Course

MATERIALS SCIENCE
Course code
MEE1002A

GOPINATH T
Assistant Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
MIT World Peace University, Pune
Maharashtra
INDIA
[email protected]
[email protected]

23rd Feb 2022

This document is designed, prepared, and made-available
purely for educational purposes; so, it is free for
circulation without any obligation for permission/request
from the author/creator/editor of the said document

Corrections and suggestions, if any, with respect to the

document for the betterment of the understanding of the
subject by the student are highly appreciated and solicited

GT
 UNIT 4

Modern engineering materials and biomaterials

Smart materials, shape memory alloys, chromic materials (thermo,
photo & electro), rheological fluids, classification of bio-materials,
comparison of properties of some common biomaterials: metallic
implant materials (stainless steel and titanium-based alloys),
polymeric implant materials (polyamides, polypropylene, acrylic
resins & hydrogels), tissue replacement implants, biosensors,
dielectric materials, piezoelectric, pyro electric and ferroelectric
materials and their applications. Materials used for electrical and
electronics devices, materials for sports. Meta materials-
introduction, classification, types, applications, introduction to
super alloys.
 Learning Objectives

• To acquaint students with the basic concepts and properties of smart

(modern) material
• Identify the strength of a given class of material regarding their use as
smart materials
• Identify the limitations of a given class of material regarding their use
as smart materials
• Select proper smart material for a particular applications
• To impart the knowledge on behavior of materials
Introduction to Smart (Modern) Materials

A modern material is a material

that has been designed for a
specific purpose or need

A smart material is a material

that reacts and changes to the
environment around them
Introduction to Smart (Modern) Materials

What do all these things have in

common?
 Introduction to Smart (Modern) Materials

• We might not realise it, but smart materials are

starting to make a real impact on everyday life

• Kettles that change colour when they boil

• Garments that plug into MP3 players

• Batteries that ‘report’ their condition

• These are all examples of the application of new

materials exhibiting ‘smart’ behaviour
 Transducer, Sensor, and Actuator

Transducer a device that converts energy from one

form to another

Sensor a device that converts a physical parameter to an

electrical output (a type of transducer, e.g. a microphone)

Actuator converts an electrical signal to a physical

output (opposite of a sensor, e.g., a speaker)
 Smart Materials

• Smart materials (SMs) are defined as the materials having properties

that can be tuned or altered under externally applied fields
• Smart materials technology enables us to adapt to environmental
changes by activating its functions. Multifunctional materials, sort of
smart materials, can be activated by electrical stimuli so as to produce
its geometry change or property change
• Smart materials (SMs) change their behavior in systematic manner as
a response to specific stimulus which could be altered in magnetic
or/and electric fields, stress, acoustic, temperature, nuclear radiation,
or/and chemical properties
• They are superior to other materials with five characteristics:
selectivity, directness, immediacy, self-actuation, and
transiency
Smart Materials
 Smart Materials

• Smart materials are also known as advanced materials or

intelligent materials
• Smart materials are categorized on the basis of their properties
such as active and passive
▪ Active materials are defined as materials, which possess the
capacity to modify their geometric or material properties
under the application of electric, thermal or magnetic
fields, thereby acquiring an inherent capacity to transduce
energy
▪ Passive smart materials however are materials that can only
sense the external stimuli, but not adapt to it, i.e., passive
smart materials lack the inherent capability to transduce
energy
Smart Materials
 Features of Smart Materials

The basic energy forms that gets interchanged are

• Thermal energy
• Electric energy
• Magnetic energy
• Sound energy
• Mechanical energy

Analogous to Biological Materials adaptively, cellular function, self

sensing, actuation and control smart sensors, and actuators are highly
embeddable
Features of Smart Materials
 Traditional vs Smart Structure

Traditional structures
• Designed for certain performance requirements eg. load, speed,
life span
• Unable to modify its specifications, if there is a change of
environment

Smart structures
• Can accommodate unpredictable environments
• Can meet exacting performance requirement
• Offer more efficient solutions for a wide range of applications
Smart materials react to their environment
• Smart materials change their properties in response to
heat, light, or something else (depending on the
material)
• They often change back to their original state when the
heat or light (or whatever else affects them) is taken
away
• Some smart materials can let you make totally new
products
Types of Smart/Modern Materials

