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Test 1
Paper 1 Reading (1 hour 15 minutes)

Part 1

Answer questions 1-15 by referring to the magazine article on page 5.

Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet.

For questions 1-15 answer by choosing from paragraphs A-Hon page 5. You may
choose any of the paragraphs more than once.

Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order.

Which hotel(s)
is the owners' home? 1 ......... .
are not luxurious? 2 ·········· 3 ......... .
offer mountain views? 4 ......... . 5 ......... .
includes participation in leisure activities in its price? 6 ......... .
is so pleasant that guests may stay longer than planned? 7 ......... .
is said to be attractive on account of its simplicity? 8 ......... .
are in buildings which originally had a different function? 9 .......... 10 ......... .
looks like hotels found in another country? 11 ......... .
is described as being in a most unusual location? 12 ......... .
has not been well maintained? 13 ......... .
currently attracts a new type of guest? 14 ......... .
is said to be untypical of hotels in that part of the world? 15 ......... .

4
 Paper 1 Reading

REMOTE HOTELS
A INDIA palm trees. Sit on the beach in the complimentary champagne (their
GHANERAO HOTEL, evening when everyone has gone own brand - if you want to take
RAJAS THAN and as the light drains from the sky some home).
Ghanerao Hotel sits at the edge of you'll feel far away from
the Aravalli Hills in a small rural everything. G KENYA
village dominated by craftsmen. It THE FAIRVIEW HOTEL,
mixes English country-house DST LUCIA NAIROBI
tranquillity with Indian symbolism. LADERA HOTEL, ST LUCIA The Fairview is that rare bird m
The Ghanerao family have lived The Ladera Hotel in St Lucia has Africa - a comfortable hotel that
there for 400 years and today, one of the Caribbean's most hasn't decked itself out in feathers
Sajjan Singh and his wife have dramatic settings. Quiet and far off of upmarket gloss and tasteless
opened their home to paying the beaten track, it stands at an luxury. It's an indispensable staging
guests. The facilities are basic, with altitude of 1,000 feet, its open post, always full of travellers
hot water arriving by bucket, but rooms looking out between the twin recuperating from one safari and
the spartan aspects of life at peaks of the Pitons to the planning the next. Overnight
Ghanerao just add to its appeal. Caribbean Sea - some view first guests have been known to arrive,
thing in the morning! The style is take one look at the gardens, the
B NEW ZEALAND
colonial, with furniture in bedrooms and the dining-hall
HERMITAGE HOTEL,
mahogany and greenheart wood, menu, and decide on the spot to
MOUNT COOK
and four-poster beds screened with stay for a week. There are even
One of my favourite hotels is the
muslin netting. apartments set aside specially for
Hermitage Hotel on New Zealand's
those who make up their minds to
South Island which I came across E TURKEY settle in for a few months. The
by chance when I was climbing. We THE SPLENDID HOTEL, hotel's leafy acres and scattered
had been flown up to near the top INSTANBUL buildings are laid out on Nairobi
of a glacier and had climbed to the
This hotel, on Bi.iyi.ikada in the Hill, a world away from the
peak and then had to walk all the
Princes Islands is the perfect place overhead bustle of the city centre. I
way down. When we finally reached
to escape the noise of Istanbul. The don't know of any better place to sit
the bottom, to my astonishment,
islands are only an hour by boat, and watch the sudden African
there was this hotel. It was on its
and are simply idyllic. There are no sunset, sipping draught beer and
own in the most stupendously
cars, only horse-drawn carriages looking forward to a hearty dinner -
beautiful countryside, very wild
and fabulous twenties wooden braised zebra and two veg,
and very high up. To come down
architecture. The islands are a cross following by jelly trifle.
the mountain battered and
between Key West and the Old
exhausted and find yourself in
South, and the landmark building H ITALY
extreme luxury, with a man playing
is the Splendid. All in wood, HOTEL SPLENDIDO
Cole Porter on the piano, was
painted white with red domes, it's a PORTO FINO
extraordinary.
copy of a turn-of-the-century hotel The Duke of Windsor was the first
C MAURITIUS on the French Riviera. Today it's a to sign the visitor's book at the
BEACHCOMBER PARADIS little run down, but has lost none of Hotel Splendido. Ever since, a
HOTEL its charm. galaxy of the fabulous has drifted in
On the south-west of Mauritius, and out of the hotel's portals to play,
the Paradis Hotel is isolated on its F FRANCE stay and be seen: Lauren Bacall and
own peninsula in one of the CHATEAU D'ETOGES, Humphrey Bogart, Liz Taylor and
quietest corners of the island. If EPERNAY Richard Burton. Nowadays, you are
you drive from here, the road winds In the tiny village of Etoges, in the more likely to find yourself in the
along the coast past beaches with heart of Champagne, is a beautiful company of a soft drinks billionaire
no-one on them but fishermen. seventeenth century chateau. or a rubber-tyre heiress. But
The hotel isn't small and there are Surrounded by a moat with two this old Monastery-turned-villa-
plenty of takers for the free swans, the chateau, until recently a turned-hotel is still, as its name
watersports, but you can easily family home, has 20 rooms which suggests, quite splendid and there
escape from all the other people are all different, some with four- is enough n;flected glamour to perk
along nine kilometres of private poster beds - one even has a large up any weekend break. Deliciously
beach; you have only to swim a few billiard table. There are special simple food in the restaurant and
yards out into the Indian Ocean weekend rates for two nights with the finest Persian rugs and
and you can barely see the hotel for breakfast and dinner plus homemade pasta.

5
Test 1

Part2

For questions 16-22, you must choose which of the paragraphs A-Hon page 7 fit into
the numbered gaps in the following newspaper article. There is one extra paragraph
which does not fit in any of the gaps.

Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet.

Life was getting out of hand

Susan Harr unplugs her gadgets and rediscovers the joys of manual labour

Everyone is in love with is a simple task, I can watch the

technology. It gives us all those programmes I do want to see on
marvellous gadgets that make television, and alleviate my
life easier and leave us so much Of course, there are some puritanical guilt at sitting in front
more time to do other things. A gadgets I would not like to be of the box by doing something
gradual, though not particularly without. A year living without a useful at the same time. And
subtle, form of brainwashing washing machine convinced me what a lovely, cosy feeling it is to
has persuaded us that of the value of the electric sit by the fire and sew with a pot
technology rules, and that it is washtub. But-'there are others of tea for company.
OK. whose loss has brought
unexpected delight. Feeling that
we were becoming too apt to
collapse in front of the There is a wonderfully soothing
However, a recent unhappy television, or slot in a video, I quality about executing a craft
sent back the rented colour by hand, a great satisfaction in
experience with my
malfunctioning word processor - equipment and we returned to watching one's work become
a £48 call-out fee, a labour charge the small black-and-white neater, more assured. I find
of £15 per quarter of an hour, portable. things get done surprisingly
plus parts and replacements quickly, and the pace of life
costs has confirmed a suddenly slows down to the
suspicion that gadgets are often rhythm of my own hands. I am
not worth the expense or the One of these, in my own case, is also freed from one of the most
trouble. Are we as dependent on sewing; and here is another detestable aspects of late 20th
technology as we imagine? Bit gadget that went by the board. century life - the need to rush to
by bit, I have been letting the My old Singer sewing machine finish an activity so that I can
household technology fall by the is now an ornamental plant rush to the next.
wayside as its natural and often table, and as I cannot afford to
short life expires. replace it, I have taken to sewing
by hand. I22 I
I~11~1---~I1 20 I The result of all this brooding is
that I now prowl the house with
So when the thing started a speculative eye. Do we really
making curious noises, which In fact, the time I now spend need the freezer, the microwave
continued even when it was placidly stitching is anything but oven, that powered lawn-
disconnected by a puzzled tedious, and the advantages are mower? Come to think of it, we
service agent, I abandoned it to numerous. For a start, I can sew could save an awful lot of
the backyard, where it whispers and listen to the radio - another money by doing without electric
damply to itself like some robot rediscovered pleasure - or I can lights!
ghost. talk with family and friends. If it

6
 Paper 1 Reading

A It is a real strain on the D Quite wrongly, had G Meanwhile have

eyes and concentrates tended to think with regained control of my
the mind on what is horror of the women sink, where I plunge my
really worth watching. who sewed elaborate hands into the suds and
We now spend a lot garments, robes, linen daydream while doing
more time walking the and household items by the washing up - an
dog (who never liked hand. I thought of those agreeable, if temporarily
television anyway), long hours, the strain on forgotten, activity.
reading, talking or the eyes and so on.
pursuing other hobbies. H We have come to believe
E These implications are that we could not do
8 First to go was the obvious. The movement without it, and if we do
dishwasher. I had always of my fingers uses resist the notion that our
felt that by the time we nothing from the lives would be unman-
had collected enough previous power supply ageable without the
dishes for a worthwhile being eaten up by our appliances of science,
load, put in the soap and greedy race. A craft we certainly do not want
the rinse aid, emptied executed by hand does to relinquish them. Pity
the filter of the not pollute the the generations whose
disgusting gunge it environment. lives were blighted by
collected and filled it tedious and/ blister-
with special salt, I could F I am not tied to a noisy, inducing toil. Even our
have done the lot by whirring machine, with brains are relieved of
hand. my head bent and my exertion by computers
back turned on the that not only perform
C This makes me wonder world, and I can take my miraculous calculations
just what 'time' time over the garment. with amazing speed,
technology gives us. The In any case, I was always but now provide
time to take ·up more slightly alarmed by entertainment.
activities for which we those electric machines
must buy more gadgets? that dash across the
If so, hats off to the fabric towards your
marketing experts: but I fingers. Best of all, I can
think they are conning pop the whole lot into a
us. carrier bag and take it
with me wherever I go.

