DIFFERENTATION

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DIFFERENTIATION

The process of finding derivatives is called differentiation. So what is derivative ?

Loosely speaking derivative is a measure of how a function changes as its input changes.
The derivative of a function /differentiation is also called the differential coefficeint (d.c) of f(x).

change in y
Derivative  lim
h0 change in x

i.e. the rate of change of y with respect to the change in value of x.

Some notations of derivatives are

dy d
f , f (x),. , f (x )
dx dx

The derivative of the function f with respect to the variable x is the function f  whose value of
x is

f (x  h )  f (x )
f ( x )  lim provided that limit exists.
h 0 h

Differ en t ia b ilit y

Before going to find the derivatives of some functions we need to check whether they are
differentiable or not.

For this we need to prove that R.H.L.(Right Hand Limit) & L.H.L. (Left Hand Limit) exists are
and equal.

To find R.H.K. & L.H.L. at a point x  a .

R.H.L.

f ( a  h)  f ( a) f (a  h )  f (a )
lim = lim
h 0 (a  h)  h h 0 h

L.H.L.

f ( a  h)  f ( a) f (a  h )  f (a )
lim = lim
h 0 (a  h)  a h 0 h

for a function to be differentiable at x = a.

R.H.L. = L.H.L. = k (a finite number)

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Illustration 1
x 1
If f ( x)  2 when x  1
2x 7 x  5

1
  , when x = 1
3

Then find f ´(1) [IITă79]

Solution :
From defintion
f (1  h)  f (1)
f (1)  lim ...(1)
h0 h

1
Given f (1)  
3

x 1
 f ( x)  2
, when x  1
2x 7x 5

1 h1
 f (1  h) 
2(1  h )2  7(1  h )  5

h h h 1
 2   
2(1  2 h  h )  7  7 h  5 2h2  3h h(2 h  3) 2 h  3

 from (i),

1 1
 2h 2 2
f (1)  lim 2h  3 3  lim 3  2h  3  lim  lim  .
h0 h h0 3(2h  3)h h 0 3 h(2 h  3) h 0 3(2h  3) 9

Illustration 2

2 1
f ( x )  x sin when x  0
x
= 0, when x = 0. then find the d.c. of f (x) at x = 0.
Solution :
By defintion d.c. of (x) at x = 0, i.e.

f (0  h)  f (0) f (h)  f (0)

f (0)  lim  lim
h0 h h0 h

1
h2 sin 0  1 
 1  sin h  1 
h 1
 lim  lim h sin  0  
h 0 h h 0 h

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Illustration 3
Is |x| differetiable at x = 0 ?
Solution :

Let f (x )  x (i)

 f (0)  0  0

Now d.c. of f (x ) at x = 0

f (0  h )  f (0) f (h ) f (0)
 lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h

f (0  h)  f (0)
L.H.L  lt
h 0 h

f ( h)  f (0)
 lt
h 0 h

h
 lt (as h  0) = ă1
h 0 h

f (0  h)  f (0)
R.H.L.  lt
h 0 h

f (h )  f (0)
 lt
h 0 h

h
 lt 1
h 0 h
R.H.L  L.H.L
Hence |x| is not differentiable at x = 0

Illustration 4
Show that the function f (x ) = |x2 ă 4| is not differentiab x = 2.
Solution :

x2  4 : x  2

f ( x)  4  x2 : 2  x  2
 2
 x  4 : x 2

 f (2)  22  4  0

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f (2  h)  f (2)
Lf (2)  lim
h 0 h

4  (2  h )2  0 4 h  h2
 lim  lim  lim (h  4)   4
h0 h h 0 h h0

f (2  h )  f (2)
Rf (2)  lim
h0 h

(2  h) 2  4  2
 lim    lim h  4 h  lim (h  4)  4
h0 h h0 h h0

 Lf (2)  Rf (2) .
Hence f(x) is not differentiable at x = 2.

Illustration 5
Show that the function

f ( x )  ( x 2  1) x 2  3 x  2  cos  x  is not differentiable at x = 2.

Solution :

Here cos  x   cos  x  cos x

f ( x)  ( x2  1)( x2  3 x  2)  cos x , 1  x2

 (x2  1)(x2  3x  2)  cos x , x  1 or x  2

Clearly, f (1)  cos1, lim f ( x)  cos1

x 1

f(2) = cos 2, lim f ( x)  cos 2

x 2

Hence f(x) is continuous at x = 1,2

Now f (x)   2x(x2  3x  2)  (x2  1)(2x  3)  sin x , 1 x 2

 2 x( x2  3 x  2)  ( x2  1)(2 x  3)  sin x , x  1 or x  2

f (1  0)   sin1, f  (1 0)   sin1

f (2  0)  3  sin 2

f (2  0)  3  sin 2
Hence f(x) is not differentiable at x = 2.

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Illustration 6
If [x] denotes the integral part of x and in (0,  ), we define

 2(sin x  sin n x )  sin x  sin n x 

f ( x)   , x 
 2(sin x  sin n x)  sin x  sin n x  2
 


= 3, x  .
2


Then for n > 1, show that f (x) is continuous and differentiable at x  .
2
Solution :

 
For 0 x  or  x  ,
2 2

0  sin x  1

 for n  1, sin x  sinn x

 3(sin x  sinn x)  
f ( x)     3, x 
 n
 sin x  sin x  2


 3, x
2
Thus, in (0, ), f (x)  3.


Hence f(x) is continuous and differentiable at x  .
2

Illustration 7
If f (x) = 2 ă x , when x < 2
= x ă 2, when x > 2
then is f(x) differentiable at x = 2 ?
Solution :
[Here we have to find the d.c. of f(x) at x = 2 and f(x) is different when x  2 and when x  2 ,
therefore we will have to find L.H. derivative and R.H. derivative separately.]
Given, f (2)  2  2  0
L.H. Derivative : In this case h < 0;
 2h  2

 f (2  h)  2  (2  h)   h
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f (2  h)  f (2) h  0
Now, f (2  0)  lim  lim  1
h 0 h h0 h
R.H. Derivative : In this case h > 0
 2h  2

 f (2  h)  2  h  2  h .

(2  h)  f (2) h0
Now, f (2  0)  lim f  lim 1
h 0 h h 0 h

 f (2  0)  f (2  0)
Hence, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

Illustration 8
Let f (x) be defined in the interval [ ă 2, 2] such that

 1 ; 2  x  0
f ( x)  
x  1 ; 0 x  2

and g (x )  f  x   f (x ) . Test the differentiability of g (x ) in (-2,2)

Solution :

Consider f  x 
The given interval is 2  x  2

Replace x by x to get :

2  x  2  0  x 2

Hence f  x  can be obtained by substituting x in place of x in x  1 [see defintion of f(x)].

 f  x   x  1;  2  x  2 ...(1)

Consider f ( x)

 1 ; 2  x  2
Now f ( x)    1 ; 0  x2
 x

1 ; 2  x  0
 f ( x)   ...(2)
 x  1 ; 0  x2

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Adding (1) and (2), we get

 x  1  1 ;  2  x 0
f  x  f (x )   
 x  1  x 1 ; 0  x 2

 x ; 2  x  0
 g( x)  
 x 1  x 1 ; 0  x 2

On further simplification

x ; 2  x  0

g( x)   x  1  1  x ; 0  x 1
x 1 x 1 ; 1 x  2


 x ; 2  x  0

g ( x)  0 ; 0  x 1
2 x  2 ; 1  x2


For x  0 and x  1 , g(x) is a differentiable function because it is a linear polynomial.

At x = 0

g(0  h)  g(0)
Lg(O)  lim
h 0 h

 ( h )  0
 lim  1
h 0 h

g (0  h)  g (0)
Rg (0)  lim
h 0 h

0 0
 lim 0
h0 h

 Lg(0)  Rg(0) . Therefore g(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

At x = 1

g (1  h )  g (1) 0 0
Lg(1)  lim  lim 0
h 0 h h0  h

g (1  h)  g (1) 2(1  h)  2  0
Rg (1)  lim  lim 2
h 0 h h 0 h

 Lg(1)  Rg(1) .
Therefore g(x) is not differential at x = 1.
Hence g(x) is not differentiable at x = 0,1 in (ă2,2).

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W h en d oes a F u nct ion n ot ha ve a Der iva t ive a t a P oin t ?
A function ha s a d er iva tive a t a poi nt x0 if the sl ope of the ta ng ent lin es from left ha nd side
is equa l to slope of tangent from Right ha nd side a nd atains a finite value.

P2

a c d
b P4 X
P5 Jump
P1 P3 discontinuity

Case-I.
At P1
Slope of tangent from LHS = slope of tangent from RHS
 function is differentiable at x = a

Case-II
At P2
Slope of tangent from LHS  Slope of tangent from RHS
but LHL = RHL
Therefore, function is continuous but non-differentiable.

Case-III
At P3
Slope of tangent from LHL  
Slope of tangent from LHL  
but LHL = RHL
Therefore, function is continuous & non-differentiable.

Case-IV
At P4
Its vertical tangent
Slope of tangent from LHS = Slope of tangent from RHS
but slope   or 
Therefore, its not differentiable.

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Case-V
At P5
Discontinuity
Therefore , its neither continuous nor differentiable
Therefore, we conclude
For a function to be d ifferentia ble, it must be continuous but vice-versa is not true.

Illustration 9

   1 1 
 x exp      , x0
Let f ( x)     x x  [IIT ă 97]

0 x 0

Test whether (a) f (x ) is continuous at x = 0

(b) f (x) is differentiable at x = 0
Solution : Here

   1 1 
 x exp      , x0
f ( x)    
  x x 

0 x 0

  1  1 
x e  x x  , x0

   1  1   x  0 
  x,
 f (x )  xe  x x  x 0  x   
0,    x, x  0 
x0




 xe 2/ x, x  0

 f (x )   x, x 0 ...(i)
0, x0

(a) To check continuity of f ( x) at x = 0

LHL  lim f (x )  lim x  lim (0  h )  0

x 0 x 0 h 0

h
RHL  lim f ( x)  lim xe2 / x  lim  0, f (0)  0
x 0 x 0 h0 e2 / h

 f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

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(b) Checking for discontinuity at x = 0

f (0  h )  f (0)
LHD  Lf (0)  lim , h 0
h 0 h

( h)  0
 lim 1
h 0 h

f (0  h )  f (0)
RHD  Lf (0)  lim
h 0 h

he2/ h  0
 lim  lim e2/ h
h 0 h h 0

 e   0

 Lf (0)  Rf (0)
Therefore, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

Illustration 1 0
Show that the function f (x) is continuous at x = 0 but its derivative does not exists at x = 0
if

 x sin(log x ) ;
2
x0
f ( x)  
 0 ; x0

Solution :
Test for Continuity :

LHL  hlim f (0 h )  lim ( h )sin log( h )2

 0 h 0

  lim h sin log h2

h 0

2
As h  0 , log h   .

Hence sin log h 2 oscillates between -1 & +1.