⮚Chromic materials
⮚Bio-materials
⮚Dielectric materials
⮚pyro electric
⮚Ferroelectric materials
 Shape Memory Alloys
• Shape Memory Alloys (SMA, often called ‘memory metals’) are a class
of metal alloys that "remember" their original shape
• When the SMAs are bent or twisted from their original shape, they
can retain their initial form when heated to a certain temperature
• Shape memory alloys are able to undergo large reversible •
deformations under loading/thermal cycles and are able to generate
high thermal–mechanical driving forces
• The behavior of SMA is due to their native capability to undergo
reversible changes of the crystallographic structure, depending on
temperature and state of stress
• SMA is a lightweight, solid‐state alternative to conventional
actuators such as hydraulic, pneumatic, and motor‐based systems.
Shape memory alloys have applications in industries including
medical and aerospace
Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs)
 Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs)
• The changes in SMAs can be interpreted as reversible martensitic
transformations between a crystallographic more-ordered parent
phase, the austenite (A), to a crystallographic less-ordered product
phase, the martensite (M)
• Shape Memory Effect (SME) is a phenomenon such that an
apparent plastic strain given at a temperature below As recovers by
heating to a temperature above Af, by virtue of the
(crystallographically) reversible reverse transformation.
Superelasticity (SE), which is a pseudoelasticity occurring at a
temperature above Af, is caused by a stress-induced martensitic
transformation upon loading and by the subsequent reverse
transformation upon unloading. The above crystallographic
reversibility is characteristic of the thermoelastic martensitic
transformation, which is characterized by a small temperature
hysteresis (i.e. ΔT=Af−Ms) and mobile parent-martensite interfaces
 Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs)

These materials has two phases:

Austenite: high temperature phase

Martensite: low temperature phase
 Shape Memory Alloy

• A reversible process is defined as a

process Shape Memory Alloys are
metal alloys which can undergo
solid-to-solid phase transformation
and can recover completely when
heated to a specific temperature.
• These materials has two phases:
• Austenite- high temperature phase;
• Martensite- low temperature phase.
 What are Shape Memory Alloys?
Austenite High temperature phase
Shape Memory Alloys
(SMAs) are metallic alloys
that undergo a solid-to-solid
phase transformation which
can exhibit large recoverable
strains. Example: Nitinol
Martensite Low temperature phase

Twinned Martensite Detwinned Martensite

Thermally Induced Phase Transformation in SMAs

TEMPERATURE
Martensite Mf Ms As Af
Austenite
(twinned)

TEMPERATURE
Martensite Mf Ms As Af
Austenite
(twinned)
Characteristic temperatures
Mf Martensitic Finish
Ms Martensitic Start
As Austenitic Start
Af Austenitic Finish
Shape Memory Effect: Stress Free Shape Recovery

Stress

Detwinned Martensite (stressed-deformed)

Mf Ms As Af

Twinned Martensite
(unstressed) Temperature
Shape Memory Effect: Stress Free Shape Recovery

Detwinned Martensite
Stress (stressed-deformed)

Mf Ms As Af

Temperature
Detwinned Martensite
(unstressed-deformed) Austenite
(undeformed)
 Shape Memory Effect: Shape Recovery Under Stress

Detwinned Martensite
(stressed)
Stress

Austenite

Mf Ms As Af

Temperature
 Advantages

• High strength

• Good elasticity

• Fatigue Resistance

• Wear resistance

• Easy fabrication

• Light weight
 Applications

• Various thermal actuators then came into existence

as a part of electric appliances and automobile
engineering
• Automobile (smoke alarm)
• Aerospace application (control the flaps on trailing
edge of aircraft wings)
• Bio-medical (blood filter, bone)
 Chromism and Chromic Materials

• In simple terms, 'Chromism' means 'color change' and the

materials that show color change are known as Chromic
Materials
• The phenomena of color change is known as Chromism
• Such color change in materials can be brought as a result of
some external stimuli such as an electric field, temperature,
pressure, solvent, light, humidity, vapor etc. Accordingly, the
phenomena is known as Electrochromism (color change due to
application of electric field), Thermochromism (color change
due to change in temperature), Piezochromism (due to
pressure), Solvatochromism (due to solvent), Photochromism
(due to light), Humidochromism (due to humidity),
Vapochromism (due to vapors or gas), Bio-chromism and so on
Chromism and Chromic Materials
In most cases, chromism is based on a change in the electron
states of molecules
Chromism is a process that induces a change, often
reversible, in the colors of compounds
The major kinds of chromism are as follows:
• Thermochromism
Induced by heat, that is, a change of temperature
• Photochromism
Induced by light irradiation
• Electrochromism
Induced by the gain and loss of electrons
 Thermochromic Materials
Thermochromic pigments change colour with heat
• Thermochromic pigments change back to their original colour
when they are cooled