7
Test 1

Part3

Read the following article from a magazine and then answer questions 23-27 on page
9. On your answer sheet, indicate the letter A, B, C or D against the number of each
question 23-27. Give only one answer to each question.
Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet.

Ordinary people, ordinary live~

Most of us have photographs of our not yet let my children - who are in "It's not vanity publishing, it's not
grandparents, but how many of us their thirties - read it. They were hurt people saying 'Gosh, I've had such an
know what their lives were like, the by things in my life and there are a lot interesting life the world's got to know
sort of people they were in their youth? of details which I don't feel I want about it.' Things are moving much
The glimpses rare diaries give us are them to know at the moment. If they faster than at any time in history and
frustratingly incomplete, family insist, I'll let them. But I think I'd we are losing sight of what happened
anecdotes only half remembered. And rather they read it after I was dead." in the past. It's a way of giving roots.
what will our grandchildren know We need some sort of link to our
He also recognised patterns laid down
about us? We often intend to write ancestors because people don't sit
in childhood, which showed themselves
things down, but never get round to it. around in an extended family any
in repeatedly making the same
We may leave videos rather than more. People want a little
mistakes. It is something Ms Renier has
photographs, but the images will immortality."
detected in other people. "It's amazing
remain two-dimensional.
how many people really have been Each book involves up to 30 hours of
Hannah Renier has come up with an conditioned by their parents," she says. taped interviews which Ms Renier uses
answer: she writes other people's "The injunctions and encouragements as the basis to write the life story,
autobiographies, producing a hardback that were laid down in childhood have rearranging the chronology and
book of at least 20,000 words - with effects for the rest of their lives. They interpreting. Modern technology
illustrations if required - a chronicle become caught in repeating patterns of allows her to produce everything
not of the famous, but of the ordinary. behaviour. They marry the sort of except the binding with its gold
people of whom their parents approved lettering: choose your own colour of
The idea came to her when she talked - or go in the opposite direction as a library buckram, pick your own title.
to members of her family and realised sort of rebellion."
how much of the past that was part of Fascinating to the private audience at
her own life was disappearing. "A lot of disappointments come out. which each book is aimed, the results
Sixty years later they still are are obviously not of the dirt-at-any-
"When I started I didn't take it nearly regretting or resenting things that were cost school of life story. Ms Renier
so seriously as I do now, having met never resolved with their parents. organises her material logically and
people who genuinely will talk and There is no age of reason. If people writes well; the final content is as good
have led interesting lives," she says. had hang-ups in their youth, they still as its subject. The book that emerges
"They would say they are doing it for have them in middle age. They live does not look like a cheap product -
their children or for posterity, but they their lives in an attempt to impress a and carries a price tag of nearly
are getting quite a lot out of it parent who wasn't impressed and if £3,000, with extra copies at £25 each.
themselves. They enjoy doing it." that fails some of them seem to be She receives about 10 inquiries a
The assurance of confidentiality seeking permission to say 'I can't stand week, but the cost - inevitable with
encourages her subjects to overcome my mother'." the time involved - clearly deters
any instinct of self-censorship. many people.
Recorder rather than inquisitor, Ms
Renier keeps her distance. "It's not for "I thought it would be a more
"I had the confidence to be honest,"
public consumption and I'm not there downmarket product than it is," she
says a 62-year-old man who made and
as a very nosy person. People have got says. "But the people I've done have all
lost one fortune before making another.
carried away and told me something, been county types, readers of Harpers
"I was surprised at what came out.
then said, 'I'm not sure if that ought to & Queen, which is one of the
There were things that hurt, like my
go in'. I put it in anyway - they can magazines where I advertise. They're
divorce, and the pain was still there."
remove things when they see the draft. the sort of people who at one time
"I did it for my family, so that perhaps But generally people want to be would have had their portraits painted
they could learn something, but I have honest, warts and all." to leave to their descendants."

8
 Paper 1 Reading

23 According to the writer, most people

A have no interest in leaving records for their grandchildren.
B are unable to find out much about their grandparents.
C find stories about their grandparents' families boring.
D want their grandchildren to know only good things about them.

24 Hannah Renier decided to write other people's autobiographies because

A she had already done so for relatives.
B she had met so many interesting people.
C she wanted to preserve the past.
D she had often been asked to do so.

25 The 62-year-old man asked her to write his autobiography

A so that he could reveal his true feelings.
B because his family wanted to read it.
C so that his children would understand him.
D because he thought he was close to death.

26 Hannah is surprised that many of her subjects

A regret the marriages they made.
B remain influenced by their parents.
C refuse to discuss their childhoods.
D want to be like their parents.

27 The autobiographies that Hannah produces

A follow exactly what she was told by her subjects.
B are intended to be interesting to anyone.
C look less expensive than they really are.
D present the facts in a way that is easy to follow.

9
Test 1

Part 4

Answer questions 28-45 by referring to the magazine article on pages 11-12, in which
various women are interviewed about their jobs.

Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet.

For questions 28-45, match the statements on the left below with the list of women A-E.
You may choose any of the women more than once.
Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be put in any order.

She accepts failure as an inevitable part of her job. 28 ..........

She has to make sure that regulations are being

29 ..........
obeyed.

It is very important that she gives people the right

30 ..........
instructions.

She dislikes some of the people she deals with. 31 .......... A THE BRAIN
SURGEON
She has to be available for contact outside working
hours. B THE SENIOR
32 .......... 33 ..........
DESIGNER
She sometimes eats and works at the same time. c THE
34 .......... 35 .......... CHAUFFEUR
D THE
She finds that every day is differently organised. 36 ..........
LANDSCAPE
She sometimes refuses to answer questions. 37 .......... GARDENER
E THE CIVIL
She feels she needs more time for a particular
38 .......... ENGINEER
aspect of her work.

She sometimes makes decisions independently. 39 ..........

She finds it difficult to stop thinking about her job.

40 .......... 41 .......... 42 . .........

She values the approval of her customer. 43 ..........

Her comments on other people's work may be

44 ..........
resented.

She obtains most of her work by following up

45 ..........
earlier jobs.

10
 Paper 1 Reading

Take Five Careers

Rebecca Cripps meets five women who discuss their different professions:
the highlights, the drawbacks and their typical working day
A THE BRAIN SURGEON design: the rest is production. I'll be given a
Name: Anne brief by the client - with luck the company
Age: 34 will have clear ideas about what they want to
ANNE'S DAY say, their target market and the form of the
"I get up at 6.30am, go the gym at 7am, get project. I then spend three or four weeks
to work by Sam and start operating at designing, researching and developing the
8.30am. I operate all Monday and project.
Wednesday, as well as some Friday After this I present my ideas to the client
afternoons. Most standard head operations and once they've agreed to them, we work
take three hours, but some operations take out estimates and budgets, and I start
all day. I've worked ten hours straight commissioning photographers and
through on occasion without eating or going illustrators. I liaise with the printers and
to the loo. make sure the needs of the job are being
Deciding when to operate, and what to do, met, and on time. I spend a lot of time
can be stressful. I don't feel particularly managing people. I have to be able to
stressed when operating, but sometimes I communicate with a broad range of people,
worry about what I'm going to do the next and briefing them correctly is essential.
day. Brain surgery tends to be a last resort When their work comes in, I assemble
for a patient, but when it works it's everything and send it to the printers.
tremendous, and more than makes up for Keeping several jobs going at once can send
the unsuccessful times. From 10am to 1pm I stress levels sky-high. Deadlines are always
hold an out-patients' clinic, when I explain looming, and no day has a set structure.
the operations. I enjoy this and find it quite Lunch is at 1pm for an hour, when we try to
easy to talk to the patients. If they get upset, I get out to the pub. Otherwise I have
comfort them, but time pressure can make sandwiches and work through. It's a great
this difficult. feeling if the client gives a good response to
I leave work between 6pm and 8pm. Some the designs you've done and you know the
nights and weekends I'm on call, and I project has worked; it's a great
always carry my bleeper. On holidays, I disappointment when you've worked really
worry for the first three days about the hard and the job gets rejected. I get home at
people I've left behind, and at night I dream 7.30pm at the earliest; often it's 8.30pm and
I'm operating. I'm hopeless at switching off." sometimes much later. I find it hard to
unwind when I get back, especially if I'm
B THE SENIOR DESIGNER very busy."
Name: Marita
Age: 31 C THE CHAUFFEUR
MARITA'S DAY Name: Linda
"I get up at 7.45am, leave the house by Age:42
8.20am, take the train to work and arrive at LINDA'S DAY
9.15am. At 10.30am on Monday we meet to "I get up at about 7am most days, but two or
discuss what we're doing, any problems or three mornings a week I meet a long-haul
whether anyone needs help. We work in flight from Heathrow or Gatwick and get up
teams - in my team there are three senior between 4.30am and 5am. At 10.30 or 11 am I
designers, a company partner who oversees might go for a bike ride, or swim. Because
everything, and a junior designer. The·work chauffeuring is a sedentary job, I have to
usually involves ten to fifteen per cent watch my diet and exercise quite carefully. I

