supports three special template expression
operators.

1. Pipe operator
2. Safe navigation operator
3. Non-null assertion operator

⬆ Back to Top

 What is the precedence between pipe and ternary operators?

The pipe operator has a higher precedence than the ternary operator (?:). For example, the
expression first ? second : third | fourth is parsed as first ? second :
(third | fourth).

⬆ Back to Top

 What is an entry component?

An entry component is any component that Angular loads imperatively(i.e, not

referencing it in the template) by type. Due to this behavior, they can’t be found by the
Angular compiler during compilation. These components created dynamically with
ComponentFactoryResolver.

Basically, there are two main kinds of entry components which are following -

1. The bootstrapped root component

2. A component you specify in a route

⬆ Back to Top


 What is a bootstrapped component?

A bootstrapped component is an entry component that Angular loads into the DOM
during the bootstrap process or application launch time. Generally, this bootstrapped or
root component is named as AppComponent in your root module using bootstrap
property as below.

@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
FormsModule,
HttpClientModule,
AppRoutingModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent] // bootstrapped entry component need to be
declared here
})

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you manually bootstrap an application?

You can use ngDoBootstrap hook for a manual bootstrapping of the application instead
of using bootstrap array in @NgModule annotation. This hook is part of DoBootstap
interface.

interface DoBootstrap {
ngDoBootstrap(appRef: ApplicationRef): void
}

The module needs to be implement the above interface to use the hook for bootstrapping.

class AppModule implements DoBootstrap {

ngDoBootstrap(appRef: ApplicationRef) {
appRef.bootstrap(AppComponent); // bootstrapped entry component need
to be passed
}
}

⬆ Back to Top


 Is it necessary for bootstrapped component to be entry component?

Yes, the bootstrapped component needs to be an entry component. This is because the
bootstrapping process is an imperative process.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is a routed entry component?

The components referenced in router configuration are called as routed entry

components. This routed entry component defined in a route definition as below,

const routes: Routes = [

{
path: '',
component: TodoListComponent // router entry component
}
];

Since router definition requires you to add the component in two places (router and
entryComponents), these components are always entry components.

Note: The compilers are smart enough to recognize a router definition and automatically
add the router component into entryComponents.

⬆ Back to Top

 Why is not necessary to use entryComponents array every time?

Most of the time, you don't need to explicity to set entry components in entryComponents
array of ngModule decorator. Because angular adds components from both
@NgModule.bootstrap and route definitions to entry components automatically.

⬆ Back to Top


 Do I still need to use entryComponents array in Angular9?

No. In previous angular releases, the entryComponents array of ngModule decorator is

used to tell the compiler which components would be created and inserted dynamically in
the view. In Angular9, this is not required anymore with Ivy.

⬆ Back to Top

 Is it all components generated in production build?

No, only the entry components and template components appears in production builds. If
a component isn't an entry component and isn't found in a template, the tree shaker will
throw it away. Due to this reason, make sure to add only true entry components to reduce
the bundle size.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is Angular compiler?

The Angular compiler is used to convert the application code into JavaScript code. It
reads the template markup, combines it with the corresponding component class code,
and emits component factories which creates JavaScript representation of the component
along with elements of @Component metadata.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is the role of ngModule metadata in compilation process?

The @NgModule metadata is used to tell the Angular compiler what components to be
compiled for this module and how to link this module with other modules.

⬆ Back to Top


 How does angular finds components, directives and pipes?

The Angular compiler finds a component or directive in a template when it can match the
selector of that component or directive in that template. Whereas it finds a pipe if the
pipe's name appears within the pipe syntax of the template HTML.

⬆ Back to Top

 Give few examples for NgModules?

The Angular core libraries and third-party libraries are available as NgModules.

1. Angular libraries such as FormsModule, HttpClientModule, and RouterModule

are NgModules.
2. Many third-party libraries such as Material Design, Ionic, and AngularFire2 are
NgModules.

⬆ Back to Top

 What are feature modules?

Feature modules are NgModules, which are used for the purpose of organizing code. The
feature module can be created with Angular CLI using the below command in the root
directory,

ng generate module MyCustomFeature //

Angular CLI creates a folder called my-custom-feature with a file inside called my-
custom-feature.module.ts with the following contents

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';

@NgModule({
imports: [
CommonModule
],
declarations: []
})
export class MyCustomFeature { }
Note: The "Module" suffix shouldn't present in the name because the CLI appends it.

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the imported modules in CLI generated feature modules?

In the CLI generated feature module, there are two JavaScript import statements at the
top of the file

1. NgModule: InOrder to use the @NgModule decorator

2. CommonModule: It provides many common directives such as ngIf and ngFor.

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the differences between ngmodule and javascript module?

Below are the main differences between Angular NgModule and javascript module,

NgModule JavaScript module

NgModule bounds declarable classes only There is no restriction classes
Can define all member classes in
List the module's classes in declarations array only
one giant file
It only export the declarable classes it owns or imports
It can export any classes
from other modules
Extend the entire application with services by adding Can't extend the application with
providers to provides array services

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the possible errors with declarations?

There are two common possible errors with declarations array,

1. If you use a component without declaring it, Angular returns an error message.
2. If you try to declare the same class in more than one module then compiler emits
an error.

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the steps to use declaration elements?

Below are the steps to be followed to use declaration elements.

1. Create the element(component, directive and pipes) and export it from the file
where you wrote it
2. Import it into the appropriate module.
3. Declare it in the @NgModule declarations array.

