486 CHAPTER 7 Techniques of Integration

In finding the area of a circle or an ellipse, an integral of the form y sa 2 2 x 2 dx arises,

where a . 0. If it were y xsa 2 2 x 2 dx, the substitution u − a 2 2 x 2 would be effective
but, as it stands, y sa 2 2 x 2 dx is more difficult. If we change the variable from x to !
by the substitution x − a sin !, then the identity 1 2 sin 2! − cos 2! allows us to get rid
of the root sign because

sa 2 2 x 2 − sa 2 2 a 2 sin 2! − sa 2s1 2 sin 2!d − sa 2 cos 2! − a cos ! | |

Notice the difference between the substitution u − a 2 2 x 2 (in which the new variable is
a function of the old one) and the substitution x − a sin ! (the old variable is a function
of the new one).
In general, we can make a substitution of the form x − tstd by using the Substitution
Rule in reverse. To make our calculations simpler, we assume that t has an inverse func-
tion; that is, t is one-to-one. In this case, if we replace u by x and x by t in the Substitution
Rule (Equation 5.5.4), we obtain

y f sxd dx − y f ststdd t9std dt

This kind of substitution is called inverse substitution.
We can make the inverse substitution x − a sin ! provided that it defines a one-to-one
function. This can be accomplished by restricting ! to lie in the interval f2"y2, "y2g.
In the following table we list trigonometric substitutions that are effective for the
given radical expressions because of the specified trigonometric identities. In each case
the restriction on ! is imposed to ensure that the function that defines the substitution
is one-to-one. (These are the same intervals used in Section 1.5 in defining the inverse
functions.)

Table of Trigonometric Substitutions

Expression Substitution Identity

" "
sa 2 2 x 2 x − a sin !, 2 <!< 1 2 sin 2 ! − cos 2 !
2 2

" "
sa 2 1 x 2 x − a tan !, 2 ,!, 1 1 tan 2 ! − sec 2 !
2 2

" 3"
sx 2 2 a 2 x − a sec !, 0 < ! , or " < ! , sec 2 ! 2 1 − tan 2 !
2 2

s9 2 x 2
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate y dx .
x2

SOLUTION Let x − 3 sin !, where 2"y2 < ! < "y2. Then dx − 3 cos ! d! and

s9 2 x 2 − s9 2 9 sin 2 ! − s9 cos 2 ! − 3 cos ! − 3 cos ! | |

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 SECTION 7.3 Trigonometric Substitution 487

(Note that cos ! > 0 because 2"y2 < ! < "y2.) Thus the Inverse Substitution Rule
gives

s9 2 x 2 3 cos !
y x2
dx − y
9 sin 2!
3 cos ! d!

cos 2 !
−y d! − y cot 2 ! d!
sin 2 !

− y scsc 2 ! 2 1d d!

− 2cot ! 2 ! 1 C

Since this is an indefinite integral, we must return to the original variable x. This can be
3 done either by using trigonometric identities to express cot ! in terms of sin ! − xy3
x or by drawing a diagram, as in Figure 1, where ! is interpreted as an angle of a right
triangle. Since sin ! − xy3, we label the opposite side and the hypotenuse as having
¨
lengths x and 3. Then the Pythagorean Theorem gives the length of the adjacent side as
9-≈
œ„„„„„
s9 2 x 2 , so we can simply read the value of cot ! from the figure:
FIGURE 1
x s9 2 x 2
sin ! − cot ! −
3 x

(Although ! . 0 in the diagram, this expression for cot ! is valid even when ! , 0.)
Since sin ! − xy3, we have ! − sin21sxy3d and so

y
s9 2 x 2
x2
dx − 2
s9 2 x 2
x
2 sin21
x
3
SD 1C

EXAMPLE 2 Find the area enclosed by the ellipse

x2 y2
1 −1
a2 b2
y SOLUTION Solving the equation of the ellipse for y, we get
(0, b)
y2 x2 a2 2 x2 b
2 − 1 2 2 − or y−6 sa 2 2 x 2
(a, 0) b a a2 a
0 x
Because the ellipse is symmetric with respect to both axes, the total area A is four
times the area in the first quadrant (see Figure 2). The part of the ellipse in the first
quadrant is given by the function

b
FIGURE 2 y− sa 2 2 x 2 0<x<a
2 2
a
x y
1 2 −1
a2 b b
−y
1 a
and so 4A sa 2 2 x 2 dx
0 a