• They can be used in paints to create images that change when they are
heated

• Thermochromic inks can be printed onto a range of materials, such as

plastic and paper

• Thermochromic films are sheets that have been printed with thermochromic
ink-you could use them for displays that change colour when touched

• Examples of thermochromic material: Leuco dye, Cholesteryl benzoate,

Cyanobiphenyls, Vanadium Pentoxide (V2O5), Cholesteryl nonanoate,
Octadecylphosphonic acid
 Thermochromic Materials
2D heat-sensitive temperature
gauge
Changes colour when food is
too hot for a baby's mouth

Smart inks change colour

with temperature

Useful for
marketing Has your egg been hot enough
materials for long enough?
 Thermochromic Materials

Applications

• Kettles

• Thermometers

• Heat-sensitive ceramics

• Heat-sensitive paper

• Clothing
 Photochromic Materials
Lenses become darker Glass changes from
with increased exposure transparent to
to UV light (sunlight) opaque as level of
light increase, saving
energy

MINI’s ‘Rainbow’ paint

options gives a rainbow
effect in bright sunlight

Photochromic inks
Colour changing wristbands
used to print T-shirt
indicate when sun cream needs
designs that only show
to be re-applied, or when it’s
up in sunlight
time to move into the shade
 Phosphorescent Pigments
Phosphorescent pigments store light and slowly release it, so
they glow in the dark
 Fluorescent Pigments

Fluorescent pigments are really bright because they reflect

lots of light. As well as reflecting visible light, they absorb UV
light and reflect it as extra visible light–this is what makes
them so bright
 Photochromic Materials

Photochromic materials change color in

response to the intensity of light

 Photochromic Materials

Materials used as photochromic are as follows:

• Azobenzene

• Diarylethene

• Spiropyran

• Silver Chloride
 Electrochromic Materials

Electrochromic materials (EC) are materials that are able to change

color under the influence of an electric field. EC are of great
interest, both from the scientific point of view and with respect to
their application in various technical systems, including as the basis
for the creation of electrochromic devices (ECD) with low power
requirements, such as:
• Smart Windows
• Displays
• Reflective blinds
• Variable reflection mirrors
• Sensors
 Electrochromic Materials

General materials used are: Major applications:

⮚ NiO ⮚ Smart Glass

⮚ TiO2 ⮚ Devices for optical

⮚ Polyaniline ⮚ Rear-view mirrors

⮚ Polythiophene ⮚ Protective eyewear

 Electrochromic Materials
The main purpose of Electrochromic devices (ECD) is protection
against light in the visible wavelength range (380–780 nm). ECD
include an electrochromic coating in the form of the EC film and a
counter electrode placed in an electrolyte (ionic conductor), which is
located between transparent conductive electrodes. The principle of
ECD operation is the transformation of optical light flux and the
modulation of the coefficient of light reflection/transmission,
resulting in an electrochemical reaction, i.e., the “Smart Window”
effect. Thus, “Smart Window” technology allows savings due to use of
smaller amounts of energy for air conditioning in summer, as well as
for heating in winter; an average of more than 30% compared to
conventional windows.
 EC (Smart) Windows
The electrochromic windows, also known as smart windows, are
new technological arrangement for achieving energy efficiency
in buildings, with variable transmittance of light and solar
energy
The ‘‘smart windows’’ can automatically control the amount of
light and solar energy passing through the windows and
provides indoor comfort
Smart windows are currently being used in an increasing
number of buildings and vehicles. The Boeing Company provide
electrochromic windows for the passenger cabin of the all-new
787 Dreamliner, which will allow passengers to electronically
shade their windows
 Smart Windows
Principle The basic concept behind this technology is quite
simple. Different applications make use of varying materials
and have a different layout. Crystals/particles (depending on
application) of a very small size (nanoscale) are placed between
two pieces of glass. These crystals/particles are usually rod-
shaped and scattered in between the glass piece. In a scattered
state, they do not allow any light to pass through them and thus
the glass is opaque.
When voltage is applied, the rod-like crystals/particles
rearrange themselves and allow light to pass through the film
(as shown in figure below). This makes the glass transparent.
The transparency can be modulated by simply varying the
voltage input.
Smart Windows
 Smart Windows
The basic theory can be applied to various products, and this has
resulted in different names across the market. Some of the basic
types of smart glass are as follows:
1. Suspended particle devices (SPDs): Probably the most
direct incorporation of the theory is seen in suspended particle
devices (SPDs). These have suspended particles in between two
glass or plastic panels. These are available as a whole glass piece
and cannot be fitted to an existing glass wall or window. The main
application is architectural, for exteriors and interiors as well.
2. Polymer dispersed liquid crystal film (PDLCs): One type
which is currently the most relevant to cars is the Polymer
dispersed liquid crystal film (PDLC). A mixture of polymer and
liquid crystals is placed between glass or plastic. The crystals are
scattered and have a milky white appearance when no current
passes through them. When voltage is applied, the crystals align
to allow the light to pass through them.
 Smart Windows
3. Electrochromic smart glass This type has a slightly different
principle, which uses two electrodes in between the glass panes.
These two electrodes are kept apart by a separator. One electrode
(outside, exposed to sun) is made of something like polycrystalline
tungsten oxide and the other (inside, towards you) is made of
lithium cobalt oxide. Once current is supplied, Lithium ions pass
from the inside electrode to outside & make the glass opaque. Give
another burst of electricity and the ions travel back to make it
transparent. One thing to note here is that electrochromic glass
doesn't require continuous electrical supply. Similar technology is
also used in the auto-dimming rear view mirrors
Smart Windows
 Rheological Fluids
• RHEOS (Greek word) means to FLOW (English word)
• RheoLOGY science of material flow under external load conditions
• Magneto/Electro rheological FLUID Fluid, whose apparent
viscosity increases, with application of magnetic/electric field
• Liquids that harden or change shape when they feel a
magnetic/electric field
Rheological Fluids
Liquid Behaviour
 Liquid Behaviour
A key statement is "The viscosity is a function only of
the condition of the fluid, particularly its
temperature." Water, oil, gasoline, alcohol are
examples of Newtonian fluids

Examples of Non-Newtonian fluids are slurries,

suspensions, gels and colloids
 Non-Newtonian Fluids
• Oobleck is an example of a fluid whose viscosity is not
constant; it’s viscosity changes depending on the stress or
forces applied to it
• If you poke it with your finger and apply a large force, it
becomes very viscous and stays in place. If you gently pour it,
applying little force, it will flow like water
• This kind of fluid is called a dilatant material or a shear
thickening fluid. It becomes more viscous when agitated or
compressed
 Non-Newtonian Fluids
Why does Oobleck behave the way it does?

• When sitting still, the granules of starch are surrounded by

water
• The cushion of water provides quite a bit of lubrication and
allows the granules to move freely
• But, if the movement is abrupt, the water is squeezed out
from between the granules and the friction between them
increases rather dramatically
 Non-Newtonian Fluids
• Another non-Newtonian liquid is ketchup. Ketchup
behaves in the opposite way from Oobleck. You could
even call it anti-Oobleck
• It becomes less viscous when agitated. Liquids like this
are called shear thinning liquids. If you leave a bottle of
ketchup on a shelf, it becomes thicker or more viscous
• Nearly everyone has experienced this while trying to pour
the liquid from a new bottle–it refuses to move. If you
shake the bottle or stir it up, it becomes less viscous and
pours easily
 Magnetorheological (MR) Fluids
Consist micron (1-10 μm) sized, magnetically polarizable (soft
magnets) dispersed in a carrier liquid such as mineral, oils, kerosene,
water
 Magnetorheological (MR) Fluids

• Make device smart by changing system’s

properties (damping, viscosity) in a desirable
manner
• Useful in active control of vibration &
motion, i.e. engine mount, shock absorbers,
seat dampers, etc.
Magnetorheological (MR) Fluids
 Piezoelectric Materials

• Appearance of an electric potential across certain faces of a crystal

when it is subjected to mechanical pressure
• The word originates from the Greek word “piezein”, which means
“to press”
• Discovered in 1880 by Pierre Curie in quartz crystals
• Conversely, when an electric field is applied to one of the faces of
the crystal it undergoes mechanical distortion
• Examples---Quartz, Barium titanate, tourmaline
 Piezoelectric Materials
Piezoelectrics are the class of dielectric materials which can
be polarized, in addition to an electric field, also by
application of a mechanical stress. This unusual property
exhibited by a few dielectric materials is called
piezoelectricity, or, literally, pressure electricity.
Piezoelectric materials can be divided into polar (which
possess a net dipole moment) and non polar piezoelectric
materials (whose dipolar moments summed in different
directions give a null total moment). .
Piezoelectric Effect
 Piezoelectric Effect

• The effect is explained by the displacement of ions in crystals.