⬆ Back to Top

 What happens if browserModule used in feature module?

If you do import BrowserModule into a lazy loaded feature module, Angular returns an
error telling you to use CommonModule instead. Because BrowserModule’s providers are
for the entire app so it should only be in the root module, not in feature module. Whereas
Feature modules only need the common directives in CommonModule.

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the types of feature modules?

Below are the five categories of feature modules,

1. Domain: Deliver a user experience dedicated to a particular application

domain(For example, place an order, registration etc)
2. Routed: These are domain feature modules whose top components are the targets
of router navigation routes.
3. Routing: It provides routing configuration for another module.
4. Service: It provides utility services such as data access and messaging(For
example, HttpClientModule)
5. Widget: It makes components, directives, and pipes available to external
modules(For example, third-party libraries such as Material UI)

⬆ Back to Top

 What is a provider?

A provider is an instruction to the Dependency Injection system on how to obtain a value

for a dependency(aka services created). The service can be provided using Angular CLI
as below,

ng generate service my-service

The created service by CLI would be as below,

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root', //Angular provide the service in root injector
})
export class MyService {
}

⬆ Back to Top

 What is the recommendation for provider scope?

You should always provide your service in the root injector unless there is a case where
you want the service to be available only if you import a particular @NgModule.

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you restrict provider scope to a module?

It is possible to restrict service provider scope to a specific module instead making
available to entire application. There are two possible ways to do it.

1. Using providedIn in service:

2. import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
3. import { SomeModule } from './some.module';
4.
5. @Injectable({
6. providedIn: SomeModule,
7. })
8. export class SomeService {
}

9. Declare provider for the service in module:

10. import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
11.
12. import { SomeService } from './some.service';
13.
14. @NgModule({
15. providers: [SomeService],
16. })
17. export class SomeModule {
}

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you provide a singleton service?

There are two possible ways to provide a singleton service.

1. Set the providedIn property of the @Injectable() to "root". This is the preferred
way(starting from Angular 6.0) of creating a singleton service since it makes your
services tree-shakable.
2. import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
3.
4. @Injectable({
5. providedIn: 'root',
6. })
7. export class MyService {
}

8. Include the service in root module or in a module that is only imported by root
module. It has been used to register services before Angular 6.0.
9. @NgModule({
10. ...
11. providers: [MyService],
12. ...
})
⬆ Back to Top

 What are the different ways to remove duplicate service registration?

If a module defines provides and declarations then loading the module in multiple feature
modules will duplicate the registration of the service. Below are the different ways to
prevent this duplicate behavior.

1. Use the providedIn syntax instead of registering the service in the module.
2. Separate your services into their own module.
3. Define forRoot() and forChild() methods in the module.

⬆ Back to Top

 How does forRoot method helpful to avoid duplicate router instances?

If the RouterModule module didn’t have forRoot() static method then each feature
module would instantiate a new Router instance, which leads to broken application due to
duplicate instances. After using forRoot() method, the root application module imports
RouterModule.forRoot(...) and gets a Router, and all feature modules import
RouterModule.forChild(...) which does not instantiate another Router.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is a shared module?

The Shared Module is the module in which you put commonly used directives, pipes, and
components into one module that is shared(import it) throughout the application.

For example, the below shared module imports CommonModule, FormsModule for
common directives and components, pipes and directives based on the need,

import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { UserComponent } from './user.component';
import { NewUserDirective } from './new-user.directive';
import { OrdersPipe } from './orders.pipe';

@NgModule({
imports: [ CommonModule ],
declarations: [ UserComponent, NewUserDirective, OrdersPipe ],
exports: [ UserComponent, NewUserDirective, OrdersPipe,
CommonModule, FormsModule ]
})
export class SharedModule { }

⬆ Back to Top

 Can I share services using modules?

No, it is not recommended to share services by importing module. i.e Import modules
when you want to use directives, pipes, and components only. The best approach to get a
hold of shared services is through 'Angular dependency injection' because importing a
module will result in a new service instance.

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you get current direction for locales?

In Angular 9.1, the API method getLocaleDirection can be used to get the current
direction in your app. This method is useful to support Right to Left locales for your
Internationalization based applications.

import { getLocaleDirection, registerLocaleData } from

'@angular/common';
import { LOCALE_ID } from '@angular/core';
import localeAr from '@angular/common/locales/ar';

...

constructor(@Inject(LOCALE_ID) locale) {

const directionForLocale = getLocaleDirection(locale); // Returns

'rtl' or 'ltr' based on the current locale
registerLocaleData(localeAr, 'ar-ae');
const direction = getLocaleDirection('ar-ae'); // Returns 'rtl'

// Current direction is used to provide conditional logic here

}
⬆ Back to Top

 What is ngcc?

The ngcc(Angular Compatibility Compiler) is a tool which upgrades node_module

compiled with non-ivy ngc into ivy compliant format. The postinstall script from
package.json will make sure your node_modules will be compatible with the Ivy
renderer.

"scripts": {
"postinstall": "ngcc"
}

Whereas, Ivy compiler (ngtsc), which compiles Ivy-compatible code.

⬆ Back to Top

 What classes should not be added to declarations?

The below class types shouldn't be added to declarations

1. A class which is already declared in any another module.

2. Directives imported from another module.
3. Module classes.
4. Service classes.
5. Non-Angular classes and objects, such as strings, numbers, functions, entity
models, configurations, business logic, and helper classes.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is NgZone?