To evaluate this integral we substitute x − a sin !. Then dx − a cos ! d!. To change

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488 CHAPTER 7 Techniques of Integration

the limits of integration we note that when x − 0, sin ! − 0, so ! − 0; when x − a,

sin ! − 1, so ! − "y2. Also

sa 2 2 x 2 − sa 2 2 a 2 sin 2 ! − sa 2 cos 2 ! − a cos ! − a cos ! | |

since 0 < ! < "y2. Therefore

b b
y y
a "y2
A−4 sa 2 2 x 2 dx − 4 a cos ! ? a cos ! d!
a 0 a 0

− 4ab y cos 2 ! d! − 4ab y

"y2 "y2 1

0 0
2 s1 1 cos 2!d d!

− 2ab ! 1 12 sin 2!f g

"y2
0
− 2ab S "
2
1 0 2 0 − "ab D
We have shown that the area of an ellipse with semiaxes a and b is "ab. In particular,
taking a − b − r, we have proved the famous formula that the area of a circle with
radius r is "r 2.

NOTE Since the integral in Example 2 was a definite integral, we changed the limits
of integration and did not have to convert back to the original variable x.

1
EXAMPLE 3 Find y dx.
x sx 2 1 4
2

SOLUTION Let x − 2 tan !, 2"y2 , ! , "y2. Then dx − 2 sec 2 ! d! and

sx 2 1 4 − s4stan 2 ! 1 1d − s4 sec 2 ! − 2 sec ! − 2 sec ! | |

So we have
dx 2 sec 2 ! d! 1 sec !
y x sx 1 4
2 2
− y 4 tan ! ? 2 sec !
2
−
4
y tan 2 !
d!

To evaluate this trigonometric integral we put everything in terms of sin ! and cos !:

sec ! 1 cos 2 ! cos !

2 − ? 2 −
tan ! cos ! sin ! sin 2 !

Therefore, making the substitution u − sin !, we have

dx 1 cos ! 1 du
y x sx 1 4
22
−
4
y 2
sin !
d! −
4
y u2

œ„„„„„
≈+4
−
1
4
S D 2
1
u
1C−2
1
4 sin !
1C

x csc !
−2 1C
4
¨
2 We use Figure 3 to determine that csc ! − sx 2 1 4 yx and so
FIGURE 3
dx sx 2 1 4
tan ! −
x y x 2sx 2 1 4
−2
4x
1C
2

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 SECTION 7.3 Trigonometric Substitution 489

x
EXAMPLE 4 Find y dx.
sx 2 1 4
SOLUTION It would be possible to use the trigonometric substitution x − 2 tan ! here
(as in Example 3). But the direct substitution u − x 2 1 4 is simpler, because then
du − 2x dx and
x 1 du
y sx 1 4
dx −
2 2
y su
− su 1 C − sx 2 1 4 1 C

NOTE Example 4 illustrates the fact that even when trigonometric substitutions are
possible, they may not give the easiest solution. You should look for a simpler method
first.
dx
EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate y , where a . 0.
sx 2 a 2 2

SOLUTION 1 We let x − a sec !, where 0 , ! , "y2 or " , ! , 3"y2. Then

dx − a sec ! tan ! d! and

sx 2 2 a 2 − sa 2 ssec 2 ! 2 1d − sa 2 tan 2 ! − a tan ! − a tan ! | |

Therefore
dx a sec ! tan !
y −y d! − y sec ! d! − ln sec ! 1 tan ! 1 C | |
sx 2 a22 a tan !

The triangle in Figure 4 gives tan ! − sx 2 2 a 2 ya, so we have

x

Z Z
œ„„„„„
≈-a@
dx x sx 2 2 a 2
¨ y sx 2 a 22
− ln
a
1
a
1C
a

FIGURE 4 |
− ln x 1 sx 2 2 a 2 2 ln a 1 C |
x
sec ! − Writing C1 − C 2 ln a, we have
a
dx
1 y sx 2 a 2
2 |
− ln x 1 sx 2 2 a 2 1 C1 |
SOLUTION 2 For x . 0 the hyperbolic substitution x − a cosh t can also be used.
Using the identity cosh 2 y 2 sinh 2 y − 1, we have

sx 2 2 a 2 − sa 2 scosh 2 t 2 1d − sa 2 sinh 2 t − a sinh t

Since dx − a sinh t dt, we obtain

dx a sinh t dt
y sx 2 2 a 2
−y
a sinh t
− y dt − t 1 C

Since cosh t − xya, we have t − cosh21sxyad and

2 y sx
dx
2
2 a 2
− cosh21
x
a
SD 1C

Although Formulas 1 and 2 look quite different, they are actually equivalent by
Formula 3.11.4.