11
Test 1

usually have a big breakfast, though, and when we do a complete landscape from start
just have snacks during the day. People often to finish and then see all the blooms come
ask me to recommend restaurants, out.
nightclubs or shops, so I have to know my It's hard to relax in the evenings because I
way around. Luckily, a lot of the jobs are pre- can always hear the business line when it
booked, so I get a chance to look routes up rings. I never have any trouble sleeping
beforehand. Not everyone is polite. Some because the work I do is so physical that I'm
passengers are anti-social, some arrogant, always exhausted at the end of the day. I
some downright rude. But most of the time wouldn't say I'm very strong, but I'm fit.
people are very well behaved and I've built Physically, it's a very tough job, but it does
up a good rapport with my regular clients. let your imagination run wild."
There are times when I hear a
conversation in the car and have to make E THE CIVIL ENGINEER
sure my eyes are firmly on the road and my Name: Zena
ears shut. Sometimes the press have tried to Age: 27
make me talk about clients I've carried, but I ZENA'S DAY
won't. I work a seven-day week, up to fifteen "I arrive at the site by 8.30am. I'm assistant
hours a day. I have to be careful not to get resident engineer at the site, so I'm looking
too tired. I try to get to bed by 11 pm." after the building of a couple of bridges and
a retaining wall - which prevents people
D THE LANDSCAPE GARDENER driving off the road into a quarry. I check that
Name: Tracy the contractors are working to the schedule
Age: 27 and specifications, with correct safety
TRACY'S DAY systems and minimum environmental
"I get up at about 7am, leave the house at impact. I help to co-ordinate the site
7.30am and get to my first job. My assistant professionals and find solutions to any
and I spend most of our time maintaining problems.
gardens we originally designed and The contractors start work at 6am, so my
landscaped. We do a few commercial jobs first task is to find out from the clerk of works
but most of our work is in private gardens. what's been going on since I left the night
We spend about an hour and a half at each before. The rest of the day is a reaction to
house. At about 11am we get hungry and go whatever he tells me. Usually there's some
to a local cafe for a big breakfast. I often look paperwork from the contractors to look at, or
at my watch and wish it was earlier and that there might be design queries to answer.
time didn't pass so quickly. In summer I may Lunch is usually for half an hour between
work until 10pm; in winter until 4.30pm. 2pm and 2.30pm, but I tend to grab things to
The business office is at home, so when I eat as I go along. The contractors have set
get back I listen to any messages and mealtimes and when they're off eating it's
respond to any calls. If someone wants their easier to check things on site. Because we're
garden landscaped, I'll usually arrange a checking their work it can cause conflict, so
consultation with them in the evening - at our relationship has to be as open as
about 7pm or 8pm. We specialise in using possible. I see the duty resident engineer
old materials, such as old bricks and unusual once a day. However, if something really
plants, to make gardens look as if they were important comes up I don't wait to tell them
built a long time ago. But sometimes people before I act. I usually leave the site at about
have a set idea of what they want, and it can 6pm and I'm on call all the time."
be pretty horrible. Still, it's very satisfying

12
Test 2
Paper 1 Reading (1 hour 15 minutes)

Part 1

Answer questions 1-14 by referring to the book reviews on page 31.

Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet.

For questions 1-14 answer by choosing from the reviews of books for teenagers
A-G on page 31.

Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order.
Some choices may be required more than once.

According to the reviews, which book or books

features a character who cannot be trusted? 1

feature a major change in lifestyle? 2 3 ......... .

highlights a potentially violent situation? 4
have characters searching for evidence? 5 6 ......... .
shows the pleasure people derive from animals? 7
exploit a variety of sources to tell the story? 8 9
contain elements that should make people smile? 10 .......... 11

features a child who has a difficult relationship with a parent? 12 ......... .

is described as equally suited to both sexes? 13 ......... .

is about a girl who takes up an unusual hobby? 14 ......... .

30
 Paper 1 Reading

Hide and Seek @ Pigeon Summer © Someone's Mother @

Yvonne Coppard Ann Turnbull is Missing
Emma and her friends are Mary Dyer doesn't really fit into Harry Mazer
pursuing a holiday game her family or male-dominated At the poor, shambling, noisy end
surveillance of a suspicious culture; for one thing, she, a girl, of the family there's Sam - fat,
bookshop - when she realises that loves her father's racing pigeons overtalkative and awed by his
one of its rare customers is her and when he must go away to find supercool and sophisticated cousin,
Uncle Jim. work, Mary knows enough to carry Lisa, from the apparently rich end
He callously draws her into a web on managing the loft and winning of the clan. When Lisa's privileged
world crumbles, it's Sam who
of deceit and crime, manipulating prizes, despite increasing conflict
helps her to find some balance, out
her affection for him and with her harassed mother. Set
of which both gain a better sense
attempting to alienate her from her believably in 1930, this readable
of reality and the value of family.
friends, whose characters are tale has a sound basic message that The pace is slightly slow in parts
persuasively drawn by Coppard. 'There are different kinds of hut there's a gentle humour and
When Emma finds her life in cleverness', which can't be had. the developing closeness of the two
danger, things take a dark and Thoughtful readers should find teenagers is convincingly handled.
compelling turn - her confinement satisfaction here. It could be interesting to both boys
in the cellar of a derelict house is and girls, which is a hit of a rarity.
stunningly handled.
This book reveals the minutiae of
family life, the bonds of childhood Stanley's Aquarium @
friendship and warns that adults Barry Faville
aren't always the protectors they Yaxley's Cat @ Barry Faville writes with assurance
ought to be. A vital and convincing Robert Westall and humour, vividly evoking his
read. New Zealand setting and creating
Unusually, Robert Westall uses the
an intelligent and likeable first-
viewpoint of a mature woman for
person narrator. Robbie takes.a job
this chilling story of rural
gardening for elderly Stanley,
prejudice and persecution. Rose, to finding him at first fascinating and
Backtrack
Peter Hunt
® escape from her materialistic life
and her smug husband, rents Sepp
later repellent; when she finds out
what he keeps in his aquarium and
Yaxley's cottage with her two what he plans to do with them, the
Two teenagers, 'peasant' Jack and
children. A ferocious cat, and book takes a 'thrillerish' twist
Rill, a hoarder at a posh girls'
bizarre items found in cupboards, without losing its sharp insight
school, join forces on realising that
reveal the answer to why Yaxley into character and relationships.
relatives of both were involved in
disappeared; hut the, newcomers' Unusual and compelling.
an apparently inexplicable 1915
presence arouses local hostility to
train accident, in which eight
the point where their own lives are
people died. Varied viewpoints and
documents maps, first-hand
at risk. By the end, the threatening Dodger @
violence is controlled, but Rose Libby Gleeson
accounts, court records, railway
feels just as dismayed by the A painful, sad story where the
histories - throw an ever-changing troubled personal relationships
methodical ruthlessness of her
light on the incident, so that the plus the stormy school life of Mick
teenage son. Utterly gripping.
reader works as hard as the two are told through a skilful blend of
protagonists to understand what flashback, a teacher's letters to a
happened and why. A clever, friend, the hoy's own notes and
complex novel which rewards close sympathetic narrative. Coming to
attention. terms with the negative
expectations of others and his own
poor sense of self-worth is
achieved through a role in a school
play and by an impressively
sensitive first-year teacher.
Highly recommended, even though
it's truly an agomsmg read,
especially at the end.

31
Test 2

Part2

For questions 15-20, you must choose which of the paragraphs A-G on page 33 fit
into the numbered gaps in the following magazine article. There is one extra paragraph
which does not fit in any of the gaps.

Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet.

NATURAL TALENTS
In the mere seven million years since we humans does have distinctive art styles that surely are learned. For
separated from chimpanzees, we haven't had time to example, it's easy to distinguish typical songs being sung
develop any differences: genetically we' re still more than today in Tokyo and in Paris. But those stylistic
98 per cent identical to chimps. differences aren't wired into the singer's genes. The
French and Japanese often visit each other's cities and can
learn each other's songs. In contrast, some species of birds
inherit the ability to produce the particular song of their
That's a large burden to place on a relative handful of species. Each of those birds would sing the right song
genes. It should come as no surprise, then, that modern even if it had never heard the tune. It's as if a French
studies of animal behaviour have been shrinking the list baby adopted by Japanese parents, flown in infancy to
of attributes once considered uniquely human, so that Tokyo and educated there, began to sing the French
most differences between us and animals now appear to national anthem spontaneously.
be only matters of degree.

Yet even connoisseurs would mistake the identity of two

The earliest art forms may well have been wood carvings mid-twentieth century artists named Congo and Betsy. If
or body painting. But if they were, we wouldn't know it, judged only by their works, they would probably be
because those materials don't get preserved. Not until the identified as lesser-known abstract expressionists. In fact
Cro-Magnons, beginning around 35,000 years ago, do the painters were chimpanzees. Congo did up to 33
we have unequivocal evidence for a distinctly human art, paintings and drawings in one day, apparently for his own
in the form of the famous cave paintings, statues, satisfaction, and threw a tantrum when his pencil was
necklaces and musical instruments. taken away.

='~?],_____ _ _ _ ___,, l20J

First, as Oscar Wilde said, "All art is quite useless". The These paintings by our closest relatives, then, do start to
implicit meaning a biologist sees behind this quip is that blur some distinctions between human art and animal
human art doesn't help us survive or pass on our genes - activities. Like human paintings, the ape paintings served
the evident functions of most animal behaviours. Of no narrow utilitarian functions; they 'were produced not
course, much human art is utilitarian in the sense that the for material regard but only for the painter's satisfaction.
artist communicates something to fellow humans, but You might object that human art is still different because
transmitting one's thoughts or feelings isn't the same as most human artists intend their art as a means of
passing on one's genes. In contrast, birdsong serves the communication. The apes, on the other hand, were so
obvious functions of defending a territory or wooing a indifferent to communicating with other apes that they
mate, and thereby transmitting genes. By this criterion just discarded their paintings. But that objection doesn't
human art does seem different. strike me as fatal, since even some human art that later
became famous was created by artists for their private
satisfaction.