When the crystal is compressed, the ions in each unit cell are
displaced, causing the electric polarization of the unit cell
• Because of the regularity of crystalline structure, these effects
accumulate, causing the appearance of an electric potential
difference between certain faces of the crystal
• When an external electric field is applied to the crystal, the
ions in each unit cell are displaced by electrostatic forces,
resulting in the mechanical deformation of the whole crystal
 Piezoelectric Effect

Quartz crystals is one of the most stable piezoelectric materials

 Piezoelectric Effect

• displacement of electrical charge due to the deflection of the lattice

in a naturally piezoelectric quartz crystal
• The larger circles represent silicon atoms, while the smaller ones
represent oxygen
Common Piezoelectric Materials
 Applications

Industry Application
Automotive Air bag sensor, audible alarms, fuel atomiser, keyless door
entry, seat belt buzzers, knock sensors

Computer Disc drives, inkjet printers

Consumer Depth finders, fish finders, humidifiers, jewellery cleaners,
musical instruments, speakers, telephones
Medical Disposable patient monitors, foetal heart monitors,
ultrasonic imaging
Military Depth sounders, guidance systems, hydrophones, sonar
Other Applications of Piezoelectric Materials
Other Applications of Piezoelectric Materials
 Dielectric Materials

• The word “Dielectric came from Greek prefix ‘Di’ or ‘Dia’ meaning

across

• Dielectric materials are basically plain and simple electric insulators

• These electric insulators get polarized

• Dielectric materials have no free charges because, all the electrons

are bound and associated with the nearest atom

 Dielectric Materials

The polar molecules in the material will be in random alignment when there is
no peripheral electric field as shown in Figure 1.

When we place a dielectric material in an electric field, practically no current is

flowing through them, rather polarisation of molecules happens. It transfers
electrical energy through the shifting of current and not through the process of
conduction. This is shown in Figure 2.
 Applications of Dielectric Materials

• Used in capacitors for energy storage

• Used in photosensitive materials for charge storage in

laser printers & copying machine

• Used in and as dielectric resonator oscillator (DRO)

 Ferroelectricity
• Ferro electricity is a characteristic of certain materials that
have a spontaneous electric polarization that can be
reversed by the application of an external electric field

• A group of dielectric materials that display spontaneous polarization.

In other words, they possess polarization in the absence of an electric
field

• The term is used in analogy to ferromagnetism, in which a material

exhibits a permanent magnetic moment

• Thus, the prefix ferro, meaning iron, was used to describe the property
despite the fact that most ferroelectric materials do not contain iron

• An important ferroelectric material for applications is lead zirconate

titanate (PZT), which is part of the solid solution formed between
ferroelectric lead titanate and anti-ferroelectric lead zirconate
 Barium Titanate (BaTiO3)

• The Ba2+ ions are in the corners, they have a tetragonal symmetry. The O2-
ions are displaced below the centers of each of the six faces and the Ti4+
ion is displaced upward from the unit cell center by the same amount

• The permanent ionic dipole moment comes from the relative

displacements of the oxygen and titanium ions from their symmetrical
positions

• When a ferroelectric material is heated above its Curie Temp. then the
unit cell becomes cubic, all the ions assume symmetric positions within
the cubic unit cell and ferroelectric behavior ceases

• Spontaneous polarization is a result of interactions between adjacent

permanent dipoles which mutually align, all in the same direction
Barium Titanate (BaTiO3)
 Examples of Ferroelectrics

Barium Titanate, Rochelle salt, potassium dihydrogen phosphate,

potassium niobate, and lead zirconate-titanate (PZT)

Applications for Ferroelectric Materials

• Capacitors
• Non-volatile memory
• Piezoelectrics for ultrasound imaging and actuators
• Electro-optic materials for data storage applications
• Oscillators and filters
• Light deflectors, modulators and displays
 Pyroelectric Materials