Angular provides a service called NgZone which creates a zone named angular to
automatically trigger change detection when the following conditions are satisfied.

1. When a sync or async function is executed.

2. When there is no microTask scheduled.
⬆ Back to Top

 What is NoopZone?

Zone is loaded/required by default in Angular applications and it helps Angular to know

when to trigger the change detection. This way, it make sures developers focus on
application development rather core part of Angular. You can also use Angular without
Zone but the change detection need to be implemented on your own and noop zone need
to be configured in bootstrap process. Let's follow the below two steps to remove zone.js,

1. Remove the zone.js import from polyfills.ts.

2. /
******************************************************************
*********************************
3. * Zone JS is required by default for Angular itself.
4. */
// import 'zone.js/dist/zone'; // Included with Angular CLI.

5. Bootstrap Angular with noop zone in src/main.ts.

6. platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule, {ngZone:
'noop'})
.catch(err => console.error(err));

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you create displayBlock components?

By default, Angular CLI creates components in an inline displayed mode(i.e,

display:inline). But it is possible to create components with display: block style using
displayBlock option,

ng generate component my-component --displayBlock

(OR) the option can be turned on by default in Angular.json with

schematics.@schematics/angular:component.displayBlock key value as true.

⬆ Back to Top


 What are the possible data update scenarios for change detection?

The change detection works in the following scenarios where the data changes needs to
update the application HTML.

1. Component initialization: While bootstrapping the Angular application, Angular

triggers the ApplicationRef.tick() to call change detection and View
Rendering.
2. Event listener: The DOM event listener can update the data in an Angular
component and trigger the change detection too.
3. @Component({
4. selector: 'app-event-listener',
5. template: `
6. <button (click)="onClick()">Click</button>
7. {{message}}`
8. })
9. export class EventListenerComponent {
10. message = '';
11.
12. onClick() {
13. this.message = 'data updated';
14. }
}

15. HTTP Data Request: You can get data from a server through an HTTP request
16. data = 'default value';
17. constructor(private httpClient: HttpClient) {}
18.
19. ngOnInit() {
20. this.httpClient.get(this.serverUrl).subscribe(response => {
21. this.data = response.data; // change detection will happen
automatically
22. });
}

23. Macro tasks setTimeout() or setInterval(): You can update the data in the
callback function of setTimeout or setInterval
24. data = 'default value';
25.
26. ngOnInit() {
27. setTimeout(() => {
28. this.data = 'data updated'; // Change detection will
happen automatically
29. });
}

30. Micro tasks Promises: You can update the data in the callback function of
promise
31. data = 'initial value';
32.
33. ngOnInit() {
34. Promise.resolve(1).then(v => {
35. this.data = v; // Change detection will happen
automatically
36. });
}

37. Async operations like Web sockets and Canvas: The data can be updated
asynchronously using WebSocket.onmessage() and Canvas.toBlob().

⬆ Back to Top

 What is a zone context?

Execution Context is an abstract concept that holds information about the environment
within the current code being executed. A zone provides an execution context that
persists across asynchronous operations is called as zone context. For example, the zone
context will be same in both outside and inside setTimeout callback function,

zone.run(() => {
// outside zone
expect(zoneThis).toBe(zone);
setTimeout(function() {
// the same outside zone exist here
expect(zoneThis).toBe(zone);
});
});

The current zone is retrieved through Zone.current.

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the lifecycle hooks of a zone?

There are four lifecycle hooks for asynchronous operations from zone.js.

1. onScheduleTask: This hook triggers when a new asynchronous task is scheduled.

For example, when you call setTimeout()
2. onScheduleTask: function(delegate, curr, target, task) {
3. console.log('new task is scheduled:', task.type, task.source);
4. return delegate.scheduleTask(target, task);
}
5. onInvokeTask: This hook triggers when an asynchronous task is about to
execute. For example, when the callback of setTimeout() is about to execute.
6. onInvokeTask: function(delegate, curr, target, task, applyThis,
applyArgs) {
7. console.log('task will be invoked:', task.type, task.source);
8. return delegate.invokeTask(target, task, applyThis,
applyArgs);
}

9. onHasTask: This hook triggers when the status of one kind of task inside a zone
changes from stable(no tasks in the zone) to unstable(a new task is scheduled in
the zone) or from unstable to stable.
10. onHasTask: function(delegate, curr, target, hasTaskState) {
11. console.log('task state changed in the zone:',
hasTaskState);
12. return delegate.hasTask(target, hasTaskState);
}

13. onInvoke: This hook triggers when a synchronous function is going to execute in
the zone.
14. onInvoke: function(delegate, curr, target, callback, applyThis,
applyArgs) {
15. console.log('the callback will be invoked:', callback);
16. return delegate.invoke(target, callback, applyThis,
applyArgs);
}

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the methods of NgZone used to control change detection?

NgZone service provides a run() method that allows you to execute a function inside the
angular zone. This function is used to execute third party APIs which are not handled by
Zone and trigger change detection automatically at the correct time.

export class AppComponent implements OnInit {

constructor(private ngZone: NgZone) {}
ngOnInit() {
// use ngZone.run() to make the asynchronous operation in the
angular zone
this.ngZone.run(() => {
someNewAsyncAPI(() => {
// update the data of the component
});
});
}
}
Whereas runOutsideAngular() method is used when you don't want to trigger change
detection.

export class AppComponent implements OnInit {

constructor(private ngZone: NgZone) {}
ngOnInit() {
// Use this method when you know no data will be updated
this.ngZone.runOutsideAngular(() => {
setTimeout(() => {
// update component data and don't trigger change detection
});
});
}
}

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you change the settings of zonejs?