As for human art's third distinction - that it's a learned

rather than an instinctive activity - each human group

32
 Paper 1 Reading

A Perhaps we can now explain why art as we E If we're going to insist that our recent creative
usually define it - the dazzling explosion of burst finally does set us apart, then in what
human art since Cro-Magnon times - burst ways do we claim that our art differs from the
out spontaneously among only one species, superficially similar works of animals? Three
even though other species may be capable of supposed distinctions are often put forward:
producing it. Since chimps do, in fact, paint in human art is non-utilitarian, it's made for
captivity, why don't they do so in the wild? I aesthetic pleasure and it's transmitted by
suggest that wild chimps still have their days learning rather than by genes. Let's scrutinise
filled with problems of finding food, these claims.
surviving, and fending off rivals. If the
ancestors of wild chimps had more leisure F For example, tools are used not only by
time, chimps today would be painting. humans but also by wild chimpanzees (which
Indeed, some slightly modified chimps - we use sticks as eating utensils and weapons), and
humans - are. sea otters (which crack open clams with
rocks). As for language, monkeys have a
B The role of learning in human art is also clear simple one, with separate warning sounds for
in how quickly our art styles change. Roman 'leopard', 'eagle' and 'snake'. These
authors described geese honking 2,000 years discoveries leave us with few absolute
ago, as geese still do today. But humans differences, other than art, between ourselves
innovate so rapidly that even a casual and animals. But if human art sprang from a
museum-goer would recognise almost any unique genetic endowment, isn't it strange
twentieth century painting as having been that our ancestors dispensed with it for at least
made later than, say, the Mona Lisa. the first 6. 9 million of the 7 million years since
Connoisseurs can do better, of course. When they diverged from chimps?
shown a work with which they are not
familiar, they can often identify not only G The second claim - that only human art is
when it was painted but who painted it. motivated by aesthetic pleasure - also seems
plausible. While we can't ask robins whether
C Congo and Betsy were honoured by a two- they enjoy the form or beauty of their songs,
chimp show of their paintings in 1957 at it's suspicious that they sing mainly during the
London's Institute of Contemporary Art. breeding season. Hence they're probably not
What's more, most of the paintings available singing just for aesthetic pleasure. Again, by
at that show sold; plenty of human artists can't this criterion human art seems unique.
make that boast.

D On this grand evolutionary scale, whatever it

is that separates humans from animals is a very
recent development. Our biological history
implies that our physical capacity for making
art (whatever changes were needed in the
human physique, brain, and sense organs) and
anything else we consider uniquely human
must be due to just a tiny fraction of our
genes.

33
Test 2

Part 3

Read the following newspaper article and then answer questions 21-25 on page 35. On
your answer sheet, indicate the letter A, B, C or D against the number of each question
21-25. Give only one answer to each question.

Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet.

computer can hold one million

Young Masters chess games, and give instant
access to hundreds of games of
Age is against Bobby Fischer as he seeks again to
a prospective opponent.
re-establish himself. Chess is more than ever a
young man's game. In one recent contest, each. of
the protagonists employed
After 20 years of self-imposed sessions themselves are large teams of assistants to
exile, Mr Bobby Fischer has becoming longer, and many work round the clock searching
returned to chess and is playing games are played without a for flaws in the other's
his old adversary Boris break. The increased pressure repertoire. The opening stages
Spassky. Mr Fischer's victory in has swung the pendulum in of a chess game are now
the first game was a youth's favour. Over the past 30 analysed to near exhaustion.
masterpiece, simple but years, each new world Simply being better prepared in
profound. But, as subsequent champion has been younger a chess opening can be the
games have shown, this than his predecessor. It is deciding factor in the game.
balding, bearded chess player is significant that, of the world's
not the man of 1972. He is 49 The chess world today boasts
years old, out of practice and more first-rate players than at
out of shape. Mr Spassky is any stage in its history.
even older. Hundreds of grandmasters
chase modest prize money the
Chess has also changed a lot world over. Success demands
over the past two decades. A physical as well as mental
new era of professionalism was exertion. A single game may
born out of Mr Fischer's own last up to eight hours. For the
popularisation of the game. The chess master this period
rise of the professional chess represents a ceaseless struggle.
circuit has seen the competitive A lapse in concentration can
aspect of the game overtake the ten highest-ranked players, mean disaster. So the
scientific and artistic. The sole eight are under 30. adversaries are always in a
aim of the modern master is to state of nervous tension.
win. Nor is it only the way the game
is played that has changed. The presence of the chess clock
In international chess, a player's Much of modern chess is adds to the tension. The climax
nerves and stamina are as played off the board - and not of the game is often a furious
crucial as his intellect and just the battle for psychological 'time scramble'. When this
wisdom. The pressure of the advantage that Mr Fischer occurs, each player has only
game has always been intense: wages so well. Every seconds to make several moves
a chess clock is used to ensure professional must now take or face instant forfeiture. With
that each player completes the seriously his pre-match minds racing and hands
stipulated number of moves in preparation, not least because twitching, the masters blitz out
the allotted time - failure to do the age of computer databases their moves and press their
so results in immediate loss of has had a profound impact on clocks with a co-ordination that
the game. But now the playing chess. A small portable any athlete would admire. Such

34
 Paper 1 Reading

moments are not for reflective competitions last for 9-11 days, exodus from the chess world
intellectuals. The game with play on every day, and after 1972 seem even more
descends into a primeval there is an all-year-round inexplicable. But in some
struggle in which nerves, tournament circuit. World respects it was a fitting end to
tenacity and an overwhelming championship matches are his story. It immortalised Bobby
will to win separate victor from even more exacting. The 1984 Fischer.
vanquished. encounter between Anatoli
Karpov and Gary Kasparov in If he has come back for the
At the top level of chess, the Moscow had to be aborted after money, he is onto a good thing.
pain of losing is unbearable. several months on the grounds Whatever happens in his match
Winning brings immense of mutual exhaustion. Mrwith Mr Spassky, each will end
satisfaction and a chance to Karpov had shed around two up several million dollars richer.
recover from the nerves and stone (10kg) in weight. But if Mr Fischer has returned in
exhaustion. But one victory is the sincere belief that he can
not enough to win a Can Mr Fischer defy these show he is still the best player
tournament. The chess master odds? He once declared "All I in the world, the final result
must be ready for the struggle want to do, ever, is play chess." could be heartbreaking.
the next day. Most chess This sentiment made his

21 According to the writer, modern chess players are more

A intelligent.
B creative.
C determined.
D impressive.

22 Why is there more pressure in international chess nowadays?

A The games are played to a strict time limit.
B The players are expected to keep going for longer.
C The games contain more moves than previously.
D The players do not have breaks in games any more.

23 The modern chess professional must research

A commercial opportunities.
B his opponent's strategies.
C psychological tactics.
D physical training techniques.

24 The final moves of a loser's game are characterised by

A rapid responses.
B angry exchanges.
C nervous errors.
D thoughtful play.

25 The difficulties of older players can be attributed to their opponents'

A physical superiority.
B greater skill.
C mental attitude.
D commercial motivation.

35
Test 2

Part4

'"'nswer questions 26-42 by referring to the information from a brochure on pages

37-38.

Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet.

For questions 26-42, match the statements on the left below with the list of places (A-E)
on the right below. You may choose any of the places more than once.

Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order.

The means of displaying the exhibits has not changed. 26 ......... .

If you spend some time here, you might produce

something of decorative value. 27 .......... 28 ......... .

You can enjoy special privileges by joining 29 ......... . A The University

this institution. Museum of
Classical
Arrangements can be made to buy copies Archaeology
30 ......... .
of the exhibits.
B Cambridge
The exhibits are arranged chronologically. 31 .......... 32 Darkroom

The arrangement of the exhibits saves the visitor time. 33 ......... .

c Sedgwick
Experts are employed to provide information and Museum of
Geology
support. 34 . ....... .. 35 ......... .
D The
Visitors have access to reproductions rather than Cambridge
originals. 36 .......... 37 ......... . University
Collection of
The present collection has evolved from a much
38 ......... . Air
earlier one.
Photographs
Here you will find the best selection of exhibits of this E Cambridge
39 ......... .
type in Europe. Medieval
Brass
There is a second exhibition space that contains
40 ......... . Rubbing
exhibits with aesthetic appeal.
Centre
This organisation provides a wide range of learning
41 ......... .
opportunities.

Exhibitions of this type are now rare. 42 ......... .

36
 Paper 1 Reading

A The University Museum of Classical B Cambridge Darkroom

Archaeology Cambridge Darkroom is a centre for
The Museum of Classical Archaeology is photography with community darkrooms
one of the few surviving collections of and a gallery showing a varied exhibition
casts of Greek and Roman sculpture in the of photography and related media. We
world, comprising over six hundred regularly run courses and workshops for
works. The first thing to remember about people of all ages and abilities, including
the collection is that nothing here is our popular Beginner's Course, a shorter
genuine. All the sculptures are accurate Induction Course and Master Classes with
replicas cast from the originals, mostly in invited photographers. We have a
the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The membership scheme whereby all our
Museum is housed in a purpose-built members can use our darkrooms. We also
gallery with excellent natural light. The encourage young photographers (aged 12
advantages of plaster casts are many: to 16) to develop their skills with our
groups of sculptures originally set up Young Members scheme, led by our
together but now split between various resident photographer. We stock
museums all over Europe can be viewed photographic books and art magazines
together as originally intended. Nearly all and carry a full range of photographic
the most celebrated works of Greek and materials.
Roman sculpture can be viewed in one
afternoon.