 LHL   hlim (h )  lim (sin log h2 )

0 h 0

  0  (number between  1 &  1)  0

RHL  hlim
0
f (0  h )

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 lim h sin log h 2  lim h lim sin log h 2

h 0 h 0 h 0

 0  (oscillating between -1 & +1)=0

f (0)  0 (Given)

 LHL = RHL = f(0)

Hence f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

Test for Differentiability :

f (0  h)  f (0)
Lf (0)  lim
h 0 h

 h sin log( h)2  0

 lim
h 0 h

 lim sin(log h2 )
h 0

As the expression oscillates between -1 and +1, the limit does not exists.
Hence the function is not differentiable at x = 0.
Note :
As LHD is undefined there is no need to check RHD for differentiability as for differentiability
both LHD and RHD should be defined and equal.

Illustration 1 1

e1/ x  1
Check the function f (x )  lim for continuity and differentiability at x = 0.
x0 e 1 / x 1

Solution :

e1/ x 1
Let f ( x)  .
e1/ x 1
Then LHL

= lim f ( x)  lim f (0  h)
 
x 0 h 0

e1/h  1 (1 / e1/h  1) 0 1
 lim  lim   1
h 0 e1/ h 1 h 0 1/ h
(1 / e  1) 0 1

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RHL  lim f (x)  lim f (0  h )

x 0 h 0

e1/h  1 (1  1 / e1/h )
 lim  lim
h 0 e1/h 1 h 0 (1  1 / e1/h )

1 0
 1
1 0
Clearly,

lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)
x0  x0 
.

Hence, xlim
0
f (x ) does not exist.

As xlim
0
f (x ) does not exist function is neither continuous nor differentiable at x = 0.

C alculating Der ivaties using fir st pr inciple

Steps for Calculating f ( x)
Using first principle
1. Write expression for f (x) and f (x  h )
2. Expand and simplify the difference quotient

f ( x  h)  f ( x)
h

3. Using the simplified quotient, find f (x ) by evaluating the limit

f (x  h)  f ( x)
f (x)  lim
h0 h

Illustration 1 2

x
(a) Differentiate f ( x)  ,
x1
(b) Where does the curve y = f (x) have slope ă 1 ?
Solution :
We take the three steps listed above
x
Step-1 : Here we have f ( x) 
x1
and

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y
y= x
x ă1
3
( x  h) 2 (2,2)
f ( x  h)  , so
( x  h)  1 Slope ă 1
1
Slope ă 1
x
ă2 ă1(0,0) 1 2 3
ă1
ă2

x h x
(  )  ( ) 
Step-2. f x h f x x  h  1 x  1

h h

1 ( x  h)( x  1)  x( x  h  1)
 .
h ( x  h  1)( x  1)

1 h
 . , and
h (x  h  1)(x  1)

Step-3.

1 1
f  (x)  lim 
h0 ( x  h  1)( x  1) ( x  1)2

(b) The slope of y  f (x ) will be -1 provided

1
  1 .
( x  1)2

This equation is equivalent to (x  1)2  1, so x  2 or x  0 .

Illustration 1 3

(a) Find the derivative of y  x for x > 0.

(b) Find the tangent line to the curve y  x at x = 4.

Solution :
Step-1 : f (x )  x and f (x  h )  x h

f ( x  h)  f ( x) x h  x x h  x
Step-2 :  Multiply by
h h x h  x
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(x  h )  x

h  x h  x 
1

x h  x

1 1
Step-3 : f ( x)  lim 
h 0  x h  x 2 x

y
x)
1 /(2 y´
m= y= x
y´ = 1
2 x

x
x 0 x
0 x

1
The graph of (a) y  x and (b) y  , x  0 . The function is defined at x = 0, but its
2 x
derivatives is not.
y
y = 1 x+1
4

(4,2) y= x
1

x
0 4

(b) The slope of the curve at x  4 is

dy 1 1
 
dx x 4 2 x x 4 4

The tangent is the line through the point (4,2) with slope 1/4.

1
y  2  ( x  4)
4

1
y x  1.
4

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O t her way :

dy
Also as we know that is defined as rate of change of y w.r.t. change in x
dx

dy rate of change of y
i.e. 
dx rate of change of x

y
 lim
x0 x

f ( x  x)  f ( x)
 lim
x 0 x

Now we will solve questions based on this formula.

Illustration 1 4

x0
Find d.c. of sec from the first principle.
3

Solution :

x0 x   0 
Let y  sec  sec .  [ 1  rad ]
3  3 180  180


 y  sec kx , where k  ...(i)
540

Let  x be a small change in x and  y be the corresponding change in y, then

y   y  sec k(x   x) ...(ii)

Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
 y  seck (x   x )  seckx

1 1
 
cos k( x   x) cos kx

cos kx  cos k( x   x)

cos kxcos k( x   x)

2 kx  k x k x
2sin sin
 2 2
cos kxcos k( x   x)

DIFF ERENTIATION
18 MARKS

2 kx  k x k x
 y 2sin 2
sin
2
 
 x  x .coskx cosk (x   x )

2 kx  k x k x
2sin sin
y 2 2 .k
lim  lim .
  x0  x  x0 cos kx cos k(x   x ) k  x 2
2

sin kx
 . k  ksec kx.tan kx
cos kxcos kx

dy  x0 x0  x0
Hence,  sec .tan [ k  and kx rad .  ]
dx 540 3 3 540 3

Illustration 1 5
Find the d.c. of cos x2 from the first principle.
Solution :

Let y  cos x2 ...(i)

Let  x be a small change in x and  y be the corresponding change in y, then

y   y  cos(x   x )2 ...(ii)
Substituting (i) from (ii), we get

 y  cos(x   x )2  cosx 2

( x   x)2  x2 x2  ( x   x)2
 2sin sin
2 2

(x   x) 2  x 2 x 2  ( x   x) 2
2sin sin
 y 2 2

x x

( x  x   x)(x  x   x)
sin
y (x   x)2  x2 2
  2sin .
x 2 x

 2 x   x  
2 sin 
2  x 
( x   x)  x  2  
  sin . (2x   x )
2  2x   x 
  x
 2 

DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 19

y x2  x2
 lim  sin .1.2 x   2 xsin x 2
 x0  x 2

dy
  2 x sin x2 .
dx

Illustration 1 6

Find the d.c. of sin x from the first principle.

Solution :

Let y  sin x

Let  x be a small change in x and  y be the corresponding change in y, then

y y  sin(x   x ) ...(ii)

Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get

 y  sin(x   x )  sin x


 sin(x  x )  sin x  sin(x  x )  sin x 
sin( x   x)  sin x

2x   x x
2cossin
sin( x   x)  sin x 2 2
 
sin( x   x)  sin x sin( x   x)  sin x

2x  x x
y 2cos sin
 2 2
 .
x sin( x  x)  sin x  x

2x  x
2cos
y 2
 lim  lim .
 x0  x  x0 sin( x   x)  sin x

 x
 sin 2  1
lim  .
 x0   x  2
 
 2 

dy 2cos x 1 cos x
Hence,  .1.  .
dx 2 sin x 2 2 sin x

DIFF ERENTIATION
20 MARKS

Illustration 1 7
Find the d.c. of loga x from the first principle.
Solution :

Let y  log a x  log e x.loga e

 y  k log x , where log ae  k ...(i)

Let  x be a small change in x and  y be the corresponding change in y, then

y   y  k log(x   x ) ...(ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get

 x  x 
 y  k log(x   x)  log x   k log  
 x 

 x   x 1   x  2 1   x 3 
 k log   x    x  2  x   3  x   ...
1 k
       

 x 
3
1  x 1  x
 k. 1  .     ... 
x  2 x 3  x  

k  1 x 1  x  
2
y
lim  lim 1     ... 
  x0  x  x0 x  2 x 3 x  
 

dy k log ae
Hence   [  k  log a e ]
dx x x

d log e
a
 (loga x )  .
dx x

Illustration 1 8

Differentiatie cos 1(3 x  2) by delta method.

Solution :

Let y  cos 1 (3x  2)

 3x  2  cos y

DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 21

 3x  cos y  2

1
 x (cos y  2)
3

Let x be small change in x and y be corresponding change in y.

1
Then, x  x  [cos( y  y)  2]
3

1 1 1
 x  [cos( y  y )  2]  [cos(y )  2]  [cos( y  y)  cos y ]
3 3 3

Divding both sides by y , we get

x 1 cos( y  y)  cos y

y

3 y

x 1 cos( y  y)  cos y

 lim  lim
 y 0 y  y 0 3 y

 2 y  y  y
2sin  sin 2 1 1
dx 1  2   sin y
 lim   ( sin y) 
 dy  y 0 3 y 2 3 3
2

dy 3 3
 
 dx sin y 1  cos2 y

dy 3

 dx .
1  (3 x  2) 2

Illustration 1 9
Find the derivative of tană1 x 2 by ab-initio method.
Solution :

Let y  tan1 x2

 x2  tan y

 x  tan y

DIFF ERENTIATION
22 MARKS

Let x be small change in x and y be corresponding change in y.

Then, x  x  tan( y  y)

 x  tan(y  y )  x  tan(y  y )  tan y

Dividing both sides by y , we get

x tan(y  y )  tan y

y y

x tan( y  y)  tan y

 lim  lim
 y 0 y  y 0 y

x tan(y  y)  tan y tan(y  y )  tan y

 lim  lim 
 y 0 y  y 0 y tan(y  y)  tan y

tan( y   y)  tan y
 lim
y 0 y [ tan(y  y )  tany ]

tan  y  1  tan( y   y) tan y  1  tan2 y

 lim  
y 0  y  tan(y  y )  tan y  2 tan y
 

dy 2 tan y
 
dx 1  tan 2 y

dy 2x
 
dx 1  ( x 2) 2

dy 2x
 
dx 1  x 4

tan(x)
 lim x 2 [1  tan( x  x) tan x]  ( x  2 x) tan( x  x)
x 0 x

 x 2  1 [1  tan x tan x]  2x tan x  x 2 (1  tan 2 x )  2x tan x

dy
  x2 sec2 x  2x tan x .
dx

DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 23

Illustration 20

Find the derivative of sec(log x) by first principle.

