SPRINGS . p, axial load, kgf) : Reetangul D, SOF spring, section i d, diameter of wire, em C, spring index, Dyg b, breadth of wire, em t, thickness of wire, om n, number of active doits {shear stress, keffem® G, modulus of rigidity, kgtjeme deflection of spring, cm Zee - fone ; : LC 4. spring rate or stiffness, Ketjom 2,, K,, Wabl stress factor g + J » Qy, Qz factors for springs of Ef ch. : rectangular section z 348. U, resilience, kgf cm = z]z rule ate toto theet f lowest natural frequency fo; es t circular coil helical springs, cycles per second . 0 rr BN spring INDEX. Y, specific weight of spring material, kgf/em® gravitational constant, 981 cm/s® “Ly free length of spring, em 4-1 K,= gona + L,, solid length, cm p, pitch of coils, em (may be obtained from the graph also) Factors for rectangular wire section: ec, helix angle, < 12° (iit A, solid deflection, em Q 7.09 51 4.36 3.80 3.56 3.36 3.26 3.21 3 in clearance \between’ ‘concentric Q_ 4.79 4.35 4.05 3.71 3.52 3.35 3.25 3.20 3 springs \ 7.100 DESIGN DATA—PSG TECHSPRINGS (Contd,) ¢ natural frequency - 7 ‘m, mass of the actit ils i on! : . . ota tive coils in the pe Sg mapa V By : f, frequency of the applied load for surging: P Ty shear stress in spring when a ‘ak compressed solid x for solid stress ¢ cred 1, < 05 0 fOr hard drawn carbon steels 2.0.6 04 for alloy steels go avoid Buckling = Plain Ende Bred Enos he Lt > 3 the spring must be suitably guided coaxial springs? pd conditions and length of springs = (ouffixes 1, 2 refer fo outer and inner—= springs respectively) Type of Total Free Solid. ype of end coils length Ly_height Le yon< 7 7 5 Plain a pata = dnt Dac Plain and Ground A pa da 4 de ‘Squared n¢2 pn¢3d dnt3d ‘Squared and Ground 8 +2 pot2d dat2d 4 (ca) (D,—Ds) = ate), =e oe D,-De 4 The winding of the springs should be of opposite handsSPRINGS UNDER VARYING LOAD: Repeated Londing: el VARIABLE STRSSES 11 >, . Curvature factor ky I SPRngo~~ c 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 Pq, amplitude load, ker Static Approach to Varying Lond: Tm mean shear stress, keticm: “No. of cycles Classification Recommended fa amplitude shear stress, keffemt Design stress [t] Ty endurance shear g tress repeated loading pater > 10 Severe service =0,2630, + k,, Wahl stress factor, k.._ > 104 but <10° Average service 0.3240, ‘en: k,y, direct shear factor 20.4050, <108 Light ser k,, curvature factor ke, 135 125 WIS 113 LAE LL 1,09 Pye mean load, ket *For extension springs 0.8 times the values recom- "factor of safety mended for compression springs may be used. P, . total oad on the spring, kr | P,, initial load to separate the EXTENSION SPRINGS: coils, ker 2 a8 % maximum value of initial », aue ne stress, kef/em? ~i_ p- ‘The calculations for extension springs are done as_per the compression springs based on the total load P. Approximate maximum stresses-4¢Tnitial tension: c 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Il 12 15 % 1700 1600 1430 1300 1160 1000 930 830 760 690 500 kgf/em® 7.102 DESIGN DATA P50 TECH _DESIGN CONSTANTS - B= SELECTION OF SPRING (fo, Semmes MINIMUM VOLUME 00) 200 100 80 60 40 20 Lass 8 20 2 2a 28 72 era 31 conte number of inactive coils oe axial toad, KF : D, _ inside coil diameter, om towable shen’ 5 ve modulus of sepiaity #87 7.103 _~ rect — tla oSLEAF SPRINGS: ‘Treating the spring as a cantilever beam of uniform strength, , Jength leaves: spring with extra full a 12PL oro ™ bt Gn. +2n,) 2P load on the spring, kg deflection of the spring, y L__ Length, ofthe cantilever beam t a 18PL os," 6 Gn, +20.) width ofthe leat,” ares Ca thickness of the leaf, om number of leaves in the spin BELLEVILLE SPRINGS: n, number of graduated leaves n, number of extra full length kaye ¥) (h-yt +0] o}, bending stress, kgf/cm? 2, bending stress in graduated leaves, je, Ore bending. stress in exten full ent tse : leet modulus of clasticity, kgf/em? ss ny mi }___*2___| P axial load. on the spring, kef d, internal diameter, cm d, outside diameter. em y deflection, cm {thickness of the disc, cm h free height minus thickness, om E — modulus of elasticity, kef/em* » M 12PL? Y= 8 Gn, F20 Ee Poisson's ratio stress at the inside circumference, , Cy, Cy constants sfc? pEsiGNn DATA—F50 TtproPERTIES OF SPRING STEELS ae Spring sce] Cll Spring atels for moderately elevated ae zm ee jaw @vw “15 1D 28 %2D P94 oo te 28 190 165 190» 180 200200 18 m0 «172.-—«*160, 190-180 200,200 10 492 203 Sas 15 igs 209 165155180 170 195 195 oo 167 gy 202-1625, 180 170195195 B35 4. ee 160 190 190 0 430 a peg TSB. ISB os MBs «170 160 199 190 68 is 169 184 154 145 (162 155185 185 ‘ 125 os pea 0 78 1A 14S 262 155 185185 ¥ yal i. 158 172 150 142 155 150 180 = * 180 s 7 135 156 170 150 142 «155 150 180 180 og bi 146038150 4S TSS 5 8 iy up tee 48 igg 150002C4S TSS 10 x 127 146 160 146 138 = — 170 170 15 ‘, eT MD =. 1) 170, es os 2 O18 Re na ee oo w 1 1st MO _— 7 = rn 7 134 a 4000 se rece = oo 100 5 132 - 135 _ - - = om 105 fect 412 ~~ = ed — a yi = a 10 “- 110 e oom hee A. ma at = = ee 105) - 135 - a Tanna = ns = J - = 135 ca = = are ce 104 135 — as — ra « 2 } SW intended for general purpose ® VW intended for yalve springs subjected to high dynamic stresses. + 1D and 2D intended for springs subjected to dynamic loads. * 1S and 2S intended for springs subjected to static loads. IS: 4454-1967, 7.105 38 DaTA—psa TECH