D The Cambridge University Collection of

Air Photographs
C Sedgwick Museum of Geology
There are over 400,000 oblique and
The Sedgwick Museum houses a
vertical air photographs in the collection,
magnificent collection of fossil animals
taken by members of the university's staff
and plants, rocks and minerals of all
over the past 45 years. The University has
geological ages, and from all parts of the
its own aircraft based at Cambridge
world. It also houses Britain's oldest intact
Airport and undertakes photographic
geological collection, that of Dr John
work throughout Great Britain. The
Woodward (1665-1728). It includes nearly
photographs are of considerable general
10,000 rare and interesting specimens
interest as a detailed, year-by-year record
stored in their original early 18th century
of the landscape, showing both the
cabinets. Adam Sedgwick was Professor
natural environment and the effects of
of Geology and keeper of the
human activity from prehistoric times to
Woodwardian collection. Throughout his
the present day. There is a small display
long life, he added enormously to the
in the entrance hall and the
collections, laying the foundations of a
knowledgeable library staff will be happy
truly outstanding museum. The collection
to deal with particular enquiries. The
is arranged by geological age so that the
photographs cannot be borrowed but
major changes in life on Earth can be
copies can normally be purchased. These
traced through time.
are made to order and ordinarily take
The new Whewell Gallery houses the
about a month.
beautiful minerals and gems of the
collection. The displays are accompanied
by full explanatory labels to explain both
their nature and modern use.

37
Test 2

E Cambridge Medieval Brass Rubbing

Centre
Cambridge Brass Rubbing Centre, the
second oldest and longest surviving
centre in the world, is one of the region's
most unusual tourist attractions. Hours of
enjoyment are to be had creating wall
hangings by rubbing one of over a
hundred different brass plates off tombs
of medieval knights and ladies. By
formulating resin copies, known as
facsimiles, the centre has made it possible
to preserve the originals and still make
brass rubbing an accessible pastime to
all. The brass plates, as an alternative
means of memorial to the tomb statue,
spread from Germany across medieval
Europe and Scandinavia. Through various
revolutions most of the beautiful brasses
were destroyed. The vast majority of
remaining brasses are to be found in
Britain and the widest range of examples
can be seen at the Cambridge Centre.

38
Test 3
Paper 1 Reading (1 hour 15 minutes)

Part 1

Answer questions 1-16 by referring to the magazine article on page 57 in which various
women are interviewed about their sports.

Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet.

For questions 1-16 match the statements on the left below with the list of
sportswomen A-Fon page 57.
Some choices may be required more than once.

She participates in a sport in which women are

taking steps to gain equality with men. 1 ..........
She takes part in her sport on equal terms with men. 2 ..........
Her concentration at work is affected by her sporting
activities.
She was surprised to discover her talent for her sport.
3 ··········
4 ..........
.
She invests her earnings in her sport. 5 .......... A THE SKIER
It is considered strange for women to take part in her B THE CYCLIST
sport. 6 ..........
C THE ROWER
She spends less time on other activities than she used to. 7 ..........
The age at which women start her particular sport is D THE LONG
significant. 8 .......... DISTANCE
WALKER
She was once under pressure to achieve her target by
a certain date. 9 .......... E THE SALOON
She has a good income from her sport. 10 .......... CAR RACER
She has endured physical suffering. 11 .......... F THE
It is difficult for women to get good training in her sport. 12 .......... TRIATHLETE
She is sometimes afraid when taking part in her sport. 13 ..........
She doesn't want her appearance to affect her sporting
reputation. 14 ..........
Her personality has changed since she started doing
her sport. 15 ..........
Women's achievements in her sport receive less "\

publicity than men's. 16 ··········

56
 Paper 1 Reading

GREAT SPORTS
Women on a winning streak
To excel in any sport is hard enough, even for men, but women have to be twice as tough. Training and
competition leave little time for a normal life, so sacrifices must be made. But against all the odds they are
beating prejudice and breaking records. Here, we talk to just a few brilliant British sportswomen who are
achieving their goals.
A Jill, 27, skier The walk across Australia was the worst
"It's a great feeling to fly through the air and land experience I've ever had as far as pain is concerned.
cleanly, but it can be scary. Sometimes you don't I was doing SO miles and 21 hours each day with
feel well or it's windy and you can't see, but you just three hours' sleep in high temperatures and
get on with it. It's not easy to have a career walking with IS blisters on each foot. But I got the
outside skiing because we train for ten months of record! I had to, because my sponsorship money
the year. You give up a lot of your social life and was going to run out after 9S days. Men think that
friends. But it was my choice. There are six men and women are more likely to fail, so sponsoring them
three women in the British team. We all compete is always seen as a higher risk:'
on the same courses at the same competitions and
get treated the same - it's a young sport:' E Lisa, 26, saloon car racer ,
"Some men have huge egos when they're driving -
B Caroline, 22, cyclist you see it on motorways. When I'm doing well, they
"Two years ago I borrowed a bike to take part in a don't talk to me. Being a woman has its
charity race. I won overall just because I cycled disadvantages.
faster than everyone else, which was amazing When I get to a corner, the men think 'I've got to
because I'd never cycled before! I'm well paid as a beat her', so I've had a lot of knocks!
pro, and cycling has lots of potential in terms of You have to be naturally competitive and
endorsements. However, I know ,I'm not ugly and it aggressive. It's very difficult to earn any money, and
worries me that people may think I've got where I what I do make goes back into the sport. Women
am because of how I look, not because I'm the best have been racing since the twenties and have
cyclist. So I tend to concentrate on the cycling at always been classed as eccentrics. It's great that
the moment, rather than earning money. I do at there are now more and more women taking up
least four hours' training every day on the bike, plus racing every year. For me, the appeal of saloon car
some stretching exercises, swimming and running. racing is aiming for perfection - always trying to
My boyfriend's a cyclist as well, so he knows the get round with a perfect lap:'
time you have to put into it - it would be
impossible otherwise:· F Alison, 28, triathlete
"I get up at S.30 three mornings a week to swim. I
C Annabel, 26, rower need Tuesday and Thursday mornings to catch up
"Rowing is hard for girls to get into because very on my sleep. In the evening I just cycle or run. Yes, I
few girls' schools do it. So most don't start till do fall asleep at my desk sometimes! There is a lot
they're 19 or 20 which makes it harder to succeed of nervous build-up beforehand and when you're
at an international level. Also, you usually have racing you really push yourself - you don't feel
coaches who only stay a year or so. There's no good if you don't. Several times I've asked myself
continuity, so the women's squad is basically a why I do it. The answer is a) I'm happier when I keep
shambles. But it's great fun and I love being fit, plus fit, b) I'm a slob at heart and if I didn't make myself
there's a good social life:' do this I'd really be one, c) racing is very social.
Men and women usually compete together but
D Ffyona, 24, long distance walker when an event is given coverage in the press, 90 per
"At 13 I dreamed of walking around the world - I cent of the article will explain the men's event and
didn't know just how big it was then! But Britain 10 per cent will say, 'Oh, by the way, so-and-so won
was too claustrophobic, too safe. I was very the women's event: The prize money isn't as good
headstrong; I hated anyone having control over me. either, of course. But now we've formed an
Now I am more tactful. Each walk has been International Triathlon Women's Commission, so
different. we're working on it:'

57
Test 3

Part 2

For questions 17-23, you must choose which of the paragraphs A-Hon page 59 fit
into the numbered gaps in the following newspaper article. There is one extra
paragraph which does not fit into any of the gaps.

Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet.

Sea, Ice & Rock

Mountaineer Chris Bonnington (58) is best known for scaling the summit of Everest in
1985. He has also pioneered routes in Britain and the Alps and written many books,
including Quest for Adventure and Everest the Hard Way. Robin Knox-Johnston (53) began
his sea career in the Merchant Navy.
In 1968-9 he was the first to circumnavigate the world single-handed, in his yacht
Sunhaili. He broke the transatlantic record, taking 10 days to reach the Lizard from
New York. The two teamed up to sail and climb in Greenland, recording the trip in
their new book: Sea, Ice and Rock.

In 1979 I was working on Quest for immensely as a leader. Traditionally, to reach the pinnacle, we were on
Adventure, a study of post-war the skipper makes all the decisions. the go for 24 hours. On the way
adventure. I called Robin to ask for down we were dropping asleep on
an interview and he said would I
like to join him for a sail. I could
l 19 j 50 degree slopes, 1,500 feet above
the ground. Robin went to hell and
show him some climbing To be frank, I found the sailing back, but he totally put his
techniques and he could show me trying and very boring. The confidence in me.
the rudiments of sailing. moments of crisis which we had on
the way back were easy to deal
with: the adrenaline pumps and you
get all worked up. The bit I found Yet he was all in favour of us having
The route was quite difficult and I difficult was spending day after day another go at climbing the
was impressed at how steady Robin in the middle of the sea. mountain. The only time there was
was in tricky conditions. He just a near-crisis in our relationship was
padded quietly along. After a bit we on the yacht on the way home. We
arrived at this huge drop. I asked were taking it in turns to be on
Robin if he had ever climbed To be honest, I felt a bit useless at watch. I was supposed to get up at
before. He hadn't, so I showed him. times; I found that very trying. The 4 am for my shift, but Robin
When I had finished, Robin very crew was also packed very close decided not to wake me. He felt he
politely asked if he could go down together: six people on a 32ft yacht, could do it himself
the way he climbed down ropes on designed to sleep four. At least
his boat. when you're on a mountain
expedition you have a chance to get 23I I
away from each other. While we enjoyed the Skye trip, we
didn't really know each other until
His proposal that we should [ 21 j the end of the Greenland
combine our skills on a joint trip to ~-~----------~ expedition. I found that underneath
Greenland was just an extension, on Robin isn't a natural climber, which his bluff exterior, Robin was a
a rather grand scale, of our voyage made his efforts even more kind-hearted, sensitive person.
to Skye. Robin impressed me impressive. The first time we tried

