RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 2.

Oropharynx – behind mouth, soft palate to

hyoid bone
✓ tonsils
Functions of the Respiratory System
3. Laryngopharynx – hyoid bone to esophagus
✓ Air Distributor
✓ Gas exchanger
✓ Filters, warms, and humidifies air
STRUCTURES OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY
✓ Influences speech
✓ Allows for sense of smell
Larynx (voice box) – root of tongue to upper end of
trachea
DIVISION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ✓ Made of cartilage
✓ 2 pairs of folds
1. Vestibular (false vocal cords)
Upper Respiratory Tract Lower Respiratory Tract
2. True Vocal cords
Nose Trachea
Nasal Cavity Bronchial Tree
Sinuses Lungs
Pharynx
Larynx

STRUCTURES OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY

Nose – warms and moistens air

✓ Palatine bone separates nasal cavity from
mouth
✓ Cleft Palate – palatine bone does not form
correctly, difficulty in swallowing and speaking
Septum – separates right and left nostrils
✓ rich blood supply = nose bleeds
Sinuses – air containing spaces that open/drain into
nose to lower the weight of the skull

Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)

✓ larger in males due to testosterone.
Epiglottis
✓ flap of skin (hatch) on trachea, moves when
swallowing and speaking
✓ Closes off trachea when swallowing food

Trachea (windpipe)
✓ Larynx to bronchi
Pharynx (throat) ✓ Consists of smooth cartilage and C shaped
o base of the skull to esophagus rings of cartilage
o changes shape to allow for sounds = ✓ Tracheostomy – cutting of an opening in
phonation trachea to allow breathing
3 divisions
1. Nasopharynx – behind nose to soft palate
✓ Adenoids swell and block
Bronchi
✓ Tubes that branch off trachea and enter lungs
✓ Ciliated – why
✓ Branches
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Bronchioles
✓ Bronchioles branch into microscopic
alveolar ducts, terminates into
alveolar sac
✓ Gas exchange with blood occurs in
sacs

When you inhale (breathe in), air enters your lungs,

and oxygen from that air moves to your blood. At the
same time, carbon dioxide, a waste gas, moves from
your blood to the lungs and is exhaled (breathed out).
This process, called gas exchange, is essential to life.
Inhalation process (Summary)

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
Lungs
✓ Extend from diaphragm to clavicles
Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing)
✓ Divided into lobes by fissures
✓ Mechanism
✓ Visceral pleura adheres to the lungs
➢ Movement of gases through a pressure
✓ Pleurisy = inflammation of the pleural
gradient – high to low
lining
➢ When atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg) >
lung pressure = air flows in (inspiration)
➢ When lung pressure > atmospheric pressure
= air flows out (expiration)
➢ Pressure gradients are established by
changes in thoracic cavity
Increase size in thorax = decrease in pressure (air
moves in)
Decrease size in thorax = increase in pressure (air VOLUMES OF AIR EXCHANGE
moves out)
Tidal Volume
✓ amount of air exhaled normally after a typical
inspiration
✓ normal amount – about 500 mL
Expiratory Reserve Volume
✓ additional amount of air forcibly expired after
tidal expiration
✓ 1000 – 1200 mL
Inspiratory Reserve volume (deep breath)
✓ amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled over
and above normal
Residual volume
✓ amount of air that stays trapped in the alveoli
✓ about 1.2 liters
Vital capacity
✓ Largest volume of air an individual can move in
and out of the lungs
✓ sum of IRV + TV + ERV
✓ Depends on many factors
▪ Size of thoracic cavity
▪ Posture
▪ Volume of blood in lungs (congestive
Inspiration heart failure, emphysema, disease)
✓ contraction of diaphragm and intercostal Eupnea
✓ Normal quiet breathing
✓ 12 – 20 cpm
Hyperpnea (deep breathing)
✓ Increase in breathing to meet an increased
demand by body for oxygen
Hyperventilation (fast breathing)
✓ increase in pulmonary ventilation in excess of
the need for oxygen
✓ Someone hysterical or in exertion breathes into
paper bag
Hypoventilation
muscles ✓ decrease in pulmonary ventilation
Apnea
✓ temporary cessation of breathing at the end of
Exhalation normal expiration
✓ relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal
muscles
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES

Risk Factors for Respiratory Disease

✓ Smoking (single most important contributor to
lung disease)
✓ Personal or family history of lung disease
✓ Occupation (heavy industry, mining, chemical
industry)
✓ Allergens and environmental pollutants
✓ Recreational exposure
✓ Smoke inhalation
Risks are increased if risk factors are multiplied
 MANIFESTATIONS OF PULMONARY DISEASE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
(COPD)
Sneezing – reflex response to irritation of upper
respiratory tract It is an umbrella term used to describe two primary
Coughing – reflex response to irritation of lower types of obstructive lung disease that used to be
respiratory tract classified separately; emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Sputum production
Emphysema
✓ If yellowish – green = infection
✓ develops when the tiny air sacs in the lungs
✓ If rusty (blood + pus) = pneumococcal
(alveoli) become damaged and less elastic. This
pneumonia
reduces the ability of the sacs to move oxygen
✓ If bloody (hemoptysis, usually frothy) = TB and
and other gases between the air that is breathed
cancer
in and the blood.
✓ Large amounts and foul = bronchiectasis
✓ This can lead to a lack of oxygen in the blood
(airways of the lungs become widened, leading
(hypoxia) and build of toxic waste products
to build up of excess mucus that can make the
Chronic Bronchitis
lungs more vulnerable to infection)
✓ is a condition where the lining of the bronchial
✓ Thick and sticky = asthma, cystic fibrosis
tubes become irritated and inflamed. The
(inherited disease caused by defective gene. It
swelling can make it more difficult to breathe
affects that cell that produce mucus, sweat,
and cause an overproduction of mucus
and digestive juices)
Common Symptoms
Breathing patterns
✓ Frequent/chronic cough
✓ labored (dyspnea)
✓ Cough that produces a lot of mucus
✓ wheezing
✓ Wheezing
✓ crackles
✓ Squeaking or whistling sound when you breathe
Breath sounds
✓ Shortness of breath that is worse with activity
✓ rales
✓ Tightness in your chest
✓ rhonchi
✓ Sensitivity to respiratory infections like colds or
✓ decreased breath sounds
the flue
Dyspnea
✓ Weight loss
✓ discomfort feeling when can’t get enough air
✓ Weakness
✓ Swelling in your legs and feet
✓ Cyanosis in lips and fingernails
COMMON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES
Asthma TB
COPD Bronchitis
BRONCHITIS
Cystic Fibrosis Pneumonia
Lung Cancer Emphysema
It is a condition that develops when the windpipe
(bronchial tube) gets irritated or inflamed.
ASTHMA
In response to the inflammation, the lining of the
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes bronchial tube may make too much mucus as it tries to
breathing problems when the airways become coat the area. The mucus can make it difficult to breathe.
narrowed by inflammation or blocked by mucus. Inflammation can also cause swelling of the airway. This
will cause it narrow and makes it harder to breathe.
The condition’s severity varies from person to person,
but most people take daily preventive medication to Bronchitis can be acute or chronic
control their symptoms and prevent flare - ups Acute Bronchitis
Who are at higher risk? ✓ The inflammation is inflammation is usually
✓ People with a family history of asthma; caused by an infection that will get better in a
✓ People with respiratory allergies, or; few days to several weeks
✓ people with severe childhood respiratory illness Chronic Bronchitis
Symptoms ✓ the inflammation is caused by repeated
✓ Wheezing exposure to irritants – like cigarette smoke or
✓ Coughing pollution. Chronic bronchitis does not go away.
✓ Tightness in the chest You may have periods of relief along with
✓ Shortness of breath periods where it gets worse (exacerbations),
especially if you get a cold or another
respiratory infection
 Other symptoms include
✓ A cough that lasts longer than three weeks
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
✓ Weight loss
✓ Poor appetite
It is a genetic condition that cause both breathing and ✓ A cough that brings up blood or mucus
digestive problems because the disease makes the ✓ Weakness
mucus in the body very thick. While the disease can ✓ Fatigue
involve several organs, it tends to cause specific ✓ Fever
problems in the lungs, such as blockages ✓ Night Sweats
Since cystic fibrosis can affect many parts of the PNEUMONIA
body, a wide range of symptoms can develop, such
as:
It is a generic diagnosis. Even though there are different
✓ A cough that does not go away
types of pneumonia, the way that the condition affects
✓ A cough that produces thick mucus or blood
the lungs is similar in each one. With pneumonia, a virus,
✓ Wheezing
bacteria, or another infectious agent causes the tiny air
✓ Shortness of breath
sacs in the lungs (alveoli) to fill with fluid or pus.
✓ Frequent respiratory or sinus infections
✓ Nasal Polyps These air sacs are what help exchange oxygen and other
✓ Slow growth in childhood or poor weight gain gases between the air that is breathed in and the blood.
✓ Constipation When these sacs are filled with fluid, the body’s ability to
✓ Greasy or foul-smelling tools exchange gases is reduced.
Types of Pneumonia
✓ Viral
LUNG CANCER
✓ Bacterial
✓ Mycoplasma (Walking Pneumonia)
It is one of the most common types of cancer. It can ✓ Fungal
develop as either small cell lung cancer or non-small cell ✓ Aspiration
lung cancer, which is the more common of the two.
In some types of pneumonia, such as walking
Biggest risk factor pneumonia, the symptoms can be mild and not affect
✓ Cigarette smoking (both direct and daily activities. However, the symptoms of pneumonia
secondhand) can be severed and, in some cases, will require
Lung cancer can develop gradually and often with hospitalization.
no symptoms. When it does appear, symptoms may
Common symptoms are
include:
✓ Fever
✓ Chest pain
✓ Chills
✓ Chronic cough
✓ Cough that produces phlegm
✓ Difficulty breathing
✓ Shortness of breath
✓ Wheezing
✓ Chest pain when you cough or breathe
✓ Hoarseness
✓ Nausea
✓ Weight loss
✓ Vomiting
✓ Fatigue or weakness
✓ Diarrhea

TUBERCULOSIS

It is a bacterial lung disease caused by Myobacterium

tuberculosis.
People with strong immune systems sometime carry an
inactive form of the disease, called latent tuberculosis.
In people with weaker immune system, the bacteria
attacks lung tissue. It can also spread and cause
damage to other parts of the body
Many respiratory diseases share symptoms, such as
long-term cough. Certain symptoms are specific to one
disease or another. For example, night sweats tend to
occur in people with tuberculosis.