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490 CHAPTER 7 Techniques of Integration

NOTE As Example 5 illustrates, hyperbolic substitutions can be used in place of trig-

onometric substitutions and sometimes they lead to simpler answers. But we usually use
trigonometric substitutions because trigonometric identities are more familiar than hyper-
bolic identities.

x3
EXAMPLE 6 Find y
3s3y2
As Example 6 shows, trigonometric dx.
substitution is sometimes a good idea
0 s4x 1 9d3y2
2

when sx 2 1 a 2 d ny2 occurs in an integral,

where n is any integer. The same is SOLUTION First we note that s4x 2 1 9d3y2 − ss4x 2 1 9 d3 so trigonometric substitu-
true when sa 2 2 x 2 d ny2 or sx 2 2 a 2 d ny2 tion is appropriate. Although s4x 2 1 9 is not quite one of the expressions in the table
occur. of trigonometric substitutions, it becomes one of them if we make the preliminary
substitution u − 2x. When we combine this with the tangent substitution, we have
x − 32 tan !, which gives dx − 32 sec 2 ! d! and

s4x 2 1 9 − s9 tan 2 ! 1 9 − 3 sec !

When x − 0, tan ! − 0, so ! − 0; when x − 3s3 y2, tan ! − s3 , so ! − "y3.

27
x3 3
"y3 8 tan !
y 3y2 dx − y
3s3y2 3
2 sec 2 ! d!
0 s4x 1 9d
2
0 27 sec3 !

tan 3 ! 3
3 "y3 sin !
y y
3 "y3
− 16 d! − 16 d!
0 sec ! 0 cos2 !

1 2 cos 2!
y
3 "y3
− 16 sin ! d!
0 cos 2!

Now we substitute u − cos ! so that du − 2sin ! d!. When ! − 0, u − 1; when

! − "y3, u − 12. Therefore
2
x3 3 1y2 1 2 u
y y
3s3y2
dx − 216 1 du
0 s4x 2 1 9d3y2 u2

3
− 16 y 1
1y2 3
s1 2 u 22 d du − 16 u1 F G 1
u
1y2

− 163 f( 12 1 2) 2 s1 1 1dg − 323

x
EXAMPLE 7 Evaluate y dx.
s3 2 2x 2 x 2
SOLUTION We can transform the integrand into a function for which trigonometric
substitution is appropriate by first completing the square under the root sign:

3 2 2x 2 x 2 − 3 2 sx 2 1 2xd − 3 1 1 2 sx 2 1 2x 1 1d
− 4 2 sx 1 1d2

This suggests that we make the substitution u − x 1 1. Then du − dx and x − u 2 1, so

x u21
y s3 2 2x 2 x 2
dx − y
s4 2 u 2
du

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 SECTION 7.3 Trigonometric Substitution 491

Figure 5 shows the graphs of the inte- We now substitute u − 2 sin !, giving du − 2 cos ! d! and s4 2 u 2 − 2 cos !, so
grand in Example 7 and its indefinite
integral (with C − 0). Which is which? x 2 sin ! 2 1
3
y s3 2 2x 2 x 2
dx − y
2 cos !
2 cos ! d!

− y s2 sin ! 2 1d d!
_4 2

− 22 cos ! 2 ! 1 C

_5
− 2s4 2 u 2 2 sin21 SDu
2
1C

S D
FIGURE 5
x11
− 2s3 2 2x 2 x 2 2 sin21 1C
2

x dx
1–3 Evaluate the integral using the indicated trigonometric
substitution. Sketch and label the associated right triangle.
17. y sx 2 2 7
dx 18. y fsaxd2 2 b 2 g 3y2
dx
1. y x 2s4 2 x 2
x − 2 sin !
19. y
s1 1 x 2
dx 20. y
x
dx
x s1 1 x 2
x3
2. y sx 1 4
2
dx x − 2 tan !
21. y
0.6 x2
dx 22. y
1
sx 2 1 1 dx
0 s9 2 25x 2 0