58
 Paper 1 Reading

A The previous night I'd turn to 'lead' the whether we'd be able to get
almost dropped asleep. I felt expedition, found it it through the ice, whether
that he didn't trust me - I difficult taking responsibility it was in one piece.
felt insecure, and I said so. for Robin's life. There were
Robin immediately many instances climbing G He was used to using his
reassured me that I'd together when if Robin had arms, I wanted him to use
jumped to the wrong fallen, he could have pulled his legs. I wasn't too happy
conclusion. me off with him. I had to about it, but he lowered
watch for that constantly. I himself down quite safely. It
B But Robin made a point of underestimated how was during that trip to Skye
consulting everyone first. difficult the Cathedral - that Robin and I built the
Most of the time, nobody Greenland's highest foundation of a very real
dared to advise him, but it mountain - would be. friendship. ·~
was nice to feel you were
part of the decision-making E The winds were tricky and H I am a land-lover and not
process. once again it was my turn to really a do-it-yourself type
be on watch. I was aware of person. Robin, in
c It was the first time I'd been that if I made a mistake I contrast, is a natural sailor
on a yacht. We sailed for a could take the mast out, and seemed to enjoy
while and then anchored. which is horribly expensive tinkering with the engine or
Robin's wife and daughter and a real nuisance. mending the lavatory. I was
stayed on the boat and we aware that Robin didn't
paddled to the shore to F He just followed. When it really need me.
exercise Robin's skills at got too diffJCult and
climbing. realised we'd have to turn
back, he accepted it. I also
D When we reached knew that Robin was
Greenland and it was my worried about the boat:

59
Test 3

Part3

Read the following newspaper article and then answer questions 24-28 on page 61. On
your answer sheet, indicate the letter A, B, C or D against the number of each question
24-28. Give only one answer to each question.

Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet.

POWER DRESSING
EVERY SUMMER, the peacocks was a separate mechanism of do the peacocks with the
that roam free within Whipsnade evolution, which he called showiest trains have some extra,
Wild Animal Park in 'sexual selection'. The driving genuinely advantageous quality,
Bedfordshire expose their mechanism was simply that as Wallace supposed, or is it
magnificent trains to the critical females liked - in his words - really all show, as Darwin felt?
and often disdainful gaze of the 'beauty for beauty's sake'. In practice, the mature cocks
hens. They re-enact the mystery But Darwin's friend and display in groups at a number of
that tormented Charles Darwin collaborator, Alfred Russel sites around Whipsnade, and the
to his dying day: how in this Wallace, though in many ways hens judge one against the
competitive world, where nature more 'romantic' than Darwin, other. Long observation from
- as Tennyson said - is red in was in others even more hides, backed up by
tooth and claw, could birds have Darwinian. 'Beauty for beauty's photographs, suggests that the
evolved such an obvious sake' he wanted nothing of. If hens really do like the showiest
extravagance? How do they get peahens chose cocks with the males. What seems to count is
away with it? The zoologist showiest trains, he felt, then it the number of eye-spots on the
Marion Petrie and her colleagues must be that they knew what train, which is related to its
of the Open University are now they were about. The cocks must length; the cocks with the most
exploiting the quasi-wild have some other quality, which eye-spots do indeed attract the
conditions of Whipsnade to try, a was not necessarily obvious to most mates.
century after Darwin's death, to the human observer, but which But whether the males with
settle the matter. the hens themselves could the best trains are also 'better' in
Darwin argued that living appreciate. According to other ways remains to be pinned
creatures came to be the way Wallace, then, the train was not down. William Hamilton of
they are by evolution, rather an end in itself, but an Oxford University has put
than by special creation; and that advertisement for some genuine forward the hypothesis that
the principal mechanism of contribution to survival. showy male birds in general, of
evolution was natural selection. Now, 100 years later, the whatever species, are the most
That is, in a crowded and hence wrangle is still unresolved, for parasite-free; and that their
compet1t1ve world, the the natural behaviour of peafowl plumage advertises their
individuals best suited to the is much harder to study than disease-free state. There is
circumstances - the 'fittest' - are might be imagined. But 200 evidence that this is so in other
the most likely to survive and birds at Whipsnade, which live birds. But Dr Petrie and her
have offspring. like wild birds yet are used to colleagues have not been able to
But the implication is that human beings, offer unique assess the internal parasites in
fittest would generally mean opportunities for study. Marion the Whipsnade peacocks to test
toughest, swiftest, cleverest, Petrie and her colleagues at this hypothesis. This year,
most alert. The peacock's tail, by Whipsnade have identified two however, she is comparing the
contrast, was at best a waste of main questions. First, is the offspring of cocks that have in
space and in practice a severe premise correct - do peahens the past proved attractive to
encumbrance; and Darwin felt really choose the males with the hens with the offspring of cocks
obliged to invoke what he felt showiest trains? And, secondly, that hens find unattractive. Do

60
 Paper 1 Reading

the children of the attractive whatever reason - perhaps for a' predilection for long tails will
cocks grow faster? Are they sound 'Wallacian' reason - a increase commensurately.
more healthy? If so, then the female first picks a male with a Modern computer models show
females' choice will be seen to slightly better tail than the rest. that such a feedback mechanism
be utilitarian after all, just as The sons of that mating will would alone be enough to
Wallace predicted. inherit their father's tail, and the produce a peacock's tail. Oddly,
There is a final twist to this daughters will inherit their too, this would vindicate
continuing story. The great mother's predilection for long Darwin's apparently fanciful
mathematician and biologist R A tails. This is how the runaway notion - once the process gets
Fisher in the thirties proposed begins. Within each generation, going, the females would indeed
what has become known as the males with the longest tails be selecting 'beauty for beauty's
'Fisher's Runaway'. Just will get most mates and leave sake'.
suppose, for example, that for most offspring; and the females'

24 What is the purpose of Marion Petrie's research?

A to show that a peacock's train serves no useful purpose
B to solve a problem that Charles Darwin could not solve
C to compare peacocks in the wild with those in captivity
D to demonstrate that Charles Darwin's theory was wrong

25 How did Alfred Russel Wallace's view of peacocks differ from that of Darwin?
A He thought that a peahen's choice of mate was practical.
B He believed that animals could experience emotions.
C He believed animals appreciated beauty for its own sake.
D He believed that the peacock's train must have a protective function.

26 Peahens at Whipsnade Zoo show a preference for

A the most dominant male in a group.
B the biggest and strongest male.
C the male which displays most often.
D the male with the finest feathers.

27 Why does Marion Petrie plan to study the offspring of different peacocks?
A tb check whether the birds have inherited diseases
B to discover whether the breed is becoming bigger in general
C to learn about the reasons behind the peahen's choice of mates
D to study the development of various species

28 What does 'Fisher's Runaway' suggest?

A that inherited characteristics gradually become stronger
B that peacocks are exceptions to general biological laws
C that peahens react instinctively to beauty
D that Darwin underestimated the intelligence of animals

61
Test 3

Part4

Answer questions 29-43 by referring to the article about acupuncture on pages 63-64.

Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet.

For questions 29-43, answer by choosing from paragraphs A-H on pages 63-64.
You may choose any of the paragraphs more than once.

Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order.

Which section(s) state that:

it is not easy to measure the effects of acupuncture

scientifically? 29 .......... 30 ......... .
the theory behind acupuncture is not entirely accepted by
Western doctors? 31 32
acupuncture brings the body's own defences into operation? 33 34
accepted Western techniques can cause problems? 35
needles may be inserted well away from the location of the
pain? 36
acupuncture patients may also be advised to visit a doctor? 37

consideration of the patient's general state is i.mportant? 39 .......... .

acupuncturists take into account the type of pain they are
being asked to treat? 40
not all acupuncture techniques are traditional? 41

patients may try acupuncture because nothing else has worked? 42

acupuncture does not hurt much? 43

62
 Paper 1 Reading

tongue and assessing your • It has been suggested

Ancient general appearance. He or that stimulating particular
she will ask about your nerves blocks pain
Chinese medical history, current signals and stops them
health, general well-being, from reaching the brain.
medicine in state of mind, and your • Some scientists believe
eating and sleeping habits. that stimulating
the West? An acupuncturist uses fine acupuncture points
needles inserted into the releases natural pain-
skin. He or she may also relieving substances
Acupuncture is two thousand warmth from
apply (endorphins).
years old. It comes from the smouldering herbs or
traditional Chinese system of pressure at points on D What type of pain can be
medicine that includes meridians, to stimulate the treated?
herbalism, massage, diet, flow of Qi.
manipulation and exercise. It Many people with chronic
is used to treat many B Over three hundred points long-term pain turn to
different conditions, but acupuncture as a last
acupuncture's role in treating The points used for resort. Back pain, sports
pain has received most acupuncture are related to iniuries, arthritis, head-
attention by doctors in the meridians so won't aches and migraine and
West. Some GPs, midwives necessarily be near the site post-operative pain are
and physios use it regularly of the complaint. People commonly treated with
for pain relief often say they feel a not acupuncture.
unpleasant dull ache or Other types of pain which
A What's it all about tingling sensation when acupuncturists claim to
the needle is gently treat include menstrual
Traditional Chinese manipulated. This is either pain, facial nerve pain and
medicine sees health as a done by hand or by pain suffered by terminally
state in which the energy attaching the needle to an ill people.
of the mind, body and electro-acupuncture
spirit are in harmony. machine. Acupuncturists E Modern use for an ancient
According to the theory, say this sensation shows treatment
energy or Qi (pronounced the needle has reached the
chee) flows around the Qi in a meridian. Although acupuncture has
body along lines called There are over three been used in China for
meridians. There are twelve hundred points on the over 2,000 years, one
main meridians, each main meridians, with development has been
linked to an internal organ, hundreds more elsewhere rather more recent. The
and lots of tiny meridians that are used less often. use of acupuncture instead
take Qi to every cell. When of anaesthesia during
the flow of Qi is upset, c Science tells us how surgery only started in the
blocked or weakened, the 1950s. It was this that
body is said to be out of Without accepting the helped to convince some
balance: weakness or principles of traditional doctors outside China that
illness may result. During a Chinese medicine, doctors there was more to
consultation with a here have accepted that acupuncture than mind
traditional acupuncturist, acupuncture can work for over matter.
he or she will try to find pain relief. This is because In China today,
where imbalances occur in they have been able to acupuncture is used during
the Qi. This is done by provide scientific all sorts of operations,
feeling pulses on your explanations of how it from tonsillectomies to
wrist, examining your might work. For example: caesareans, and is even