You can change the settings of zone by configuring them in a separate file and import it
just after zonejs import. For example, you can disable the requestAnimationFrame()
monkey patch to prevent change detection for no data update as one setting and prevent
DOM events(a mousemove or scroll event) to trigger change detection. Let's say the new
file named zone-flags.js,

// disable patching requestAnimationFrame

(window as any).__Zone_disable_requestAnimationFrame = true;

// disable patching specified eventNames

(window as any).__zone_symbol__UNPATCHED_EVENTS = ['scroll',
'mousemove'];

The above configuration file can be imported in a polyfill.ts file as below,

/
************************************************************************
***************************
* Zone JS is required by default for Angular.
*/
import `./zone-flags`;
import 'zone.js/dist/zone'; // Included with Angular CLI.

⬆ Back to Top


 How do you trigger an animation?

Angular provides a trigger() function for animation in order to collect the states and
transitions with a specific animation name, so that you can attach it to the triggering
element in the HTML template. This function watch for changes and trigger initiates the
actions when a change occurs. For example, let's create trigger named upDown, and attach
it to the button element.

content_copy
@Component({
selector: 'app-up-down',
animations: [
trigger('upDown', [
state('up', style({
height: '200px',
opacity: 1,
backgroundColor: 'yellow'
})),
state('down', style({
height: '100px',
opacity: 0.5,
backgroundColor: 'green'
})),
transition('up => down', [
animate('1s')
]),
transition('down => up', [
animate('0.5s')
]),
]),
],
templateUrl: 'up-down.component.html',
styleUrls: ['up-down.component.css']
})
export class UpDownComponent {
isUp = true;

toggle() {
this.isUp = !this.isUp;
}

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you configure injectors with providers at different levels?

You can configure injectors with providers at different levels of your application by
setting a metadata value. The configuration can happen in one of three places,
1. In the @Injectable() decorator for the service itself
2. In the @NgModule() decorator for an NgModule
3. In the @Component() decorator for a component

⬆ Back to Top

 Is it mandatory to use injectable on every service class?

No. The @Injectable() decorator is not strictly required if the class has other Angular
decorators on it or does not have any dependencies. But the important thing here is any
class that is going to be injected with Angular is decorated. i.e, If we add the decorator,
the metadata design:paramtypes is added, and the dependency injection can do it's job.
That is the exact reason to add the @Injectable() decorator on a service if this service has
some dependencies itself. For example, Let's see the different variations of AppService in
a root component,

1. The below AppService can be injected in AppComponent without any problems.

This is because there are no dependency services inside AppService.
2. export class AppService {
3. constructor() {
4. console.log('A new app service');
5. }
}

6. The below AppService with dummy decorator and httpService can be injected in
AppComponent without any problems. This is because meta information is
generated with dummy decorator.
7. function SomeDummyDecorator() {
8. return (constructor: Function) => console.log(constructor);
9. }
10.
11. @SomeDummyDecorator()
12. export class AppService {
13. constructor(http: HttpService) {
14. console.log(http);
15. }
}

and the generated javascript code of above service has meta information about
HttpService, js var AppService = (function () { function AppService(http)
{ console.log(http); } AppService = __decorate([ core_1.Injectable(),
__metadata('design:paramtypes', [http_service_1.HttpService]) ],
AppService); return AppService; }()); exports.AppService = AppService;
3. The below AppService with @injectable decorator and httpService can be injected in
AppComponent without any problems. This is because meta information is generated
with Injectable decorator. js @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root', }) export
class AppService { constructor(http: HttpService) { console.log(http); }

} ⬆ Back to Top

 What is an optional dependency?

The optional dependency is a parameter decorator to be used on constructor parameters,

which marks the parameter as being an optional dependency. Due to this, the DI
framework provides null if the dependency is not found. For example, If you don't
register a logger provider anywhere, the injector sets the value of logger(or logger
service) to null in the below class.

import { Optional } from '@angular/core';

constructor(@Optional() private logger?: Logger) {

if (this.logger) {
this.logger.log('This is an optional dependency message');
} else {
console.log('The logger is not registered');
}
}

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the types of injector hierarchies?

There are two types of injector hierarchies in Angular

1. ModuleInjector hierarchy: It configure on a module level using an

@NgModule() or @Injectable() annotation.
2. ElementInjector hierarchy: It created implicitly at each DOM element. Also it
is empty by default unless you configure it in the providers property on
@Directive() or @Component().

⬆ Back to Top

 What are reactive forms?