• Pyroelectricity is the capacity of some materials to generate a

voltage when they are subjected to heat or cold

• The term Pyroelectricity was originated from Greek word Pyro

meaning fire and the term electricity

• Due to the variation in the temperature, slight changes occur in the

position of atoms within the crystals as a result, the polarization of the
crystal changes

• This develops a voltage across the crystal. The voltage that develops
across the crystal is not stable and when the temperature change
remains as such, the voltage ceases due to leakage of current

• This may be due to the movement of electrons in the crystals

Pyroelectric Materials
 Pyroelectric Materials

• Some pyroelectric crystals change their crystal property in

response to very minute change in temperature level as
seen in the crystals used to make the PIR sensors

• In these Passive Infra Red sensors, the passive infrared

emissions due to the body heat of human beings generate
voltage across the crystals

• Predominant pyroelectric structure is the perovskite

 Pyroelectric Materials

• Pyroelectric materials can be classified in four main areas as:

single crystals, ceramics, polymers, and thin film materials
• The most well known single crystal for pyroelectric applications is
triglycine sulphate (TGS) or ((NH2 CH2COOH)3H2SO4)
• TGS has been extensively studied for thermal imaging applications
and is well known for its use in infrared detectors
• Ceramics- Ferroelectric BaTiO3 ceramics exhibits spontaneous
electric polarisation, Another important ceramic is lead zirconium
titanate (PZT), which is well known as a perovskite ferroelectric
• Ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) [p(VdF), PVDF or PVF2)]
polymer
 Application of Pyroelectric Materials

• The efficient conversion of thermal energy into electrical

energy using pyroelectric materials is of considerable
importance in their applications and these materials can
be used to develop temperature-sensing devices

• It is well known that pyroelectric materials react to

changes in detectable radiation intensity

• As a result they may be used in a wide variety of

applications such as spectrometry, radiometry,
thermometry, direction sensing, remote temperature
measurement, solar energy conversion, laser diagnostics,
infrared imaging pollution monitoring
 Application of Pyroelectric Materials

• Pyroelectric detectors are used in intruder/burglar and

fire alarm security systems. Intruder alarms, an
electrical signal is generated as the intruder moves in and
out of area covered by the mirror(s) which is focused
onto the detector
• Pyroelectric detectors also have become a popular in
medicine because they are used to sense cells which are
warmer than usual that can show the disease malignant
tumours
Application of Pyroelectric Materials
 Biomaterials
• Biomaterials are used to make devices to replace a part or a function of
the body in safe, reliably economically, and physiologically acceptable
manner
• A variety of devices and materials are used in the treatment of disease or
injury. Commonplace examples include suture needles, plates, teeth
fillings, etc.

• Biomaterial: A synthetic material used to make devices to replace part of

a living system or to function in intimate contact with living tissue
• Bio-compatibility: Acceptance of an artificial implant by the
surrounding tissues and by the body as a whole
 Biomaterials

• A variety of devices, such as the heart, lung and blood dialysis

machines are used commonly in medical technology

• The availability of human organs is difficult which has paved the way
for the use of synthetic materials
 Functions of Biomaterials

The functions of implants fall into one of the categories:

• Load bearing or transmission

• The control of fluid flow in order to stimulate normal

physiological function or situation

• Passive space filling either for cosmetic reasons or

functional reasons
Uses of Biomaterials
 Properties of Biomaterials
1. Toxicology

• A biomaterial should not be toxic, unless it is specifically

engineered for such requirements (for example a "smart" bomb"
drug delivery system that targets cancer cells and destroy them)
• Toxicology for biomaterials deals with the substances that
migrate out of the biomaterials
• It is reasonable to say that a biomaterial should not give off
anything from its mass unless it is specifically designed to do so
 Properties of Biomaterials
2. Biocompatibility

• It is the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate

host response in a specific application

• "Appropriate host response" includes lack of blood clotting,

resistance of bacterial colonization and normal heating

• The operational definition of biocompatible "the patient is

alive so it must be biocompatible"
 Properties of Biomaterials
3. Healing

• Special processes are invoked when a material or device heals

in the body
• Injury to tissue will stimulate the well-defined inflammatory
reaction sequence that leads to healing
• When a foreign body is present in the wound site, the reaction
sequence is referred to as the "foreign body reaction". This
reaction will differ in intensity and duration depending upon
the anatomical site involved
 Properties of Biomaterials
4. Mechanical Properties
• Biomaterials that have a mechanical operation must
perform to certain standards and be able to cope with
pressures