Solution :
Let y  sec(log x) and let y be small change in y corresponding to small change x in x.

Then, y  y  sec(log( x  x))

 y  sec((log(x  x))  y  sec(log(x  y))  sec(log x)

Dividing both sides by  x , we get

y sec(log(x  x ))  sec(log x )

x x

y sec(log(x  x ))  sec(log x )
 lim  lim
 x 0 x  x 0 x

dy sec(log(x  x ))  sec(log x )
  lim
dx  x 0 x

1  1 1 
 lim   
 x 0 x  cos(log( x  x)) cos(log x) 

1 cos(log x )  cos(log(x  x )) 
 lim  
x 0 x  cos(log(x  x )) cos(log x ) 

  log x  log( x  x)   log x  log( x  x)  

2   sin  
1   2   2 
 lim
x 0  x  cos (log( x   x)) cos(log x) 
 
 

 log x  log(x   x)   log x  log( x  x) 

 2sin   sin  
 lim  2   2   log x  log( x  x)
x 0 cos(log(x  x)) cos(log x ) log x  log( x  x) 2 x
2

 log x  log( x  x)   log x  log( x   x) 

2sin   sin   log(x   x) log x
 lim  2   2 
x 0 cos(log( x   x))cos(log x) log x  log(x  x) 2 x
2

DIFF ERENTIATION
24 MARKS

 log x  log( x  x)   log x  log( x  x)   x  x 

2sin   sin   log  x 
 lim  2   2   
x 0 cos(log( x   x))cos(log x) log x  log( x   x) 2 x
2

 log x  log(x  x)   log x  log( x  x)   x 

2sin   sin   log 1  x  1
 lim  2   2   
x 0 cos(log( x  x))cos(log x) log x  log( x   x) x x
2
2 x

log x  log( x   x)
as x  0, 0
2

 log x  log x   2log x 

2sin   sin  
 2  1  1 1  1 =  z   1  sin(log x)  1

cos(log x) cos(log x) 2 x cos2  log x  x cos2 (log x) x

dy sec(log x) tan log( x)

 
dx x

Hence, we end this topic, though this is not that relevent as regard to IIT but it is useful in your
boards preparation. That is the reason we covered it.

DERIVATIVES OF BASIC FUNCTIONS

d
1. (c )  0 , where c is a constant.
dx

d n d n n
2. x  n. xn 1 & x  nx n 1 
dx dx xn1

d x
3. (e )  e x
dx

d x
4. (a )  ax log a
dx

d 1 d 1
5. (log e x)  & (log a x ) 
dx x dx x log e a

d d
6. (sin x)  cos x , (cos x)  sin x
dx dx

DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 25

d d
7. (tan x )  sec2 x , (cot x)   cos ec2 x
dx dx

d d
8. (sec x)  sec x tan x , (cos ecx)   cos ecxcot x
dx dx

d 1 d 1
9. (sin1 x )  , (cos1 x)  for  1  x  1
dx 1  x2 dx 1  x2

d 1 d 1
10. (tan1 x)  , (cot 1 x)   for x  R
dx 1  x2 dx 1  x2

d 1 d 1
(sec1 x)  (cos ec1 x) 
11. dx , dx for x  1
x x2  1 x x2  1

DIFFERENTIATION RULES
P ower s, M u lt ip les, Su ms a n d Differ en ces
The first rule of differentiation is that the derivative of every constant function is zero.
Rule-1. Derivative of a Constant

d
If c is constant, then c0.
dx

d d
Illustration. (10)  0, ( 2)  0
dx dx

The rule (d/dx) (c) = 0 is another way to say that the values of constant functions never change
and that the slope of a horizontal line is zero at every point.

Rule-2. Power Rule for Positive Integers

If n is a positive, then

d n
x  nx n 
1
dx

To apply the Power Rule, we subtract 1 from the origin exponent (n) and multiply the result
by n.
Illustration :

f x x2 x3 x4 ...

f 1 2x 3 x2 4x 3 ...

DIFF ERENTIATION
 26 MARKS
T h e P ower R u le for Nega t ive I n t eger s
The power Rule for negative integers is the same as the rule for positive integers.

Power Rule for Negative Integers

If n is a negative integer and x  0 , then

d n
(x )  nx n 1 .
dx

d 1 d 1 2 1
 ( x )  ( 1) x   2
dx x dx
Illustration :
x

d 4 d 1 12
 3  4 (x )  4( 3) x 4  
dx x  dx x4

Illustration 21

2
Find an equation for the tangent to the curve y  x  .
x
Solution :
The slope of the curve is

dy d d  1  1  2
 ( x)  2    1  2    1 
2
dx dx dx  x   x  x2

The slope at x  1 is

dy  2 
 1  1 2 1 .
dx x 1  x2  x 1

The line through (1,3) with slope m  1 is

y  3  (1)(x  1) Point-slope equation

y  x  1  3

y  x  4 .

Rule-3. The Constant Multiple Rule

If u is a diffeentiable function of x, and c is a constant, then

d du
(cu )  c .
dx dx

DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 27

In particular, if n is a positive integer, then

d
(cx n )  cnxn1 .
dx

d
Illustration : (4 x3)  4.3 x2  12 x2
dx

says that if we rescale the graph of y  x 2 multiplying each y-coordinate by 3, then we multiply
the slope at each point by 3.

Rule 4. The Sum Rule

If u and v are differentiable functions of x, then their sum u + v is differentiable at every point
where u and v are both differentiable. At such points

d du dv
( u  v)   .
dx dx d x

Combining the Sum Rule with the Constant Multiple Rule gives the equivalent Difference Rule,
which says that the derivative of a difference of differentiable functions is the difference of their
derivatives

d d du du du dv
(u  v )  [u  ( 1)v ]   ( 1)  
dx dx dx dx dx dx

The Sum Rule also extends to sums of more than two functions, as long as there are only finitely
many functions in the sum. If u1, u2,..., u n are differerntiable at x, then so is u1  u2  ...  un , and

d du1 du 2 du n
( u1  u2  ...  u n )    ...  .
dx dx dx dx

Illustration :

4 2
(a) y  5x 4  12x 2 (b) y  x3  x  5x  1
3

dy d 4 d dy d 3 d  4 2  d d
 (x )  (12 x2 )  x   x  (5x )  (1)
dx dx dx dx dx dx  3  dx dx

4
 20 x3  24 x  3 x2  .2x  5  0
3

8
 3 x2  x  5
3

DIFF ERENTIATION
28 MARKS

Illustration 22

Does the curve y  x 4  2x 2  2 have any horizontal tangents ? If so, where ?

Solution :
The horizontal tangents, if any, occur where the slope dy/dx is zero. To find these points, we

dy dy d 4
1. Calculate   (x  2x 2  2)  4x 3  4x
dx dx dx

dy
2. Solve the equation  0 for x;
dx

4 x3  4 x  0

4x(x 2  1)  0

x  0,1, 1

The curve y  x 4  2 x 2  2 has horizontal tangent at x  0,1 and  1 . The corresponding points on
the curve are (0,2), (1,1) and (-1,1).

Rule 5 The product Rule

If u and v diferentiable at x, then so is their product uv, and

d dv du
( uv)  u v
dx dx dx

Illustration 23

Find the derivative of y  ( x 2  1)( x 3  3) .

Solution :

From the Product Rule with u  x 2  1 and v  x3  3 .

We find

d
[(x2  1)(x3  3)]  (x2  1)(3x2 )  (x3  3)(2x)
dx

 3 x4  3 x2  2 x4  6 x

 5 x4  3 x2  6 x .
Above Illustration be done as well (perhaps better) by multiplying out the original expression for
y and differentiating the resulting polynomial. We now check :

DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 29

y  ( x 2  1)( x 3  3)  x5  x3  3 x 2  3

dy
 5x 4  3 x 2  6 x .
dx

Illustration 24
Let y = uv be the product of the function u and v. Find y´(2) if
u(2)  3, u(2)  4, v(2)  1, a nd v(2)  2
Solution :
From the Product Rule, in the form
y  (uv )  uv  uv

we have
y (2)  u (2)v (2) v (2)u  (2)

 (3)(2)  (1)(4)  6  4  2 .

Rule-6. The Quotient Rule

If u and v are differentiable at x, and v(x)  0 , then the quotient u/v is differentiable at x, and

du dv
v u
d u dx dx .
 
dx  v  v2

Illustration 25

dy
(a) If y  x 4  4 x 3  5 x  6 , then find .
dx

2 sin 2 x  3cos y  1 dy
(b) If y  , then find .
sin x dx
Solution :

dy d 4
(a)  ( x  4 x3  5x  6)
dx dx

d 4 d d d
 (x ) (4x 3 )  (5x ) (6)
dx dx dx dx

 4 x3  4.3 x2  5.1  0  4 x3  12 x2  5

DIFF ERENTIATION
 30 MARKS

2sin 2 x cos x 1
(b) y    2sin x  4 cot x  cosecx
sin x sin x sin x

dy d
Now,  (2sin x  3cot x  cosecx )
dx dx

d d d
 (2sin x)  (3cot x)  (cos ecx)
dx dx dx

d d d
2 (sin x)  3 (cot x)  (cos ecx)
dx dx dx

 2cos x  3( cosec 2x )  ( cosecx cotx )

 2cos x  3cos ec2 x  cos ecxcot x .