Reactive forms is a model-driven approach for creating forms in a reactive style(form
inputs changes over time). These are built around observable streams, where form inputs
and values are provided as streams of input values. Let's follow the below steps to create
reactive forms,

1. Register the reactive forms module which declares reactive-form directives in

your app
2. import { ReactiveFormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
3.
4. @NgModule({
5. imports: [
6. // other imports ...
7. ReactiveFormsModule
8. ],
9. })
export class AppModule { }

10. Create a new FormControl instance and save it in the component.

11. import { Component } from '@angular/core';
12. import { FormControl } from '@angular/forms';
13.
14. @Component({
15. selector: 'user-profile',
16. styleUrls: ['./user-profile.component.css']
17. })
18. export class UserProfileComponent {
19. userName = new FormControl('');
}

20. Register the FormControl in the template.

21. <label>
22. User name:
23. <input type="text" [formControl]="userName">
</label>

Finally, the component with reactive form control appears as below, ```js import
{ Component } from '@angular/core'; import { FormControl } from '@angular/forms';

@Component({
selector: 'user-profile',
styleUrls: ['./user-profile.component.css']
template: `
<label>
User name:
<input type="text" [formControl]="userName">
</label>
`
})
export class UserProfileComponent {
userName = new FormControl('');
}
```
⬆ Back to Top

 What are dynamic forms?

Dynamic forms is a pattern in which we build a form dynamically based on metadata that

describes a business object model. You can create them based on reactive form API. ⬆
Back to Top

 What are template driven forms?

Template driven forms are model-driven forms where you write the logic, validations,
controls etc, in the template part of the code using directives. They are suitable for simple
scenarios and uses two-way binding with [(ngModel)] syntax. For example, you can
create register form easily by following the below simple steps,

1. Import the FormsModule into the Application module's imports array

2. import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
3. import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
4. import {FormsModule} from '@angular/forms'
5. import { RegisterComponent } from './app.component';
6. @NgModule({
7. declarations: [
8. RegisterComponent,
9. ],
10. imports: [
11. BrowserModule,
12. FormsModule
13. ],
14. providers: [],
15. bootstrap: [RegisterComponent]
16. })
export class AppModule { }

17. Bind the form from template to the component using ngModel syntax
18. <input type="text" class="form-control" id="name"
19. required
[(ngModel)]="model.name" name="name">

20. Attach NgForm directive to the tag in order to create FormControl instances and
register them

<form #registerForm="ngForm">
21. Apply the validation message for form controls
22. <label for="name">Name</label>
23. <input type="text" class="form-control" id="name"
24. required
25. [(ngModel)]="model.name" name="name"
26. #name="ngModel">
27. <div [hidden]="name.valid || name.pristine"
28. class="alert alert-danger">
29. Please enter your name
</div>

30. Let's submit the form with ngSubmit directive and add type="submit" button at
the bottom of the form to trigger form submit.
31. <form (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()" #heroForm="ngForm">
32. // Form goes here
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-success" [disabled]="!
registerForm.form.valid">Submit</button>

Finally, the completed template-driven registration form will be appeared as follow.