63
Test 3

used in open heart surgery. G A different approach to traditional Chinese

Needles may be used pain medicine is it possible to
alone, with electrical bring about deep changes
stimulation or with drugs. But Western and Chinese that lead to a longer cure -
It's claimed that the pain is medicine view pain rather something that is very
more or less eliminated, differently. Like most difficult to assess in trials.
but it varies from person to alternative therapists, an Care should always be
person. It's hard to imagine acupuncturist views his or taken in choosing a!l
many of us finding the her patient in a holistic acupuncturist, who should
option of lying awake on way. This means not just refer you to a medical doctor
the operating table very focusing on specific for further investigation if
attractive. But acupuncturists symptoms. An acupuncturist necessary.
say that acupuncture spends a long time making
anaesthesia involves none a diagnosis, trying to find
of the side-e'lfects of underlying weaknesses in
conventional anaesthetics the Qi. He or she will also
(e.g. nausea). and you want to know what
recover from it more external factors are
quickly. causing the pain. For
instance, is the pain worse
F Always effective in the cold, heat, damp or
wind? Does it feel sharp,
As with most dull, throbbing, constant
complementary therapies, or burning? These are seen
clinical trials to evaluate as important factors in
acupuncture are difficult to deciding how acupuncture
run. But trials that have can be used to treat the
been done have shown pain. It's unlikely that your
that 50 to 80 per cent of average medical doctor
people find acupuncture would take such things
effective for chronic pain. into account, isn't it?
Acupuncturists generally
quote a similar success H Traditional or not?
rate. They accept that it
won't work for everyone Some medical professionals
and that people vary in do have traditional
their responsiveness. acupuncture training.
Traditional acupuncturists Others - including many
say that for chronic long- GPs who practise
term pain it will usually acupuncture reject
take between six and traditional Chinese theory
seven visits for people to and subscribe to scientific
feel real relief. But some explanations.
improvement should be But many traditional
felt after just two or three acupuncturists believe that
visits. only by applying

64
Test 4
Paper 1 Reading (1 hour 15 minutes)

Part 1

Answer questions 1-13 by referring to the reviews of crime novels on page 83.

Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet.

For questions 1-13 match each of the statements below (1-13) with one of the
novels (A-H) reviewed on page 83.

Some choices may be required more than once.

It takes place in a poor district. 1

The main character is not typical of this kind of novel. 2

The main character is feeling dissatisfied with his current work. 3
It has a particularly dramatic opening. 4
The main character remains determined despite opposition. 5
The reader feels sure that the main character will solve the crime. 6
It features people's peculiarities. 7
It is likely to amuse you. 8 ........ ..
It is too long. 9 ........ ..
It successfully combines the conventional elements of this kind of novel. 10
It is not as good as the writer's other books. 11

It is impossible to predict the ending. 12

The suspense is particularly skilfully managed. 13

82
 Paper 1 Reading

BOOK A BOOKD BOOKG

Steve Martin's Compelling Double Deuce by Robert B. Dead for a Ducat by Simon
Evidence is compelling indeed. Parker sets that most literate of Shaw presents actor Philip
The narrator, a lawyer struggling private investigators, Spenser, Fletcher in a new role, that of
to build a new practice after the job of assisting his friend intended victim. The hilarious
being forced to leave a high- Hawk to clear drug dealers out of collection of characters are
powered law firm, finds himself a deprived estate in rundown brought together to film the
manoeuvred into defending his Boston. The slick dialogue comes story of Robin Hood, but Philip
boss's wife when she is tried for almost as fast as the bullets, but isn't the only person to feel this
her husband's murder. The trial there are few corpses and more is not the way his career should
scenes are riveting, with the philosophy than usual. High- be developing. Simon Shaw
outcome in doubt right up to the quality entertainment, as always never fails to entertain, but in
verdict, and a really unexpected from Parker. moving his star actor from black
twist in the final pages. This is a comedy to farce, he gives a
terrific debut into a crowded performance below his usual
genre. high standard.

BOOKB BOOKE BOOKH

Curtains for the Cardinal False Prophet by Faye Fall Down Easy is Lawrence
begins with a bang, and plunges Kellermann, features her usual Gough's best book for some
the charismatic Sigismondo, pair of detectives, Pete Decker time. Canadian police hunt a
troubleshooter for the aristocracy and Marge Dunn, investigating versatile bank robber who preys
of the Italian Renaissance, into a an attack and burglary at the on female bank tellers. The slow,
turmoil of politics, clerical house of a legendary film star's expertly-paced build-up of
intrigue and high-society murder daughter. The author's easy tension and the portrayal of the
from which we are always writing style and eye for odd clever, disturbed robber raise this
confident he will emerge human behaviour make this an way above the average detective
unscathed to disclose the guilty entertaining mystery. novel.
parties. The plot is convoluted
and the book is about 50 pages
overweight, but it is still great
stuff.

BOOKC BOOKF
File Under: Deceased Husband and wife, Diane Henry
introduces a refreshingly and Nicholas Horrock, write as a
different new detective from a team. Blood Red, Snow White
first novelist, Sarah Lacey. Leah features another lawyer, another
Hunter is a tax inspector, ideally female client, but the action is all
positioned, it seems, for a bit of outside the courtroom and the
investigating when a strange man defender finds himself becoming
falls dead at her feet. Undaunted the victim as the plot unravels.
by attacks from various quarters All the classic ingredients of
- perhaps tax inspectors are used romance, money and violence are
to this sort of thing - and the mixed efficiently to produce an
disapproval of her handsome engrossing suspense novel.
local detective sergeant, gutsy,
versatile Leah is a winner in
every way.

83
Test4

Part2

For questions 14-20, you must choose which of the paragraphs A-H on page 85 fit
into the numbered gaps in the following magazine article. There is one extra paragraph
which does not fit in any of the gaps.

Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet.

THE LONG-DISTANCE RUNNER

Richard Nerurkar, one of Britain's top 10, ODO-metre runners, visits the Kenyans'
high-altitude training camp.
Ten miles south of the equator, a stony mountain track surrounded by beautiful playing fields and dense tropical
leads off the quiet metalled road from Nairobi. The track vegetation.
marks the start of the trek up Kenya's highest peak, the
glacier-capped Mount Kenya. This gorgeous, iflonely and
isolated, spot is Nanyuk: for the past three years it has
been my base for mid-winter altitude training in Kenya's
The athletes' days at the camp are dominated by three
Central. Highlands. work-outs: a leisurely early-morning run, interval training
at mid-morning, followed by a steady run in the late
afternoon. The daily regime began at six. We crawled
from our bunks and assembled to be briefed by the
I was invited by Kenya's national team coach when coaches for the morning run.
finished fifth - behind three Kenyans and a Moroccan - in "Run easy, you have a hard job today", we were warned
the World Championship 10,000 metres race. It was an as we left by the coach who'd invited me.
opportunity not to be missed. Training at high altitude The total distance covered each day was about 40
produces more red blood cells, which improves oxygen- kilometres - a little short of a marathon distance. The only
carrying capacity. exception was Sunday, with just the one scheduled run of
20 kilometres, which certainly came as a welcome respite
from the rest of the week's three daily work-outs.

My first African race - which came before my spell at the

Kenyan team training camp - was also a first for the whole l.191
continent. Held in Nairobi, it was the first-ever
Lunch and dinner both had a similar menu: ugali (a maize
international cross-country race to be held on African soil.
dish), stew, cabbage or spinach and tea. When the day's
running was over, in the early evening, we would pile
into a car and drive down to bathe properly in one of the
many streams that run off from Mt Kenya's shrinking
However, I don't believe Kenyan success can entirely be
glaciers.
put down to the altitude factor. Kenyan runners are also
noted for their refreshingly uncomplicated approach to
the sport. While their running style is seemingly effortless,
their diet simple and their manner of conversation
relaxed, they also seem to love competing. couldn't stop myself pondering upon a rather different
explanation: that the purity and simplicity of this
mountainside lifestyle, these gruelling work-outs and this
passion for success, perhaps these are the secrets, perhaps
The national team training camp is at St Mark's College, these are the real reasons behind Kenya's rise to the top of
6,200 feet up the southern slope of Mt Kenya, world distance running.

84
 Paper 1 Reading

A But the least discussed aspect of the puzzle of E But not once on those trips had I trained with
Kenyan success was perhaps the most basic: Kenyan runners on their home soil. On my
how do they train? My stay with the Kenyan fourth and most recent winter training trip to
runners at their team training camp soon Kenya, however, I broke a personal tradition.
provided the answers. I both competed in my first-ever race in
Kenya's oxygen-thin air and stayed at Kenya's
B With smoke rising from huts in the valley to national team training camp, which is where
obstruct our view of the lush, green, tropical the country's top runners prepare for their
vegetation and deep chasms, the senior annual assault on the World Cross-Country
members of the team controlled the pace. Team Championships.

C These benefits have been borne out by the F If nothing else, it was a humbling experience.
successes of generations of Kenyan runners. Of the 41 runners who finished ahead of me,
all but 3 were Kenyan. And I honestly felt I
D Running apart, life was complication-free. A hadn't had a bad race!
splash of water on the face and a brush of the
teeth sufficed for pre-breakfast preparations. G By the time I left the camp, I was even more
Breakfast itself consisted of tea, bread and appreciative of Kenyan success. That success
boiled eggs, taken in a sparsely-lit, small just can't be attributed to genetics or
dining area. upbringing or altitude alone.