Illustration 26
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x :
3
(a) 2x  x 2  2 x  log 2 x (b) sin 1 x  2cos ec  1 x 
cos x
Solution :
(a) Let y  2 x  x2  2x  log 2 x

dy d x
Then,  (2  x2  2x  log2 x)
dx dx

d x d 2 d d
 (2 )  (x )  2 ( x)  (log 2 x)
dx dx dx dx

1
 2 x log 2  2x  2 
x log 2

1 1 3
(b) Let y  sin x  2 cos ec x 
cosx
 sin 1 x  2 cos ec 1 x  3sec x .
dy d
Then,  (sin1 x  2cos ec 1 x  3sec x )
dx dx
d d d
 (sin 1 x)  2 (cos ec 1 x)  3 (sec x)
dx dx dx

 
1 1 1 2
  2    3sec x tan x    3sec x tan x
1x2  2
  2 2 .
 x x 1  1  x x x  1

DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 31

Illustration 27

x 2  dy  x 2
If y   , prove that 2 xy    .
2 x  dx  2 x
Solution :

x 2 x 2 1 1/ 2
y     x  2x1/ 2
2 x 2 x 2

dy d  1 1/2 
   x  2 x1/2 
dx dx  2 

1 d 1/ 2 d 1/ 2
 (x )  2 (x )
2 dx dx

1 1 1/ 21  1 1/ 2 1 
 x  2   x  
2 2  2 

1  1/ 2 2  3/ 2 1 2
 x  x  
2 2 2 2 2 x 2 x3/ 2

 dy   1 2   2x 2x 2 
Now, 2 xy dx   2 xy   3/2   y   3/2 
   2 2 x 2x   2 2 x 2x 

 x 2  x 2
 y   y  
 2 x   2 x 

 x 2  x 2 x 2
   
   
 2 x  2 x  2 x

dy x 2
 2 xy   .
dx 2 x

Illustration 28

(a) Let y  a x log a x

dy d d d
Then,  (a x log a x )  a x (log a x)  log a x (a x )
dx dx dx dx

1
 ax  log a xa x log a
x log a

DIFF ERENTIATION
32 MARKS

(b) Let y  x 2 cos 1 x

dy d 2 d d 2
Then,  (x cos 1 x )  x 2 (cos1 x )  cos1 x (x )
dx dx dx dx

 1   x2
 x2    cos 1 x (2x)   2x cos 1 x
 2  2
 1 x  1 x

Illustration 29

Differentiate the following w.r.t. x :

1 1
(i) ex .log x. a x (ii) sin x cos x .
x
Solution :
(i) Let y  ex log xa x

dy d x
Then,  (e log xa x )
dx dx

d x d d x
 (e ) log x.ax  ex (log x).a x  ex log x (a )
dx dx dx

1
 ex log x.ax  ex . .ax  ex log xax log a
x

1 1
(ii) Let y  sin x cos x.
x

dy d   1 1
Then,   sin x cos x 
dx dx  x

d 1 d 1 d  1
 (sin 1 x)cos x  sin 1 x (cos x).  sin 1 xcos x.  
dx x dx x dx  x 

1 1 d 1 d 1 
 cos x.  sin 1 x (cos x).  sin 1 x cos x.  
1  x2 x dx x dx  x 

1 1 1  1 
 cos x.  sin 1 x( sin x).  sin 1 x cos x 2 
1  x2 x x x 

cos x sin 1 x.sin x sin 1 x cos x

  
x 1 x2 x x2

DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 33

Illustration 30
Differentiate the following functions w.r.t. x :
(i) x 4 sinx  e x tanx

(ii) 2 x log x  (1  x2 )cot 1 x

(iii) (x log x  a x )(x 2e x  log x )

Solution :

(i) Let y  x 4 sin x  e x tan x

dy d 4
Then,  (x sin x  e x tan x )
dx dx

d 4 d x
 (x sin x)  (e tan x )
dx dx

d d 4 d d x
 x4 (sin x)  sin x (x )  e x (tan x)  tan x (e )
dx dx dx dx

 x 4 cos x  sin x 4x 3  ex sec 2 x  tan xex

(ii) Let y  2 x log x  (1  x 2) cot 1 x

dy d x
Then,  [2 log x  (1  x2 ) cot 1 x ]
dx dx

d x d 
 (2 log x)  [(1  x2 ) cot 1 x]
dx dx

d d d d
 2x (log x)  log x (2 x )  (1  x 2 ) (cot  1 x)  cot  1 x (1  x 2 )
dx dx dx dx

x 1  1 
 cot 1 x.2x
x
 2 .  log x.2 log 2  (1  x2 )  2 
x  1 x 

2x
  log x.2 x.log 2 1  2 xcot  1 x .
x

(iii) Let y  (x log x  a x )(x2e x  log x ) .

dy d
Then,  [(x log x  a x )(x2 e x  log x)]
dx dx

DIFF ERENTIATION
34 MARKS

d 2 x d
 ( x log x  a x ) ( x e  log x)  ( x 2ex  log x) ( x log x  a x )
dx dx

d d   d d x 
 ( x log x  a x )  ( x 2ex )  (log x)   ( x 2ex  log x)  ( x log x)  (a ) 
 dx dx   dx dx 

 d x d 2 d 
 ( x log x  a x)  x2 (e )  e x (x )  (log x) 
 dx dx dx 

 d d d 
 (x2 e x  log x ) x (log x )  log x (x )  (a x )
 dx dx dx 

 1  1 
 ( x log x  a x)( x 2e x  e x 2 x    ( x 2e x  log x)  x   log x  1  a x log a 
 x  x 

 
 1
 
 x log x  a x  x2 ex  ex 2x    x2 ex  log x 1  log x  a x log a
 x


Illustration 31

Differentiate the following functions w.r.t. x.

a x log x tanx e x log x  x

(i) (ii) x log x (iii)
sin x x  a n loga x

Solution :

a x log x
(i) Let y 
sin x

dy d  ax log x 
Then, dx  dx  sin x 
 

d d
sin x ( a x log x)  a x log x (sin x)
 dx dx
(sin x) 2

 d d x  d
sin x a x (log x)  ( a ) log x   a x log x (sin x)
  dx dx  dx
2
(sin x)

DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 35

 1   sin x 
sin x a x.  a x log a log x   a x log x cos x ax  sin xlog a log x  log xcos x
  x    x 
2 2
sin x sin x

tan x
(ii) Let y  x log x

dy d  tan x 
Then, dx  dx  x 
 log x

d d
x log x (tan x )  tan x (x log x )
 dx dx
( x log x) 2

d  d d 
x log x (tan x)  tan x x (log x)  log x (x) 

dx  dx dx 
2
(x log x )

 1 
x log x sec 2 x  tan x  x.  log x x log x sec2 x  tan x (1  log x)
  x  
( x log x) 2 ( xlog x)2

e x log x  x
(iii)
x  a x log a x

e x log x  x
Let y
x  a x loga x

dy d  e x log x  x 
Then, dx  dx  x


 x  a log a x 

d x d
( x  a x log a x) (e log x  x)  ( ex log x  x) ( x  a x log a x)
 dx dx
( x  a xlog a x) 2

 ex 
( x  a x log a x)  ex log x 
 x   

 1  ex log x  x  1  a x log a log a x  a x .
 x
1 
log a 
   .
( x  a x log a x)2

DIFF ERENTIATION
 36 MARKS

Illustration 32

ex
Find the d.c. of w.r.t.x.
log x

Solution :

ex
Let y 
log x

d d
log x. ( ex )  ex . (log x)
dy d  e x  dx dx
Now,   
dx dx  log x  (log x)2

1
log x. ex  ex. x x x
 x  xe log x  e  e (x log x  1)
(log x)2 x (log x) x(log x)2

Illustration 33

x tan x dy
If y  , then find .
sec x  tan x dx

Solution :

d d
(sec x  tan x) ( x tan x)  x tan x. (sec x  tan x)
dy dx dx

dx (sec x  tan x) 2

 d d  d d 
(sec x  tan x)  x. (tan x)  tan x. ( x)  x tan x  (sec x)  tan x
 dx dx   dx dx 

2
(sec x  tan x)

2 2
(sec x  tan x)(x sec x  tan x)  x tan x (sec x tan x  sec x)

(sec x  tan x) 2

x sec 3 x  x tan x sec 2 x sec x tan x tan2 x  x sec x tan 2 x  x tan x sec 2 x

(sec x  tan x)2

x sec 3 x  x sec x tan 2 x sec x tan x tan 2 x


(sec x  tan x) 2

DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 37

x sec x(sec 2 x  tan 2 x)  tan x(sec x  tan x)


(sec x  tan x) 2

x sec x(sec x  tan x)  tan x


(sec x tan x)

Illustration 34

1  cos x  
If f ( x)  , then find f    .
1  cos x  2

Solution :

d d
(1  cos x ) (1  cos x )  (1  cosx ) (1  cos x )
f (x)  dx dx
(1  cos x)2

d d   d (1) d 
(1  cos x)  (1)  (cos x)   (1  cos x)   cos x 
  dx dx   dx dx 
2
(1  cos x)

(1  cos x)(0  sin x)  (1  cos x)(0  sin x)


(1  cos x )2

sin x  sin x cos x  sin x  sin x cos x 2sin x

 2

(1  cos x) (1  cos x) 2


2sin
 2 2
f     2 2
2
  2   1 .
 1  cos 
 2

Differentiation of Inverse functions

Before going to differentiation let us revise some important results related to inverse functions

 xy 
Ć tan  1 x  tan  1 y  tan  1   x  0, y  0, xy  1
1  xy 

 x y 
Ć tan  1 x  tan  1 y    tan  1  x1  0, y  0, xy  1
 1  xy 

DIFF ERENTIATION
 38 MARKS

 x y 
Ć tan  1 x  tan  1 y  tan  1   if x  0, y  0
 1  xy 

1
Ć sec  1    cos  1 x
x

1 
cos ec  1    sin  1( x)
x 

1
cot 1    tan 1 x
 x

We advice to change sec  1 & cosec  1 by using above rules to ease out differentiation/

Some su b st it u t ion s :

 2x 
Ć sin  1  2
 2tan  1 x (put x  tan  )
1 x 

 1  x2 
cos  1   2tan  1 x
Ć  1  x2  (put x  tan  )
 

put the following substiutions for the expression

1  x substitute
 x  cos
1 x

substitute a cos 
a 2  x 2 , a 2  x 2  x
a sin 

substitute
x2  a2 , x2  a2  x  a sec  / a cosec 

substitute
x2  a2 , x2  a2  x  a tan  / a cot 

Illustration 35

 cos x 
(a) tan 1   (b) tan 1(sec x  tan x )
 1  sin x 

1  sin x 2
(c) tan  1 (d) sec1
1  sin x 1  cos x

DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 39

Solution :
(a) Let
 cos x 
y  tan 1  
 1  sin x 

 2 x 2 x
 cos x  cos 2  sin 2 
 x x  
cos2 sin2 x x
 tan 1  2 2   sin x  2sin cos 
   2 2 
 cos2 x  sin2 x  2sin x cos x  
x x

 2 2 2 2   2
1  cos  sin
2
 2 2 

 x x  x x   x x
  cos 2  sin 2  cos 2  sin 2    cos  sin 
1    2 2
 tan    tan 1  
  x x   x x
 cos  sin  cos  sin 