```html
<div class="container">
<h1>Registration Form</h1>
<form (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()" #registerForm="ngForm">
<div class="form-group">
<label for="name">Name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="name"
required
[(ngModel)]="model.name" name="name"
#name="ngModel">
<div [hidden]="name.valid || name.pristine"
class="alert alert-danger">
Please enter your name
</div>
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-success" [disabled]="!
registerForm.form.valid">Submit</button>
</form>
</div>
```

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the differences between reactive forms and template driven
forms?

Below are the main differences between reactive forms and template driven forms
Feature Reactive Template-Driven
Form model Created(FormControl instance) in
Created by directives
setup component explicitly
Data updates Synchronous Asynchronous
Form custom
Defined as Functions Defined as Directives
validation
No interaction with change detection Need knowledge of the change
Testing
cycle detection process
Immutable(by always returning new Mutable(Property always
Mutability
value for FormControl instance) modified to new value)
Less scalable using due to
Scalability More scalable using low-level APIs
abstraction on APIs

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the different ways to group form controls?

Reactive forms provide two ways of grouping multiple related controls.

1. FormGroup: It defines a form with a fixed set of controls those can be managed
together in an one object. It has same properties and methods similar to a
FormControl instance. This FormGroup can be nested to create complex forms as
below.
2. import { Component } from '@angular/core';
3. import { FormGroup, FormControl } from '@angular/forms';
4.
5. @Component({
6. selector: 'user-profile',
7. templateUrl: './user-profile.component.html',
8. styleUrls: ['./user-profile.component.css']
9. })
10. export class UserProfileComponent {
11. userProfile = new FormGroup({
12. firstName: new FormControl(''),
13. lastName: new FormControl(''),
14. address: new FormGroup({
15. street: new FormControl(''),
16. city: new FormControl(''),
17. state: new FormControl(''),
18. zip: new FormControl('')
19. })
20. });
21.
22. onSubmit() {
23. // Store this.userProfile.value in DB
24. }
}
<form [formGroup]="userProfile" (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()">

<label>
First Name:
<input type="text" formControlName="firstName">
</label>

<div formGroupName="address">
<h3>Address</h3>

<label>
Street:
<input type="text" formControlName="street">
</label>

<label>
State:
<input type="text" formControlName="state">
</label>

<label>
Zip Code:
<input type="text" formControlName="zip">
</label>
</div>
<button type="submit" [disabled]="!
userProfile.valid">Submit</button>

</form>

25. FormArray: It defines a dynamic form in an array format, where you can add
and remove controls at run time. This is useful for dynamic forms when you don’t
know how many controls will be present within the group.
26. import { Component } from '@angular/core';
27. import { FormArray, FormControl } from '@angular/forms';
28.
29. @Component({
30. selector: 'order-form',
31. templateUrl: './order-form.component.html',
32. styleUrls: ['./order-form.component.css']
33. })
34. export class OrderFormComponent {
35. constructor () {
36. this.orderForm = new FormGroup({
37. firstName: new FormControl('John',
Validators.minLength(3)),
38. lastName: new FormControl('Rodson'),
39. items: new FormArray([
40. new FormControl(null)
41. ])
42. });
43. }
44.
45. onSubmitForm () {
46. // Save the items this.orderForm.value in DB
47. }
48.
49. onAddItem () {
50. this.orderForm.controls
51. .items.push(new FormControl(null));
52. }
53.
54. onRemoveItem (index) {
55. this.orderForm.controls['items'].removeAt(index);
56. }
}
<form [formControlName]="orderForm" (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()">

<label>
First Name:
<input type="text" formControlName="firstName">
</label>

<div>
<p>Add items</p>
<ul formArrayName="items">
<li *ngFor="let item of orderForm.controls.items.controls; let
i = index">
<input type="text" formControlName="{{i}}">
<button type="button" title="Remove Item"
(click)="onRemoveItem(i)">Remove</button>
</li>
</ul>
<button type="button" (click)="onAddItem">
Add an item
</button>
</div>

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you update specific properties of a form model?

You can use patchValue() method to update specific properties defined in the form
model. For example,you can update the name and street of certain profile on click of the
update button as shown below.

updateProfile() {
this.userProfile.patchValue({
firstName: 'John',
address: {
street: '98 Crescent Street'
}
});
}
<button (click)="updateProfile()">Update Profile</button>

You can also use setValue method to update properties.

Note: Remember to update the properties against the exact model structure.

⬆ Back to Top

 What is the purpose of FormBuilder?

FormBuilder is used as syntactic sugar for easily creating instances of a FormControl,

FormGroup, or FormArray. This is helpful to reduce the amount of boilerplate needed to
build complex reactive forms. It is available as an injectable helper class of the
@angular/forms package.

For example, the user profile component creation becomes easier as shown here.

export class UserProfileComponent {

profileForm = this.formBuilder.group({
firstName: [''],
lastName: [''],
address: this.formBuilder.group({
street: [''],
city: [''],
state: [''],
zip: ['']
}),
});
constructor(private formBuilder: FormBuilder) { }
}

⬆ Back to Top


 How do you verify the model changes in forms?

You can add a getter property(let's say, diagnostic) inside component to return a JSON
representation of the model during the development. This is useful to verify whether the
values are really flowing from the input box to the model and vice versa or not.

export class UserProfileComponent {

model = new User('John', 29, 'Writer');

// TODO: Remove after the verification

get diagnostic() { return JSON.stringify(this.model); }
}

and add diagnostic binding near the top of the form

{{diagnostic}}
<div class="form-group">
// FormControls goes here
</div>

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the state CSS classes provided by ngModel?

The ngModel directive updates the form control with special Angular CSS classes to