sx 2 2 4
3. y x
dx x − 2 sec !
23. y
dx
24. y
1
sx 2 x 2 dx
sx 1 2x 1 5
2 0

x2
4–30 Evaluate the integral. 25. yx 2
s3 1 2x 2 x 2 dx 26. y s3 1 4x 2 4x 2 d3y2
dx
x2
4. y s9 2 x 2
dx
x2 1 1
27. y sx 2 1 2x dx 28. y sx 2 2x 1 2d2
2
dx
sx 2 2 1 x
y y
3
5. dx 6. dx
x4 0 s36 2 x 2 cos t
y x s1 2 x y
"y2
29. 4 dx 30. dt
dx dt
0 s1 1 sin 2 t
y y
a
7. , a.0 8.
0 sa 2 1 x 2 d3y2 t 2st 2 2 16

dx 31. (a) Use trigonometric substitution to show that

y y
3 2y3
9. 10. s4 2 9x 2 dx
2 sx 2 2 1d3y2 0
dx
dt y − ln ( x 1 sx 2 1 a 2 ) 1 C
y y sx 1 a 2
1y2 2 2
11. x s1 2 4x dx 2
12.
0 0
s4 1 t 2
(b) Use the hyperbolic substitution x − a sinh t to show that
sx 2 2 9 dx
y y
SD
1
13. dx 14.
x3 sx 2 1 1d2 dx x
y
0
− sinh21 1C
sx 1 a
2 2 a
y y
dx
a
15. x 2 sa 2 2 x 2 dx 16. 2y3
0 s2y3 x 5s9x 2 2 1 These formulas are connected by Formula 3.11.3.

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492 CHAPTER 7 Techniques of Integration

32. Evaluate (b) Use the figure to give trigonometric interpretations

2
of both terms on the right side of the equation in part (a).
x
y sx 2 1 a 2 d3y2
dx y
a a@-t@
y=œ„„„„„
(a) by trigonometric substitution.
(b) by the hyperbolic substitution x − a sinh t.
¨
33. Find the average value of f sxd − sx 2 1yx, 1 < x < 7. 2 ¨
0 x t
34. Find the area of the region bounded by the hyperbola
9x 2 2 4y 2 − 36 and the line x − 3. 40. The parabola y − 12 x 2 divides the disk x 2 1 y 2 < 8 into two
parts. Find the areas of both parts.
35. Prove the formula A − 12 r 2! for the area of a sector of a
circle with radius r and central angle !. [Hint: Assume 41. A torus is generated by rotating the circle x 2 1 s y 2 Rd2 − r 2
0 , ! , "y2 and place the center of the circle at the about the x-axis. Find the volume enclosed by the torus.
origin so it has the equation x 2 1 y 2 − r 2. Then A is the
42. A charged rod of length L produces an electric field at point
sum of the area of the triangle POQ and the area of the
Psa, bd given by
region PQR in the figure.]
#b
EsPd − y
L2a
dx
y P 2a 4"«0 sx 2 1 b 2 d3y2

where # is the charge density per unit length on the rod and
«0 is the free space permittivity (see the figure). Evaluate the
integral to determine an expression for the electric field EsPd.
¨
O Q R x y
P (a, b)

; 36. Evaluate the integral 0 L x

dx
y x 4 sx 2 2 2
43. Find the area of the crescent-shaped region (called a lune)
Graph the integrand and its indefinite integral on the bounded by arcs of circles with radii r and R. (See the figure.)
same screen and check that your answer is reasonable.

37. Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating

about the x-axis the region enclosed by the curves r
y − 9ysx 2 1 9d, y − 0, x − 0, and x − 3.
R
38. Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating
about the line x − 1 the region under the curve
y − x s1 2 x 2 , 0 < x < 1.
44. A water storage tank has the shape of a cylinder with diam-
39. (a) Use trigonometric substitution to verify that eter 10 ft. It is mounted so that the circular cross-sections are
vertical. If the depth of the water is 7 ft, what percentage of
y
x
sa 2 2 t 2 dt − 12 a 2 sin21sxyad 1 12 x sa 2 2 x 2 the total capacity is being used?
0

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.