  2 2  
  2 2

x
Dividing num. and denom. by cos , we get
2
 x
1  tan
1  2
y  tan  
 1  tan x 
 2

   x  1 tan x  
 tan 1  tan     [  tan   x ]
  4 2 1  tan x 4 
 x
 
4 2
dy 1
 
dx 2
Other Method
   
 sin   x  
1  cos x  1 2  
Lwet y  tan    tan 
 1  sin x   1  cos   
  x 
 2 

   x   x
 2sin  4  2  cos  4  2  
 tan 1        tan 1 tan    x 
 
 2  x  4 2 
 2cos    
  4 2 

 x  dy 1

4

2  dx   2 

DIFF ERENTIATION
 40 MARKS

1 1  1 sin x 
(b) Let y  tan (sec x  tan x)  tan   
 cos x cos x 

 x x x x
cos2  sin2  2sin cos 
1  1 sin x   1 2 2 2 2
 tan    tan 
 cos x   2 x 2 x 
cos  sin
 2 2 

  x x
2 
  cos  sin   x x 
2  1 
cos  sin 
 tan 1   
2 2 2
  tan  
x x  x x 
  cos  sin  cos  sin   cos x  sin x 
 2 2  2 2    2 2 
 

x
Dividing num. and denom. by cos , we get
2

 x
1  tan
1  2 
y  tan 
 1  tan x 
 2

  x    1  tan x  
 tan 1  tan        tan   x 
  4 2   1 tan x  4 

 x
 
4 2

dy 1
  .
dx 2
Other Method

 1 sin x 
Let y  tan 1 (sec x  tan x)  tan 1   
 cos x cos x

  
   1  cos  2  x  
 tan 1 
1 sin x 1  
  tan 
 cos x   sin     
  x 
 2  

DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 41

  x  
 2cos2    
 tan 1  4 2 
 x x  x x 
 2sin  4  2  cos  4  2  
 

  x      x 
 tan 1  cot      tan 1  tan     
  4 2    2 4 2 

  x    x
 tan 1  tan      
  4 2  4 2

dy 1
 
dx 2

1  sin x
(c) Let y  tan 1
1  sin x

x x x x
cos 2  sin 2  2 sin cos
 tan 1 2 2 2 2
2 x 2 x x x
cos  sin  2 sin cos
2 2 2 2

2
 x x  x x
 cos 2  sin 2   cos  sin 
  2 2
 tan 1  tan 1 
2 x x
 x x  cos  sin 
 cos  sin   2 2
 2 2 

x
Dividing num. and deno. by cos , we get
2

 x
1  tan
1  2   tan 1  tan   x      x
 tan     4 2  4 2
 1  tan x    
 2

dy 1
  .
dx 2

DIFF ERENTIATION
 42 MARKS

2
(d) sec  1
1  cos x

1 2 1 cos x
Let y  sec  cos1
1  cos x 2

x
2cos 2
 cos
1 2  cos 1  cos x   x
 2  2
2 

dy 1
 
dx 2

Illustration 36

Differentiate

(a) sin1 (3x  4x 3 )

 3x  x 3
(b) tan  1 
 1  3 x2




(c) tan 1  1 x 2  x 
1  1  x  1  x 1
(d) sin   (e) sin ( x 1  x  x 1 x2 )
 2 

Solution.

(a) Let y  sin1 (3x  4x 3 )

Putting x  sin 

   sin 1 x , we get

y  sin 1 (3sin   4sin3 )

 sin 1(sin 3 )  3  3sin 1 x

dy 3

 dx 1  x2

1  3 x  x 
3
(b) Let y  tan  2

 1  3x 

Putting x  tan     tan 1 x , we get

DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 43

 3 tan   tan 3  
y  tan 1   
  tan 1 (tan3 )  3  3 tan 1 x
 1  3tan2 
 

dy 3
 
dx 1  x2

(c) Let y  tan

1
 1 x 2  x 
Putting x = cot    = cotă1 x

y  tan 1  1  cos   cot    tan

2 1
cos ec  cot  

1  1 cos   1  1  cos 
 tan  sin   sin    tan  sin  
   

   
2cos2 cos 
1  2   1  2  tan 1  cot  
 tan    tan   
 
 2sin cos  
 sin   2 
 2 2  2

        1
 tan 1  tan         cot 1 x
  2 2 2 2 2 2

dy 1  1  1
  
 dx 2 1  x 2  2(1  x 2)

1  1  x  1  x 
(d) Let y  sin  2

 

Putting x  cos    cos  1 x , we get

  
 2cos2  2sin2 
1  1  cos   1  cos   2 2
y  sin  1
  sin 
 2   2 
 
 

  
1
 2 cos 2  2 sin 2  1  2  2 
 sin    sin  cos  sin 
 2   2 2 2 2 
 

DIFF ERENTIATION
 44 MARKS

 1  1       
 sin 1  cos  sin   sin 1  cos sin  sin cos 
 2 2 2 2  2 4 2 4

       1  1
 sin 1  sin            cos 1 x
  4 2  4 2 4 2 4 2

dy 1 1 1
 . 
 dx 2 1  x2 .
2 1  x2

(e)
1

Let y  sin x 1  x  x 1  x
2

Putting x  sin  and x  sin


y  sin 1 x 1  ( x ) 2  x 1  x 2 
 sin 1 (sin  1  sin 2   sin  1  sin 2  )

 sin 1(sin  cos   sin  cos )  sin 1(sin(  ))    

 sin 1 x  sin 1 x

dy 1 1 1 1 1 1
  .   .
 dx 1 x2
1  ( x) 2 2 x
1x2 
1 x 2 x

1 1
 
2
1x 2 x  x2

Illustration 37
Differentiate


(a) sin  2a x 1  a x
1 2 2
 1  x 2 n
(b) cos1 
1  x 2 n




 2 x 1
(c) tan 1 
 1  4x


 .


 6x    a cos x  b sin x 
(d) tan 1   (e) tan 1  
 1  8x 2   b cos x  a sin x 

Solution :

(a) Let y  sin1 [2ax 1  a 2x 2 ]

DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 45

Putting ax  sin     sin 1 ax , we get

y  sin 1[2sin 1  sin 2  ]  sin 1 [2sin  cos ]

 sin 1 (sin 2 )  2  2sin 1 ax

dy 1 2
 2. .a 
 dx 2 2
1 a x 1  a2 x2

1  1  x 
2n
 
 1  x2 n 
(b) Let y cos
 

Putting xn  tan     tan 1 x n , we get

 1  tan 2 
y  cos 1  1 1 n
  cos (cos2 )  2  2tan x
 1  tan 2
 

dy 1 n 1 2nx n1
 2 .nx  .
dx 1  ( x n) 2 1  x2 n

 x1
1 2
 1
 2.2 x 
(c) Let y  tan  x
  tan  
2x 
 1 4   1 2 

Putting 2x  tan     tan 2 2 x , we get

 2tan  
y  tan 1  1
  tan (tan2 )
 1  tan 2  

 2  2 tan 1 2 x

dy 1 x 2.2 x log 2 2 x 1 log 2

  2. .2 log 2   .
dx 1  (2x )2 1  22 x 1  4x

1  6x   4 x 2x 
(d) Let y  tan  2
 tan 1 1  (4 x)(2 x) 
 1  8x   

 tan1 (4 x)  tan 1 (2 x)

dy 1 1 4 2
  2
.4  2
.2  2

dx 1  (4 x) 1  (2 x) 1  16 x 1  4 x2

DIFF ERENTIATION
 46 MARKS

1  a cos x  b sin x 
(e) Let y  tan  
 b cos x  a sin x 

Dividing num. and deno. by bcos x , we get

 a 
1  b  tan x  1 a
y  tan    tan  tan 1 (tan x)
a
 1  tan x  b
 b 

a
 tan 1 x
b

dy
  1 .
dx

DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF FUNCTION OF FUNCTION

Meaning of function of function :

Let y  (x3  1)5

Here x3  1 is a function of x and if u  x3  1 then y  u 5 .

Hence y is a function of u.
Thus, we see that y is a function of u and u is a function of x. In this, we say that y is a function
of function.

d .c. of fun ct ion of fun ct ion.

Let y be a differentiable function of u and u be a diferentiable function of x,

dy dy du
then  
dx du dx

dy dy du
Hence  .
dx du dx

Colrollary. If y  f (u), u   (v) and v   ( x) .

dy dy du dv
Then  . .
dx du dv dx
Chain Rule
If y and x both are expressed in terms of t, then
dy dy / dt

dx dx / dt
DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 47

Take y in place of t in (b), we get :

dy dy / dt

dx dx / dy

dy 1
 
dx dx / dy

Henc e d eriva tive of y w.r.t. x a nd deriva tive of x w.r.t. y a re recipr oca l of ea ch other.

Choosing which Rule to use

The choice of which rules to use in solving a differentiation problem can make a difference in how
much work you have to do. Here is an example.

Illustration :
Rather than using the Quoteint Rule to find the derivative of

(x  1)(x2  2x )
y
x4

expand the numerator and divide by x4 .

(x  1)(x2  2x ) x3  3x2  2x
y
4
 4
 x1  3x2  2 x3
x x

Then use the Sum and Power Rules :

Second a n d H igher O r d er Der iva t ives

dy
The derivative y  is the first (first order) derivative of y with respect to x. This derivative
dx
may itself be a differentiable fucntion of x; if so, its derivative

2
dy d  dy  d y
y     
dx dx  dx  dx2

is called the second(second order) derivative of y with respect to x.

dy d 3 y
If y  is differentiable, its derivative, y   is the third (thrid order) derivative of y with
dx dx3
respect to x. The names continue as you imagine, with

d (n 1)
y(n )  y
dx
denoting the nth (nth order) derivative of y with respect to x, for any positive integer n.