reflect it's state. Let's find the list of classes in a tabular format,

Form control state If true If false

Visited ng-touched ng-untouched
Value has changed ng-dirty ng-pristine
Value is valid ng-valid ng-invalid

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you reset the form?

In a model-driven form, you can reset the form just by calling the function reset() on
our form model. For example, you can reset the form model on submission as follows,
onSubmit() {
if (this.myform.valid) {
console.log("Form is submitted");
// Perform business logic here
this.myform.reset();
}
}

Now, your form model resets the form back to its original pristine state.

⬆ Back to Top

 What are the types of validator functions?

In reactive forms, the validators can be either synchronous or asynchronous functions,

1. Sync validators: These are the synchronous functions which take a control
instance and immediately return either a set of validation errors or null. Also,
these functions passed as second argument while instantiating the form control.
The main use cases are simple checks like whether a field is empty, whether it
exceeds a maximum length etc.
2. Async validators: These are the asynchronous functions which take a control
instance and return a Promise or Observable that later emits a set of validation
errors or null. Also, these functions passed as second argument while instantiating
the form control. The main use cases are complex validations like hitting a server
to check the availability of a username or email.

The representation of these validators looks like below

this.myForm = formBuilder.group({
firstName: ['value'],
lastName: ['value', *Some Sync validation function*],
email: ['value', *Some validation function*, *Some asynchronous
validation function*]
});

⬆ Back to Top

 Can you give an example of built-in validators?

In reactive forms, you can use built-in validator like required and minlength on your
input form controls. For example, the registration form can have these validators on name
input field

this.registrationForm = new FormGroup({

'name': new FormControl(this.hero.name, [
Validators.required,
Validators.minLength(4),
])
});

Whereas in template-driven forms, both required and minlength validators available as

attributes.

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you optimize the performance of async validators?

Since all validators run after every form value change, it creates a major impact on
performance with async validators by hitting the external API on each keystroke. This
situation can be avoided by delaying the form validity by changing the updateOn
property from change (default) to submit or blur. The usage would be different based on
form types,

1. Template-driven forms: Set the property on ngModelOptions directive

<input [(ngModel)]="name" [ngModelOptions]="{updateOn: 'blur'}">

2. Reactive-forms: Set the property on FormControl instance

name = new FormControl('', {updateOn: 'blur'});

⬆ Back to Top

 How to set ngFor and ngIf on the same element?

Sometimes you may need to both ngFor and ngIf on the same element but unfortunately
you are going to encounter below template error.

Template parse errors: Can't have multiple template bindings on one

element.
In this case, You need to use either ng-container or ng-template. Let's say if you try to
loop over the items only when the items are available, the below code throws an error in
the browser

<ul ngIf="items" ngFor="let item of items">

and it can be fixed by

<ng-container *ngIf="items">
<ul *ngFor="let item of items">
<li></li>
</ul>
</ng-container>

⬆ Back to Top

 What is host property in css?

The :host pseudo-class selector is used to target styles in the element that hosts the
component. Since the host element is in a parent component's template, you can't reach
the host element from inside the component by other means. For example, you can create
a border for parent element as below,

//Other styles for app.component.css

//...
:host {
display: block;
border: 1px solid black;
padding: 20px;
}

⬆ Back to Top

 How do you get the current route?

In Angular, there is an url property of router package to get the current route. You need
to follow the below few steps,

1. Import Router from @angular/router

import { Router } from '@angular/router';

2. Inject router inside constructor

constructor(private router: Router ) {

3. Access url parameter

console.log(this.router.url); // /routename

 What is Component Test Harnesses?

A component harness is a testing API around an Angular directive or component to make

tests simpler by hiding implementation details from test suites. This can be shared
between unit tests, integration tests, and end-to-end tests. The idea for component
harnesses comes from the PageObject pattern commonly used for integration testing.

What is the benefit of Automatic Inlining of Fonts?

During compile time, Angular CLI will download and inline the fonts that your
application is using. This performance update speed up the first contentful paint(FCP)
and this feature is enabled by default in apps built with version 11.

Java 17 Backend Development: Design backend systems using Spring Boot, Docker, Kafka, Eureka, Redis, and Tomcat
From Everand
Java 17 Backend Development: Design backend systems using Spring Boot, Docker, Kafka, Eureka, Redis, and Tomcat
Elara Drevyn
No ratings yet
Preparing For PCA Workbook
No ratings yet
Preparing For PCA Workbook
87 pages
MSFT Cloud Architecture Contoso
No ratings yet
MSFT Cloud Architecture Contoso
11 pages
MEAN Web Development - Second Edition
From Everand
MEAN Web Development - Second Edition
Amos Q. Haviv
No ratings yet
JSP-Servlet Interview Questions You'll Most Likely Be Asked
From Everand
JSP-Servlet Interview Questions You'll Most Likely Be Asked
Vibrant Publishers
No ratings yet
VBNET Black Book 1 PDF
50% (2)
VBNET Black Book 1 PDF
1,281 pages
SPA AngularJS Draft
No ratings yet
SPA AngularJS Draft
155 pages
Advanced Java Script
No ratings yet
Advanced Java Script
130 pages
AngularIo BestPractices Security
No ratings yet
AngularIo BestPractices Security
4 pages
Cookies in Servlet
No ratings yet
Cookies in Servlet
8 pages
CoreJava iNetSolv PDF
No ratings yet
CoreJava iNetSolv PDF
191 pages
R&D Doc For ShipmentAPI
No ratings yet
R&D Doc For ShipmentAPI
8 pages
MERN Stack Interview Questions (2024)
100% (1)
MERN Stack Interview Questions (2024)