H It's a fairly basic affair, though: there are few

comforts. The athletes live among the
college's regular students and are housed six to
a room in cinder-block dormitories.

85
Test4

Part 3

Read the following introduction from a book and then answer questions 21-25 on page
87. On your answer sheet, indicate the letter A, B, C or D against the number of each
question 21-25. Give only one answer to each question.

Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet.

ECCENTRICS
An eccentric is by definition 'common'. They look for other at least not in the early stages.
someone whose behaviour is people with whom they can When a pop singer deliberately
abnormal, someone who refuses share what in the normal run of wears bizarre clothes to gain
to conform to the accepted events is regarded by relatives, publicity, or a society hostess
norms of his society. This, of friends and neighbours as an makes outrageous comments
course, immediately begs the oddity. A crowd, even a small about her guests in order to get
question, "What is normal?" crowd, is reassuring. herself noticed in the gossip
Most of us, after all, have our columns, that is not eccentricity.
quirks and oddities. It may be a Probably all of us recognise a However, if the pop star and the
passion for entering newspaper tension within ourselves society hostess perpetuate such
competitions, a compulsion for between the two forces of activities until they become a
collecting beer mats, a tendency individualism and conformity, part of themselves, until they are
to write indignant letters to the for at the same time that most of no longer able to return to what
press on every conceivable us are going with the crowd, we most of us consider 'normal
subject. Eccentricity is the tend to resent any suggestion behaviour', then they certainly
assertion of our individuality. that this is what we are doing. would qualify. For the most
Within most of us that urge is We feel a self-conscious need to important ingredient of
constantly in conflict with the assert our individuality as when eccentricity is its naturalness.
contrary force. It is as though in the belligerent man at the bar Eccentrics are not people who
the depths of our psyche we informs his small audience, deliberately try to be odd, they
have two locomotives head-to- "Well, I say what I think." Or the simply are odd.
head on the same track, pushing wary stranger to whom we have
against each other. One is called just been introduced announces, The true eccentric is not merely
individualism and the other "You must take me as you find indifferent to public opinion, he
conformity and in most of us it is me. I don't stand on ceremony." is scarcely conscious at all. He
conformity that is the more simply does what he does,
Any of us can, at any time, because of who he is. And this
powerful. The desire to be reverse this trend. We can stoke marks the eccentric as essentially
accepted, loved, appreciated, to
the boiler of individualism, different from, for example,
feel at one with our fellows, is assert our own personality. enthusiasts,
stronger than the desire to stand practical jokers,
Many people have made it to the brilliant criminals, exhibitionists
out in the crowd, to be our own
top in their chosen professions, and recluses. These people are
man, to do our own thing. basically by doing just that. One all very conscious of the world
Notice, for example, how people example is Bob Dylan, the around them. Much of what they
who have unusual hobbies, American singer, who has gone do, they do in reaction to the
strong opinions, or on record as saying, "When you world in which they live. Some
unconventional behaviour, tend feel in your gut what you are wish to make an impression on
to congregate. They form clubs, doing and then dynamically society, some wish to escape
hold meetings, and organise pursue it - don't back down and from society, but all are very
rallies where they can get don't give up - then you're going much aware of society. The
together and discuss their to mystify a lot of folk." But that eccentric alone goes on his
common enthusiasms or self-conscious assertion of merry way regardless.
problems. The important word is individuality is not eccentricity,

86
 Paper 1 Reading

21 According to the writer, eccentric people

A want to show that they are different.
B try to do what is expected of them.
C express their own views in public.
D pretend to be something they are not.

22 Eccentric people tend to form into groups because

A they have no other friends.
B they want others to share their interests.
C they are good organisers.
D they feel they are misunderstood.

23 According to the writer, most people have a desire to

A be regarded as individuals.
B behave differently from other people.
C say what other people want to hear.
D spend all their time with a group of people.

24 In the writer's view, people who qualify as eccentrics

A make every effort to appear strange.
B have a strong desire to be noticed.
C deliberately behave in a mysterious way.
D are unaware that their behaviour is unusual.

25 What is the purpose of the article?

A to criticise people who always conform
B to encourage people to be individuals
C to examine the reasons for eccentric behaviour
D to describe problems faced by eccentric people

87
Test 4

Part4

Answer questions 26-42 by referring to the extract from a book about photography on
pages 89-90.

Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet.

For questions 26-42, answer by choosing from paragraphs A-Jon pages 89-90. You
may choose any of the paragraphs more than once.

Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order.

Which paragraph emphasises the value of

asking the subject to look at something else in the
picture? 26
including things which tell us more about the subject? 27
depicting human communication within a picture? 28
ensuring that everyone is clearly visible? 29 ......... .

Which paragraph or paragraphs suggest that

people involved in activities make for good
photographs? 30 .......... 31 ......... .
the look on the subject's face is the most influential
element in a photograph? 32 .......... 33
not everyone is comfortable in front of the camera? 34 .......... 35 .......... 36
you might try to make your subject respond naturally to
something you do? 37 ......... .
not only cheerful people make good pictures? 38 ........ ..
people may react negatively to being photographed? 39 ......... .
you should suit your technique to the purpose of your
photograph? 40 ......... .
it can be a good idea to take a picture from above your
subject? 41 .......... 42 ......... .

88
 Paper 1 Reading

Photographing People
People are the most interesting of all subjects. A photograph with someone in it is almost
always more compelling than the same shot without the human interest. People are also
the most difficult subjects to photograph well. Apart from the technical and artistic
considerations, the photographer has to be conscious of actions, gestures and expressions.
And often the presence of the camera itself can have a disastrous effect on these.

take the shot for a genuine reaction rather

A GROUPING PEOPLE
than a meaningless stare.
Avoid straight lines in group shots. Ask
people to stand at different angles and E CANDID CONCENTRATION
distances and if possible on different levels.
An alternative to direct eye contact is for the
Otherwise, have some of the group sitting or
subject to concentrate on something within
kneeling at the front so that you can see all the
the picture area. Your subject might find this
faces, or raise your own viewpoint.
easier to do, and the viewer can follow the
attention to another part of the picture. You
B POSING FOR PICTURES
get the impression that you are observing the
People seldom act naturally in front of the subject unnoticed. Candid shots have a
camera. Often they stiffen up and the pose special fascination and the subject's
becomes rather wooden. Relax your subject expression is vital to the picture.
by helping him to find a comfortable position.
You might suggest he folds his hands or puts F EXPRESSIONS AND GESTURES
them in his pockets.
Expressions and the gestures that go with
them tell us more about the subject of a
C THE RIGHT APPROACH
photograph than anything else. Even if he is
Never try to pretend that you are not taking a obviously badly treated and hungry, a
picture of someone when it is clear that you laughing child provokes a smile from the
are as this only creates tension and even viewer, whereas a sad expression produces a
hostility. Most people will agree to have their sympathetic sadness in the viewer, however
picture taken - perhaps after some initial apparently comfortable the subject may be.
protestations - and are quite flattered by it. Look for familiar expressions for your
But they are likely to become rather self- portraits: shrugs, winks, anger, tears, thumbs-
conscious and you may need to direct them. A up, fist-clenching and so on. They are an
picture can be spoiled by the fact that the instant visual language.
subject is looking rather aimlessly out of the
picture so that the interest lies elsewhere. G SITUATION INTEREST
Though shots which isolate a figure or face
D EYE CONTACT
prominently have great impact, the subject's
A picture gains immediate impact if the background or environment can add extra
subject appears to be looking at the viewer of interest and information about the subject.
the picture. Ask your subject to look into the When using a background in this way, try to
lens - not necessarily to smile as well - and exclude details that are not relevant to the
this is the effect you will get. The subject may subject or blur them by focusing selectively.
not be able to do this for too long: he may Make sure that the subject is not
become self-conscious or be distracted by overwhelmed by the background - a wide-
someone nearby. So remind him once more, angle lens will make your subject appear
just before you release the shutter. Or try relatively larger by comparison with the
saying something funny or unexpected as you background.

89
Test4

foreground interest without obscuring the

H INTERACTION background. If you can find a slightly elevated
Wherever two or more people are talking, camera position, this will be far easier to do. A
arguing, haggling, joking or working together, good picture will show a balance between the
there are opportunities for good pictures. subjects and the place they were visiting, so
Couples make appealing shots; so do mothers that both claim an equal share of the viewer's
and babies, teachers and children or teams of attention.
people working or playing a sport. Look out
especially for contact between the subjects - J TO POSE OR NOT TO POSE?
either eye-contact or physical contact, like a
In answer to this question, first decide why
protective hand on the arm or a handshake.
you want to take the picture. If you are taking
Or show how one is reacting to another by
a picture to remember someone by -
waiting for an animated expression or telling
someone you may have met briefly on
gesture. holiday, for example - then you will want a
good clear picture and it would be worth
PEOPLE AND PLACES
asking the subject to pose against a well-
Many pictures of people are taken on holiday chosen background. Pictures of the family, on
or during an outing - partly to show the place the other hand, can be very tedious if they are
they were visiting. A little care will greatly a succession of formal poses in front of places
improve this type of picture. To show people of interest. Candid pictures of events as they
against a relevant background, use a standard happen are far more lively, and you are more
or a wide-angle lens and move far enough likely to get unselfconscious shots when you
back to get the whole building (or mountain, know the subject well. A picture taken on the
or lake) in the frame. Ask your subjects to spur of the moment will jog the family
come fairly close to the camera and compose memory in future years far better than a
the picture so that the group forms a posed portrait.

90