DIFF ERENTIATION
 48 MARKS

Illustration 38

dy
If y  sin(cot x ) , then find
dx
Solution :

dy d
 sin(cot x)
dx dx

d sin(cot x ) d (cot x )
 .
d cot x dx

 cos(cot x).( cos ec2 x)   cos ec2 xcos(cot x)

Illustration 39

dy
If y  (7x 2  11x  39)3 / 2 , find .
dx
Solution :

dy d
 (7 x2  11 x  39)3/ 2
dx dx

d(7 x2 11 x 39)3/2 d(7 x2 11 x 39)

 2
.
d (7 x  11 x  39) dx

3
3 1  d ( x2 ) d ( x) d (39) 
 (7 x2  11 x  39) 2 .  7.  11  
2  dx dx dx 

1
3 3 2
 (7 x2  11 x  39) 2 .(14 x  11)  (14 x  11) 7 x  11 x  39 .
2 2

Illustration 40

2 dy
If y  sin x  a x  1 , find .
dx
Solution :

dy d
 (sin x2  ax  1)
dx dx

DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 49

d sin x 2  ax  1 d x 2  ax  1 d 2
 . . ( x  ax  1)
d x2  ax  1 d( x2  ax 1) dx

1
 cos x 2  ax  1. .(2 x  a)
2 x2  ax  1

(2x  a )cos x2  ax  1
 .
2
2 x  ax  1

Illustration 41

dy
If y  sin x , find .
dx

Solution :

dy d

dx dx
 sin x 
d sin x d sin x d x
 . .
d sin x d x dx

1 1 cos x
 .cos x. 
2 sin x 2 x 4 x sin x

Illustration 42

dy
If y  cos sin x , find .
dx

Solution :

dy d
 (cos sin x )
dx dx

d cos sin x d sin x d sin x d x

 . . .
d sin x d sin x d x dx


  sin sin x .  2 sin1 x
.cos x .
1
2 x

cos x.sin sin x
4 x . sin x

DIFF ERENTIATION
50 MARKS

Illustration 43

3 2 dy
If y  sin ax  bx  c , find .
dx
Solution :

dy d sin 3 ax 2  bx  c d sin ax 2  bx  c d ax 2  bx  c d (ax 2  bx  c)

 . . .
dx d sin ax 2 bx  c d ax 2  bx  c d (ax2  bx  c) dx

2 1
 3sin ax2  bx  c.cos ax2  bx  c. (2 ax  b)
2 ax2  bx  c

Illustration 44

2 cot x dy
If y  1  x  , find .
x dx

Solution :

dy d d  cot x 
 1  x2   
dx dx dx  x 

d d
x (cotx ). (x )
d 1  x 2 d (1  x 2 ) dx dx
 . 
d(1  x2 )
 x
dx 2

1
x ( cos ec2 x)  cot x.
1 2 x
 ( 2 x) 
2 1  x2 x

2
x 2x cos ec x  cot x
 
1  x2 2 x3/ 2

DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTION

If a relation between x and y is such that y cannot be expressed in terms of x then y is called an
dy
implicit function of x. Here we will give method to find if y is an implict function of x.
dx

DIFF ERENTIATION
 MARKS 51

W or king R ule :
(i) Diffeentiate the given relation between x and y w.r.t. x.

dy
(ii) Bring all the terms containing on left hand side and remaining terms on right hand side
dx

dy
and then find .
dx

(iii) Use the given relation between x and y to get the result in simplified form.

Illustration 45

3 3 dy
If xy  x  y , find .
dx
Solution :

Given xy  x 3  y 3

differentiating w.r.t. x, we get (i)

d d 3 d 3
(xy )  (x )  (y )
dx dx dx

dy dy
1. y  x.  3 x2  3 y2
dx dx

dy
or ( x  3 y2 )  3 x2  y
dx

dy 3x 2  2
 
dx x  3y2

Illustration 46

dy
If x  y  sin( xy) , find .
dx

Solution :
Given x  y  sin(xy ) (ii)
differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

dy d d d
1  (sin( xy))  sin(xy). ( xy)
dx dx dx dx

DIFF ERENTIATION
 52 M RKS

 dy  dy
 cos( xy). 1. y  x   y cos( xy)  x cos( xy)
 dx  dx

dy
 1  x cos( xy)  y cos( xy)  1
dx

dy y cos(xy)  1
 
dx 1  x cos( xy)

Illustration 47

dy
If x 3  y 3  sin(x  y ) , find .
dx
Solution :

Given, x 3  y 3  sin( x  y)

differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

d 3 d 3 d
(x )  (y )  [sin( x  y)]
dx dx dx

d 3 d 3 dy d sin( x  y) d
or (x )  (y )  . ( x  y)
dx dx dx d (x  y) dx

dy  dy 
3 x2  3 y2  cos( x  y). 1 
dx 
or
dx 

dy
or [3 y2  cos( x  y)]  cos( x  y)  3 x2
dx

dy cos( x  y)  3 x 2
 
dx 3 y 2  cos(x  y)

Illustration 48

dy
If x  y log(xy ) , find .
dx

Solution : x  y log(xy )
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

d dy
1y log(xy )  log(xy )
dx dx
DIFF ERENTIATION
 M RKS 53

d d dy
or 1y
d( xy)
log(xy ) . (xy )  log(xy ).
dx dx

1 dy  dy
 y.  1. y  x   log(xy)
yx  dx  dx

y dy dy
or 1   log( xy)
x dx dx

dy y x y
 1  log( xy)  1 
dx x x

dy x y
 
dx x[1  log( xy)]

x y ( x  y) y x
  [from (i), log( xy)  ]
 x  x( y  x) y
x  1 
 y

Illustration 49

dy
If y  sin x  sin x  sin x  ....to  find .
dx

Solution :

y sin x  sin x  sin x  ...to 

 y  sin x  y

or y 2  sinx  y ...(i)

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

d 2 d dy
(y )  (sin x ) 
dx dx dx

d 2 dy dy dy dy
or ( y ).  cos x  or 2y  cos x 
dy dx dx dx dx

dy dy cos x
or (2 y 1)  cosx  
dx dx 2 y  1

DIFF ERENTIATION
 54 M RKS

Illustration 50

1 dy
If x  y  . Prove that  2 x 2  y 2  3 xy .
1 dx
y
1
y
y  ... to 
Solution :
1
x  y
1
y
1
y
y  ...to 

1
 x  y
x

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

dy 1
1 
dx x2

dy 1
or 1  2
dx x

dy 1
or  1  (x  y) 2 [ from (i) xy]
dx x

 1  x2  y2  2xy (ii)

From (i), x 2  xy  1  1  x2  xy

dy
Putting in (ii), we get  x2  xy  x2  y2  2xy
dx

dy
Hence,  2 x2  y2  3 xy .
dx

Illustration 51

dy
If x 3 y 2  loge (x  y ) sin(e x ), find .
dx
Solution

x3 y2  log e( x  y)  sin( ex ) ...(i)

DIFF ERENTIATION
 M RKS 55

Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get

dy 1  dy 
3 x2 y2  x3 .2 y  1  cos( ex ). ex
dx x  y  dx 

dy 1 1 dy
or 3 x2 y2  2 x3 y   .  ex cos( ex )
dx x  y x  y dx

 3 1  dy 1  ( x  y) e x cos( e x)  3 x 2 y 2.( x  y)
 2 x y  
x  y  dx
or
 xy

dy 1  (x  y)e x cos(e x )  3x3 y2  3x2 y3

or  .
dx 2 x 4 y  2 x 3 y 2 1

Illustration 52

 dy
If y  tan 1 (x  y ) , find .
dx
Solution :

y  tan 1 ( x  y) (i)

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

dy d d
 tan 1 (x  y). ( x  y)
dx d( x  y) dx

1  dy 
 . 1 
1  (x  y)  2 dx 

1 1 dy
 2
 2
1  (x  y) 1  ( x  y) dx

 1  dy 1
or 1  2  dx

 1  (x  y)  1  (x  y) 2

 1  ( x  y) 2  1  dy 1
or  2  dx

 1  ( x  y)  1  ( x  y)2

dy 1

 dx ( x  y)2 .

DIFF ERENTIATION
56 M RKS

Illustration 53

2 2 dy
If y 1  x  x 1  y  1 , when |x| < 1 and |y| < 1, find .
dx
Solution :

y 1  x2  x 1  y2  1 .

Let x  sin  , y  sin  , then we get

sin 1  sin2   sin  1  sin 2   1

or sin  cos  sin  cos  1

or sin(   )  1

or     sin  1(1)

or sin1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1 (1)

Differentiating both sides, we get

1 1 dy
 . 0
1  x2 1  y2 dx

dy 1  y2
Hence, 
dx 1  x2

Other Method : Let f  y 1  x 2  x 1  y 2  1

f 2 xy
  1  y2
 x 2
1 x

f 2xy
 1  x2 
and y 1 y 2

 f 
 
x [ 1  x2 1  y2  2xy] / 1  x 2
   
dy
 dx  f  [ 1  x2 1  y2  2 xy] / 1 y2
 
 y

dy 1 y2
or 
dx 1 x2

DIFF ERENTIATION
 M RKS 57

Illustration 54

2 6
dy x 1 y
If 1 x  1 y  a (x  y ) . Prove that dx  2
6 6 3 3 3 .
y 1  x6

Solution :

Here, 1  x6  1  y2  a3 ( x3  y3 ) ;

Let x 3  sin  , y 3  sin  , then we get

1  sin2   1  sin2   a 3 (sin   sin  )

cos   cos   a3 (sin   sin  )

        3       
2cos   .cos   a 2cos  2  sin  2 
 2   2      

  3    
cos    a sin  
 2   2 

  3
cot   a
 2 

or     2cot 1 (a 3 )

sin 1 x3  sin 1 y3  2cot 1 (a 3 )

Differentiating both sides we get,

1 1 dy
.3x2  .3 y2 . 0
1x 6
1 y 6 dx

2 2
dy x 1  y
Hence, dx  2
y 1  x6

Logarithmic Differentiation

So far, we have discussed derivatives of the functions of the form ( f (x)) n , n f (x ) and nn , where

f (x) is a function of x and n is a constant. In this section, we will be mainly discussing derivatives

DIFF ERENTIATION
58 M RKS

of the functions of the form ( f ( x)) g (x ) , where f(x) and g(x) are functions of x. To find the
derivatives of this type of functions we proceed as follows :

Let y  ( f ( x)) g (x ) , taking logarithm of both the sides, we have

log y  g( x) log  f ( x)

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

1 dy 1 df (x) dg (x )
.  g( x). .  log  f ( x).
y dx f (x) dx dx

dy  g( x) df ( x) dg( x) 
 y .  log  f ( x) .
 dx  f ( x) dx dx 

dy  g (x) df (x) dg (x)

or  (f (x )) g( x)  .  log f (x ) . 
dx  f ( x) dx dx 

Logarithmic Differetiating (Objective Approach)

If y   f ( x) (x ) then

dy  (x )
 d.c of  f (x) w.r.t. x taking ( x) as a constant
dx

 (x )
 d.c. of f ( x) w.r.t. x taking f ( x) as a constant.

dy  ( x) 1 df ( x)  ( x) d ( x)
   ( x). f ( x) .   f ( x) .log f (x).
dx dx dx
or when we have to differentiate the function of the form (variable), take log on both sides and
differentiate.