24 pages
DK Resume
No ratings yet
DK Resume
4 pages
Re Factoring
No ratings yet
Re Factoring
20 pages
Java
0% (1)
Java
191 pages
Java Practical
No ratings yet
Java Practical
37 pages
Tech Bingo! : Aliev@
No ratings yet
Tech Bingo! : Aliev@
3 pages
JSP Notes
No ratings yet
JSP Notes
191 pages
What Is Spring Framework
No ratings yet
What Is Spring Framework
44 pages
Factory Pattern
No ratings yet
Factory Pattern
7 pages
Web Services: 1. SSL Certificates
No ratings yet
Web Services: 1. SSL Certificates
9 pages
Level-2 Springboot
No ratings yet
Level-2 Springboot
9 pages
Lara Java Course Content
No ratings yet
Lara Java Course Content
29 pages
How To Write Clean Java Code PDF
No ratings yet
How To Write Clean Java Code PDF
1 page
Xss Cheat Sheet
No ratings yet
Xss Cheat Sheet
2 pages
TERASOLUNAServer Framework For Java Development Guideline
No ratings yet
TERASOLUNAServer Framework For Java Development Guideline
2,321 pages
Durgesh Imp SB Questions
No ratings yet
Durgesh Imp SB Questions
5 pages
Java Persistence Practice Guide
No ratings yet
Java Persistence Practice Guide
130 pages
Auth Guard in Angular
No ratings yet
Auth Guard in Angular
16 pages
Spring Boot Interview Questions and Answers
No ratings yet
Spring Boot Interview Questions and Answers
6 pages
Class Notes
No ratings yet
Class Notes
42 pages
Struts 2 Simple Login Example
100% (1)
Struts 2 Simple Login Example
6 pages
Spring Interview Questions
No ratings yet
Spring Interview Questions
84 pages
Node - Js - Interview Questions - Tutorialspoint
No ratings yet
Node - Js - Interview Questions - Tutorialspoint
12 pages
Angularjs Is An Web Based Applicatio
No ratings yet
Angularjs Is An Web Based Applicatio
1 page
Java Coding Rules
100% (1)
Java Coding Rules
12 pages
Manohar Java Developer
No ratings yet
Manohar Java Developer
5 pages
Java RMI, Webservices and Corba
No ratings yet
Java RMI, Webservices and Corba
12 pages
React JS Slides
No ratings yet
React JS Slides
70 pages
Angular 10 Tutorial PDF Ebook
No ratings yet
Angular 10 Tutorial PDF Ebook
22 pages
Resume Java
No ratings yet
Resume Java
2 pages
Learning Spring Boot: Chapter No. 2 "Quick Start With Java"
100% (1)
Learning Spring Boot: Chapter No. 2 "Quick Start With Java"
49 pages
09 Spring Boot 3 Jpa Advanced Mappings
No ratings yet
09 Spring Boot 3 Jpa Advanced Mappings
165 pages
Web Services
No ratings yet
Web Services
10 pages
Exception Handling 1
No ratings yet
Exception Handling 1
32 pages
JAva Interview
No ratings yet
JAva Interview
13 pages
JSP (Udpate1)
No ratings yet
JSP (Udpate1)
194 pages
Spring MVC Exception Handling
No ratings yet
Spring MVC Exception Handling
17 pages
462 Solution Code Spring Security Demo 08 JDBC Plaintext
No ratings yet
462 Solution Code Spring Security Demo 08 JDBC Plaintext
14 pages
JSP - Architecture
No ratings yet
JSP - Architecture
11 pages
05 Spring Boot Rest Security
No ratings yet
05 Spring Boot Rest Security
72 pages
Training Spring Batch: Presenter Name: Nguyen Le Ngoc Ha Presentation Date: 30/10/2014
0% (1)
Training Spring Batch: Presenter Name: Nguyen Le Ngoc Ha Presentation Date: 30/10/2014
16 pages
Struts 2 FrameWork Tutorial
No ratings yet
Struts 2 FrameWork Tutorial
131 pages
Springboot Rest
No ratings yet
Springboot Rest
9 pages
Multimedia Messaging Service Center (MMSC) V 2.6
No ratings yet
Multimedia Messaging Service Center (MMSC) V 2.6
30 pages
Spring Boot Reference
No ratings yet
Spring Boot Reference
377 pages
Java servlet Second Edition
From Everand
Java servlet Second Edition
Gerardus Blokdyk
No ratings yet
WildFly Performance Tuning
From Everand
WildFly Performance Tuning
Arnold Johansson
No ratings yet
Alfresco 3 Cookbook
From Everand
Alfresco 3 Cookbook
Snig Bhaumik
No ratings yet
ColdFusion Interview Questions, Answers, and Explanations: ColdFusion Certification Review
From Everand
ColdFusion Interview Questions, Answers, and Explanations: ColdFusion Certification Review
equitypress
No ratings yet
NW.js Essentials
From Everand
NW.js Essentials
Alessandro Benoit
No ratings yet
Java SE 21 Developer Study Guide
From Everand
Java SE 21 Developer Study Guide
Esteban Herrera
5/5 (1)
Jar Meet Report 200160107086 Fin All 2
No ratings yet
Jar Meet Report 200160107086 Fin All 2
41 pages
Computer Based System
No ratings yet
Computer Based System
7 pages
Abhik Mitra: Assistant Consultant
100% (1)
Abhik Mitra: Assistant Consultant
2 pages
VIDA Subscription Instructions 89EN08
100% (1)
VIDA Subscription Instructions 89EN08
15 pages
OHRS
No ratings yet
OHRS
49 pages
001salesforce ADMIN Notes
100% (1)
001salesforce ADMIN Notes
85 pages
AVEVA System Platform
No ratings yet
AVEVA System Platform
7 pages
Integrated Design Project: Passport Automation System
No ratings yet
Integrated Design Project: Passport Automation System
34 pages
r20 Se Unit 1 Notes
No ratings yet
r20 Se Unit 1 Notes
34 pages
Appium Syllabus
100% (1)
Appium Syllabus
5 pages
Module3 UED
100% (1)
Module3 UED
89 pages
Talent Reward Job Leveling Training Guide
No ratings yet
Talent Reward Job Leveling Training Guide
148 pages
Official Notification For Canara Bank PO Recruitment
No ratings yet
Official Notification For Canara Bank PO Recruitment
24 pages
Github-Open Source Code Management System: Software Requirement Specification
No ratings yet
Github-Open Source Code Management System: Software Requirement Specification
36 pages
QTMS Tech
No ratings yet
QTMS Tech
34 pages
Purushottam Singh Purushottam Singh: Mobile: India - 134113 Mobile: +91-9141359063
No ratings yet
Purushottam Singh Purushottam Singh: Mobile: India - 134113 Mobile: +91-9141359063
3 pages
Selenium Testing Tips
100% (1)
Selenium Testing Tips
56 pages
TO J2Ee: Java Enterprise Edition
No ratings yet
TO J2Ee: Java Enterprise Edition
23 pages
Project Report On: Online Grocery Store Website
No ratings yet
Project Report On: Online Grocery Store Website
36 pages
API Training
No ratings yet
API Training
15 pages
LESSON PLAN - 2nd Week - Computer
100% (1)
LESSON PLAN - 2nd Week - Computer
15 pages
Re Sum Eh
No ratings yet
Re Sum Eh
4 pages
Docker
No ratings yet
Docker
16 pages
All About Salesforce Lightning: The Next-Generation User Interface Within Salesforce
No ratings yet
All About Salesforce Lightning: The Next-Generation User Interface Within Salesforce
17 pages
Syjc Practical Slip 2015
No ratings yet
Syjc Practical Slip 2015
22 pages
Codersera Com Blog Software Development Tools
No ratings yet
Codersera Com Blog Software Development Tools
19 pages