• Biomaterials that are used with a mechanical application,

such as hip implants, are usually designed using CAD
(Computer Aided Design)

5. Thermal Properties
• Wide temperature fluctuations occur in the oral cavity due
to the ingestion of hot or cold food and drink

• Thermal Conductivity is the rate of heat flow per unit

temperature gradient
 Properties of Biomaterials

6. Chemical Properties

• One of the main factors, which determine the

durability of a material, is its chemical stability

• Material should not dissolve, erode or corrode, nor

should they leach important constituents into oral
fluids
Metallic Polymeric
Biomaterials Biomaterials Bioceramics

• Stainless steel • Acrylics • Alumina

• Co-Cr alloys • PVC • Zirconia
• Au-Ag-Cu-Pd alloys • polyamides • Silicate glass
• Amalgam • polyesters • Calcium phosphate (apatite)
• Ni-Ti • PTFE • Calcium carbonate
• Titanium • Polyethylene
• Polyurethane
 Selection of Biomedical Materials

The process of material selection should ideally be for a logical

sequence involving:
• Analysis of the problem;
• Consideration of requirement;
Consideration of available material and their properties leading to:
• Choice of material
• Mechanical and chemical properties
• No undersirable biological effects toxic, allergenic
• Possible to process, fabricate and sterilize with a good
reproducibility
• Acceptable cost/benefit ratio
 Applications

• Joint replacements: Titanium, stainless steel, polyethylene

• Plate for fracture fixation: Stainless steel, cobalt-chromium

alloy

• Bone cement: Poly(methyl methacrylate)

• Artificial tendon and ligament: Teflon, Dacron

• Dental Implants: Titanium, alumina, calcium phosphate

 Applications
Materials Advantages Disadvantages Examples

Polymers (nylon, silicon, Resilient, and Not strong, Blood vessels, sutures, ear,
rubber, polyester, PTFE, etc.) easy to fabricate deforms with time, nose, soft tissues
may degrade
Metals (Ti and its alloys, Strong, tough, May corrode, dense, Joint replacement, Bone
Co-Cr alloys, stainless Steels) and ductile difficult to make plates and screws, dental
root implant, pacer, and
sutures

Ceramics (Aluminum Very biocompatible, Difficult to make, Dental coating,

oxide, calcium Inert, strong in brittle,
Orthopedic implants,
phosphates, including compression not resilient
hydroxyapatite carbon) Femoral head of hip

Composites

(Carbon-carbon, wire or Compression, Joint implants,

Difficult to make
fiber reinforced bone strong Heart valves

cement)
Typical Biomaterial Application
Examples
Examples
 Metamaterials

Meta: Greek prefix meaning “Beyond”

 What are Metamaterials?

• Existing materials only exhibit a small subset of

electromagnetic properties theoretically available

• Metamaterials can have their electromagnetic

properties altered to something beyond what can
be found in nature

• Can achieve negative index of refraction, zero

index of refraction, magnetism at optical frequencies,
etc.
Classification
 Types of Metamaterials

Three major classes of metamaterials are

as follows:

1. Electromagnetic Metamaterials
2. Acoustic Metamaterials
3. Mechanical Metamaterials
 Applications of Metamaterials
• Optical filters
• Medical devices
• Remote aerospace applications
• Sensor detection and infrastructure monitoring
• Smart solar power management
• Crowd control
• Radomes
• High-frequency battlefield communication
• Lenses for high-gain antennas
• Radomes
• Improving ultrasonic sensors, and even shielding
structures from earthquakes
 Superalloys

Superalloys are a group of nickel, iron–

nickel and cobalt alloys used in jet
engines. These metals have excellent heat
resistant properties and retain their stiffness,
strength, toughness, and dimensional stability
at temperatures much higher than the other
aerospace structural materials. Superalloys
also have good resistance against corrosion
and oxidation when used at high temperatures
in jet engines.
 Superalloys
The most important type of superalloy is the
nickel-based material that contains a high
concentration of chromium, iron, titanium,
cobalt and other alloying elements.
Nickel superalloys can operate for long periods
of time at temperatures of 800–1000 °C,
which makes them suitable for the hottest
sections of gas turbine engines. Superalloys
are used in engine components such as the
high-pressure turbine blades, discs,
combustion chamber, afterburners, and thrust
reversers.
Questions?
Thank You