Illustration 55

dy
If y = xsin x , find
dx
Solution :

y  xsin x , taking log on both sides,, we get

log y  sin x.log x

On differentiting both sides, we get

DIFF ERENTIATION
 M RKS 59

1 dy 1
 sin x.    log x.(cos x)
y dx x

dy  sin x 
or  y   (cos x ) log x
dx  x 

dy sin x 
  x sinx   (cos x) log x
dx  x 

Other Method :
Here,

y  xsinx

could also be differentiated by using defintion;

d d d
(variable) variable  (va riable)constant  (constant) variable
dx dx dx

dy d d
i.e.  (x )sin x  (x )sin x
dx dx dx

 sin x(x)sin x 1  (x)sin x .log x.cos x

(x )sin x
 (sin x)  ( x) sin x.log x.cos x
x

 sin x 
 xsin x   cos x.log x
 x 

Illustration 56

dy
If x y  y x , find .
dx

Solution :

Given x y  yx

Taking logarithm, we get y log x  x log y

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

dy 1 1 dy
log x  y.  1.log y  x. .
dx x y dx

DIFF ERENTIATION
 60 M RKS

 x  dy y
or  log x    log y 
 y  dx x

y log x  x dy x log y  y
or . 
y dx x

dy y ( xlog y  y)
  .
dx x ( y log x  x)

Illustration 57

dy
If x m y n  (x  y )m  n , find .
dx

Solution :

x m yn  (x  y )m n ....(i)

Taking logarithm, we get

log(x m)  log( yn )  (m  n) log( x  y)

or m log x n log y  (m  n) log(x  y)

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

m n dy m  n  dy  m  n m  n dy
 .  1  
x y dx x  y  dx  x  y x  y dx

 n m  n  dy m  n m
or     
 y x  y  dx x  y x

nx  ny  my  ny dy mx  nx  mx  ny

y( x  y) dx x( x  y)

nx  my dy nx  my
or 
y (x  y ) dx x (x  y )

dy y
 
dx x

DIFF ERENTIATION
 M RKS 61

Illustration 57

x e x  e x ... to  dy y
If y  e , prove that dx  1  y .

Solution :

x ex ...to 
Given y  ex e

 y  ex y (i)

Taking logarithm, we get log y  ( x  y) log e e

or log y  x  y [ loge e 1 ]
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

1 dy dy
. 1
y dx dx ;

1  dy
or   1 1
 y  dx

 1  y  dy dy y
or  y  dx  1  dx  1  y
 

Illustration 59

dy
If y  e x sin x 3  (tan x ) x , find .
dx

Solution :

Let u  ex sin x3 and v  (tan x)x

Now u  ex sin x3

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

du
 ex.
d sin( x)3 d
 sin x3 . ( ex)
dx dx dx

 ex .cos x3 .3 x2  sin x3 . ex

du
Hence,  3 x 2e x cos x 3  e x sin x3
dx

DIFF ERENTIATION
 62 M RKS

x
and v  (tan x)  log v  x log(tan x)
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

1 dy 1
 1.log(tan x)  x. .sec 2 x
v dx tan x

dv
  v[log(tan x)  xcot x.sec 2 x]
dx

 (tan x )x [log(tan x )  x cot x sec2 x ]

Now, y  u  v

dy du dv
  
dx dx dx

 3 x 2e x cos( x3)  e x sin( x3 )  (tan x) x[log(tan x)  x cot x sec 2 x]

Illustration 60

x dy
If y  x x , find
dx

Solution :
x
y  xx (i)

x x
 log y  log( x x )  log[( x x )]  x x log x (ii)

Taking logarithm, we get

log(log y)  log(log x x)  log(log x)  x log x  log(log x)

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

1 1 dy 1 1 1
.  1.log x  x.  .
log y y dx x log x x

dy  1 
  y log y  log x  1  
dx  x log x

x  1 
 xx .xx log  log x  1 
 xlog x  [from (i) and (ii)]

DIFF ERENTIATION
 M RKS 63

Illustration 61

dy
If x y  y x  4, find .
dx
Solution :

x y  yx  4 (i)

Let u  x y and v  yx

 u  xy  log u  y log x
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

1 du 1 dy
 y.  log x.
u dx x dx

du  y dy   y dy 
  u  log x   x y   log x 
dx  x dx   x dx 

Again  v  yx  log v  x log y

Differentiating w.r.t x, we get

1 dv 1 dy
 1.log y  x.
y dx y dx

dv  x dy  x x dy 
  v  log y    y  log y   (iii)
dx  y dx   y dx 

From (i), u  v  4

du dv
  0
dx dx

y dy   x dy 
 xy   log x   yx  log y  0
x dx   y dx

 y x x  dy  y 
or  x . log x  y .     y x log y  .x y 
 y  dx  x 

or x y
log x  xyx 1  dy
dx
  y
x
log y  yxy 1 
dy y x log y  yx y1
  y .
dx x log x  xy x1

DIFF ERENTIATION
 64 M RKS

Illustration 62

dy
(Logarithmic differentiaton) Find for tyhe functions
dx

1
 1
x1 (2 x  1)3 1  x 2
(i) y  1    x x (ii) y
 x (3 x  2)2 2 x

(iii) y  log x (log x )

Solution :

x
 1 1
(i) Let u  1   and y  x 1 x
 x

 y u v

dy du dv
   i)
dx dx dx

x
 1
Now u   1  
 x

 1
 log u  x log  1    x log( x  1)  x log x
 x

1 du x x 
   log(x  1)    log x 
u dx x  1 x 

du  x 1 1 
  u log 
dx  x x  1  (2)

1
Consider 1
v x x

 1
 log v  1   log x
 x

1 dv  1 1  1 
  1    log x   2 
v dx  x x  x 

dv v
  (x  1  log x) (3)
dx x 2

DIFF ERENTIATION
 M RKS 65

Substituting from (2) and (3) into (1)

1
x 1
dy  1  x 1 1  x x
  1    log    2  ( x  1  log x)
dx  x  x x  1 x

(ii) Taking log on both sides

1
log y  3 log(2 x  1)  log(1  x 2)  2log(3 x  2)  x log 2
2

Differentiating with respect to x,

1 dy 3(2) 2 x 2(3)
    log 2
y dx 2 x  1 2(1  x ) 3 x  2
2

dy (2x  1)3 1  x 2  6 x 6 
      log 2 
dx 2
(3 x  2) 2 x
2 x  1 1  x 2 3x  2 

(iii) y  log x (logx )

log log x  logm b 

y  u sin g log a b  
log x  log m a 

 1 1 1
log x 
x x    log log x  x

dy
  log 
dx (log x)2

dy 1
  (1  log log x)
dx x(log x) 2

Illustration 63

1 x dy
If y  f (sin 2 x ) and f  ( x )  , then show that  2tan(1  sin2 x ) .
1 x dx
Solution :

Let u  sin 2 x

dy du
Using chain rule :  f (u)
dx dx

dy 1  u d
  (sin2 x )
dx 1  u dx

DIFF ERENTIATION
 66 M RKS

1  sin 2 x
 (2sin x cos x)
1  sin2 x

 2tan(1  sin 2 x)

Illustration 64
A function f : R  R satisfy the equation f (x + y) = f (x )f (y) for all x , y in R and f (x )   0 for
any x in R. Let the function be differentiable at x = 0 and f´(0) = 2. Show that f´(x) = 2f (x)
for all x in R. Hence determine f (x ).
Solution :
In f (x  y )  f (x )f (y ) substitutte y = 0

 f (x  0)  f (x )f (0)

 f (x )  f (x )f (0)

 f (0)  1 [ f (x )  0 ] (1)

f (0  h )  f (0)
Consider f (0)  lim
h 0 h

f (h )  1
 2  lim (2)
h 0 h

f (x  h )  f (x )
Consider f ( x)  lim
h0 h

f (x) f (h)  f ( x)
 lim
h 0 h

f (h )  1
 f (x) lim
h0 h

 f ( x)(2) [using (2)]

 f (x )  2f (x )

f ( x)
  2
f ( x)

d d
 [log f (x )]  (2x )
dx dx

 log f ( x)  2 x

 f (x )  e 2x

DIFF ERENTIATION
 M RKS 67

Differentiation of a function given in form of a determinant

u( x) v( x) w( x)
y  p (x ) q (x ) r (x )
If
( x) ( x) (x)

u ( x) v ( x) w ( x) u( x) v( x) w( x) u( x) v( x) w( x)
dy
 p (x ) q (x ) r (x )  p  (x ) q  (x ) r (x )  p (x ) q (x ) r (x )
dx
 (x )  (x )  (x )  (x )  (x )  (x )   (x )   (x )   (x )

The differentiation can also be done by column-wise.

Illustration 65

x x2 x3
If f (x )  1 2x 3x 2 , find f´(x)
0 2 6x

Solution :

x x2 x3
2
Here, f (x)  1 2 x 3x
0 2 6x

On differentiating , we get

d d 2 d 3
( x) (x ) (x ) x x2 x3 x x2 x3
dx dx dx
d d d
 f ( x)  1 2x 3 x2  (1) (2 x) (3x2 )  1 2x 3 x2
dx dx dx
0 2 6x d d d
0 2 6x (0) (2) (6 x)
dx dx dx

1 2x 3x 2 x x2 x3 x x2 x3
or f (x )  1 2x 3x 2  0 2 6x  1 2x 3x 2
0 2 6x 0 2 6x 0 0 6

DIFF ERENTIATION
 68 M RKS
As we know if any two rows or columns are equal, then value of determiannt is zero

x x2 x3
 0  0  1 2 x 3 x2
0 0 6

 f  (x )  6(2x 2  x 2 )

Therefore, f (x)  6 x 2

Illustration 66

x3 sin x cos x
d3
Let f ( x)  6 1 0 , where p is constant. Then, find [f (x )] at x = 0. [IITă97]
2 3 dx 3
p p p

Solution :

x3 sin x cos x
Give, f ( x)  6 1 0
2
p p p3

On differentiating it, we gte,

d 3 d d
(x ) (sin x) (cos x)
dx dx dx x3 sin x cos x x
3
sin x cos x
d
[ f (x)]  6 ( 1) 0  0 0 0  6 1 0
dx
p p2 p3 p p2 p3 0 0 0

3 x2 cos x sin x
d
[ f (x)]  6 1 0
So, dx
2
p p p3

Again differentiating it, we get

6x  sin x  cos x
d2
[ f ( x)]  6 1 0  Remaining two determinants as zero
dx2
p p2 p3

DIFF ERENTIATION
 M RKS 69

Differentiating it again at x = 0

6  cos x sin x
d3
[f (x )]  6 1 0  Remaining two determinants as zero
dx3
p p2 p3

at x = 0

6 1 0
d3
[ f ( x)]  6  1 0 0
dx3
p p2 p3

 d3 
 3 [ f (x)]  0
 (i.e., independent of p)
 dx at x 0

Illustration 67

If a i , bi  N for i = 1,2,3 then coefficient of x in the determinant;

(1  x )a1 b1 (1  x )a1 b2 (1  x )a1b3

(1  x )a 2b1 (1  x )a 2b2 (1  x )a2 b3
.
a 3b1 a 3b2 a b
(1  x ) (1  x ) (a  x ) 3 3

Solution :

(1  x)a1b1 (1  x)a1b2 (1  x)a1 b3

a2 b1 a2 b2 a2b3
(1  x) (1  x) (1  x)  A  Bx  Cx2  ...
Here,
(1  x) a3b1 (1  x) a3b2 ( a  x) a3b3

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

a1 b1 (1  x) a1b11 (1  x) a1b2 (1  x)a1b3 (1  x) a1b1 a1 b2 (1  x) a1 b21 (1  x)a1b3

 a 2b1 (1  x) a2 b1 1 (1  x) a2 b2 (1  x) a2b3  (1  x) a2 b1 a 2b 2 (1  x) a2 b2 1 (1  x)a2b3
a 3b1 (1  x) a2 b1 1 (1  x) a3 b2 (1  x) a3 b3 (1  x) a2 b1 a 3b2 (1  x ) a3 b2  1 (1  x) a3 b3

(1  x)a1b1 (1  x) a1b2 a1b3 (1  x)a1b31

1
 (1  x)a2b1 (1  x)a 2b2 a2b3 (1  x)a2b3  B  2C  ...
(1  x)a2b1 (1  x)a3 b2 a3b3 (1  x)a3 b3 1

DIFF ERENTIATION
 70 M RKS
Putting x  0 ;

a 1 b1 1 1 1 a 1 b2 1 1 1 a 1 b3
B  a 2b1 1 1  1 a 2b2 1  1 1 a 2b3
a3 b1 1 1 1 a3 b2 1 1 1 a 3 b3

 B = 0

DIFFERENTIATION OF FUNCTIONS DEFINED BY PARAMETER

P ar a met r ic E q ua t ion
When both x and y are functions of a thrid variable t, then given equation are said to be
parametric equation and t is called the parameter.
Let x  f (t )

and y   (t ) ...(i)

be function of variable t and inverse function of x  f (t) be t   (x ) , then

y   (t )  [ (x )] ...(ii)
will be a function of x.
Equation (i) is the parametric form of equation (ii) and t is called the parametr.

dy
To find when parametric equations are given :
dx

Let x  f (t) and y   (t ) , be differentiable functions of parameter t and t   ( x) be the inverse

function of function x  f (t) , then y  [ ( x)] , is a function of x and y is a function of t and t
is a function of x.

dy dy dt
Now  . (i)
dx dt dx

dt 1
But  (ii)
dx dx / dt

dy dy 1 dy / dt
 from (i),  . 
dx dt dx / dt dx / dt

dy dy / dt
Hence 
dx dx / dt

DIFF ERENTIATION
 M RKS 71

Working Rule :

dx dy
(i) If x and y are functions of parameter t, then find and separately.
dt dt

dy
(ii) Then find by the following formula
dx

dy dy / dt

dx dx / dt

Illustration 68

dy
If x  a (   sin ), y  a (1  cos ) , find .
dx
Solution :

dx
x  (   sin )   a (1  cos  ) (i)
d

dy
and y  a (1  cso  )   a (0  sin  )  a sin  (ii)
d

 
2 sin cos
Now, dy  dy / d   a sin   2 2
dx dx / d  a(1  cos ) 
2 cos2
2

Illustration 69

dy
If x  a cos 3 , y  a sin  , find .
dx

Solution :

x  a cos 3 

dx d (cos 3  ) d (cos )
 a .
d d cos  d

dx
or  a .3cos2  ( sin )  3a .cos2  sin (i)
d

y  a sin3 

DIFF ERENTIATION
 72 M RKS

dy d (sin 3  ) d(sin )
 a .
d d sin  d

dy
or  a .3sin2  .cos  3a sin 2  cos (ii)
d

dy dy / d 3a.sin2  .cos
Now,     tan 
dx dx / d  3 a cos2  sin 

Illustration 70

dy
If x  log t  sin t, y  et  cos t , find .
dx
Solution :

dx 1
x  log t  sin t    cos t (i)
dt t

dy
and y  e t  cost   e t  sin t (ii)
dt

dy dy / dt et  sin t t( et  sin t)
  
Now, dx dx / dt 1  cos t 1  t cos t
t

Illustration 71

d2y 
If x  a (cos    sin  ), y  a (sin    cos  ) , then find 2 at   .
dx 4

Solution :
x  a(cos    sin )

dx
  a ( sin   1.sin    cos  )  a cos (i)
d

and y  a (sin  cos )

dy
  a [cos   (1.cos   ( sin  )]  a  sin  (ii)
d

dy dy / d a. sin 
Now,    tan 
dx dx / d a cos

DIFF ERENTIATION
 M RKS 73

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

d2 y d d d
 (tan  )  (tan  ).
dx 2 dx d dx

1 1 sec 3 
 sec2  .  sec2  .  [from (i)]
dx / d a .cos a


 2
3
sec3
 d 2y 4  8 2
 ,  .4 
 When 4 dx 2  a a
a.
4

Illustration 72

2t 2t dy
If sin x  , tan y  , find .
2 2 dx
1t 1t

Solution :

2t 2t
sin x  2  x  sin 1  2tan 1 t
1t 1  t2

dx 1 2
  2. 2

dt 1 t 1 t2

2t 2t
and tan y   y  tan1  2tan1 t
1 t 2
1 t2

dy 1 2
  2. 2
 (ii)
dt 1 t 1 t2

dy dy / dt
Now,  1.
dt dx / dt

Illustration 73

x....
xa dy
If y  a , then find
dx
Solution :

x....  y
xa can be written as y  a x
y a

DIFF ERENTIATION
 74 M RKS

 log y  x y log a

 log log y  y log x  log log a

Differentiating with respect to x :

1 1 dy 1 dy
 y  log x
log y y dx x dx

dy  1  y
 log x  
 dx  y log y  x

dy y2 log y
 
dx x(1  ylog x log y)

Illustration 74

A function f(x) satisfies the following property : f ( x  y)  f ( x). f ( y)

Show that the function is continuous for all values of x if it is continuous at a = 1.
Solution :
As the function is continuous at x  1 , we have

lim f (x )  lim f (x )  f (1)

x 1  x 1 

 lim f (1  h )  lim f (1  h )  f (1) [Using f (x  y)  f (x).f ( y) ]

h 0 h 0

 lim f (1).f (h )  f (1)

h 0

 lim f ( h)  lim f ( h)  1 (i)

h 0 h 0

Now consider some arbitrary points x  a .

Left hand limit

lim f (a  h )  lim f (a ).f (h )  f (a ) lim f (h )

h 0 h 0 h 0

LHL = f(a) (as hlim f ( h)  1 , using (i)]

0

Right hand limit

 lim f (a  h )  lim f (a ).f (h )  f (a ) lim f (h )

h 0 h 0 h 0

RHL = f(a) [as hlim f (h )  1, using (i)]

0

DIFF ERENTIATION
 M RKS 75

Hence, at any arbitrary point (x  a )

LHl = RHL = f(a)
Therefore, function is continuous for all values of x, if it is continuous.

Illustration 75

Let f be a function such that f ( x  y)  f ( x )  f ( y ) for all x and y and f ( x )  (2 x 2  3 x ) g ( x )

for all x where g (x ) is continuous and g(0)=3. Then find f´(x ).
Solution :

f (x  h )  f (x )
Here, f ( x)  lim
h 0 h

f (x ) f (h ) f (x ) f (h )
 lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h

(2h2  3h) g (h)

 lim Ê
h 0 h

 lim (2h  3) g( h)
h 0

 3 g (0)
= 9

 f  (x )  9 .

Illustration 76

d2 y dy
If x  sin t and y  cos pt , show that (1  x 2 ) x  p 2y  0
2 dx
dx

Solution :

dy dy / dt  psin pt
 
dx dx / dt cos t

As the equation to be drived does not contain t, we eliminate t using expressions for x and y

dy  p 1  y 2

dx 1 x
2

dy
 1  x2   p 1  y2
dx

DIFF ERENTIATION
76 M RKS
As the equation to be derived does not contain any square root, we square and then differentiate.

2
 dy 
(1  x2 )  2 2
  p (1  y )
 dx 

2 2
2 dy d y  dy  2 dy 
(1  x )2 2
 (2 x)    p  2 y 
dx dx  dx   dx 

d2 y dy
 (1  x2 ) x   p2 y
2 dx
dx

d2 y dy
 (1  x2 ) x  p2 y  0 .
2 dx
dx

Illustration 77
Given a function g (x ) which has derivatives g´(x) for every real and which satisfies the
following equation g ( x  y )  e y g ( x )  e x g ( y) for all x and y and g´(0) = 2. Show that

g  (x )  g (x )  c e x also find c.
Solution :

Here, g (x  y )  ey g (x )  ex g ( y)

put x y  0

g (0)  2g (0)

 g (0)  0

g (x  h )  g (x)
Now, g( x)  lim
h 0 h

 h 
e h g (x )  e x g (h )  g (x )  lim g (h )  e  1   ex g( h)
 lim h 0
h 0 h  h  h

g( h)  g(0)
 g ( x)  ex lim  g ( x)  ex g´(0)
h 0 h

g (x )  g (x )  2ex ,

Thus, g (x )  g (x )  cex

 c 2

DIFF ERENTIATION