DEFINITE

INTEGRALS
 MARKS 3

DEFINITE INTEGRATION
Definition :

If  f (x)dx  F(x) i.e. F(x) be an integral of f (x), then F(b) ă F(a) is called the definite integral

b b
of f (x) between the limits a and b and in symbols it is written as  f ( x) dx or, [F( x)].a
a

b
Thus if  f (x )dx = F(x) then by definition
a

b b
 f (x )dx = [F(x )]a  F(b )  F(a )
a

a is called the lower limit or inferior limit and b is called the upper limit or superior limit.
It is clear that value of a definite integral of a function is unique and it does not depend on
different forms of indefinite integral. For if
b b
a f ( x) dx = [F( x)  c] a  {F( b)  c}  F( b)  F( a)

b b
Thus the value of a f (x )dx is same as when we take a f (x )dx = F(x ) .

G eomet r ica l I nt er p r et a t ion of Definit e I n t egr a l

b
If f( x) > 0 for all x  [a, b]; then a f (x )dx is numerically equal to the area bounded by the curve
y = f(x), the x-axis and the straight lines x = a and x = b
b
In general a f (x )dx represents algebraic sum of the areas of the figures bounded by the curve
y = f(x), the x-axis and the straight lines x = a and x = b. The areas above x-axis are taken plus
sign and the areas below x-axis are taken with minus sign i.e.,

x=a f(x) x=b

S
P T
+ +
A B ă C ă D E
Q R

b
i.e., a f (x )dx = area APB ă area BQC ă area CRD + area DSTE

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
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Illustration 1

1
 0 (4x
3
Find  3x 2  2x  1)d x .

Solution :

1 x4 x2
0 (4x
3
 3x2  2x  1)dx  4.  2.  x  x 4  x3  x 2  x
3 2

1
0 (4x
3
  3x2  2x  1)dx

= (1 4 + 13 ă 12 + 1) ă (0 + 0 ă 0 + 0) = 2 ă 0 = 2

Illustration 2


sin x
 4
0 cos 3 x  2 cos x
dx .

Solution :

sin x sin x
 cos3 x  3cos x dx   (4 cos 3 x  3cos x)  3cos x dx

sin x 1 1
 4 cos 3 x dx  4  tan x sec
2
= xdx  tan2 x [Put z  tan x]
8

 
sin x 1
  4
0 cos3 x  2cos x
dx  [tan2 x]4
8

1   1 1
=  tan 2  tan 2 0   1  0  
8 4  8 8

Illustration 3


dx
2
0 1  sin x

dx dx dx
Solution :  1  sin x    

  
1  cos   x  2cos 2   
 2  4 2

 
tan   
1    1  4 2    tan    
=  sec2    dx  .  4 2
2  4 2 2 1  

2
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
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 
 dx      2
I 
2
0 1  sin x
   tan    
  4 2 
0

   
= tan     tan     tan 0  1   1
  4 2  4
2nd Method :

dx 1  sin x 1  sin x  1 sin x 

 1  sin x   1  sin2 x dx   2
cos x
dx      dx
 cos x cos2 x 
2

2
=  (sec x  tan x sec x)dx  tan x  sec x.

 
dx
  2
0 1  sin x
 [tan x  sec x] 2
0

sin x  1

Lt tan x  sec x   tan   sec 0   Lt

 (0  1)
= x 0 x  0
cos x
2 2

   
 tan 2 and sec 2 are undefined
 
Hence we can not take value of

tan x  sec x at x 
2


Here we take limit as x   0]
2

 
sin   h   1
2    
Lt  1  putting x =  h
= h 0    2 
cos   h 
2 

h
2sin 2
cos h  1 1  cos h 2 1
= Lt 1 Lt  1  Lt
h 0  sin h h 0 sin h x 0 sin h

2
 h
 sin 2  h 2
2  .
 h  4
= Lt  2  1  0 1 1
h 0 sin h
.h
h

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
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Note :
In the second method, numerator and denominator have been multiplied by (1 ă sinx) and the
 
value of 1 ă sinx is 0 when x  and hence when x  integrand is undefined
2 2
Hence avoid multiplying numerator and denominator by an expression which becomes zero at
any point of the interval [a , b] where a and b are the lower and upper limits respectively of
integration.

P r omb lems in which in t egr a l ca n b e fou nd b y Su b st it ut ion met h od :

Working Rule :
When definite integral is to be found by substitution then change the lower and upper limits of
integration. If substitution is z = (x) and lower limit of integration is a and upper limit is b then
new lower and upper limits will be (a) and (b) respectively.

Illustration 4


cos x
Find the value of  2
0 (1  sin x )2
dx.

Solution :
Let z = 1 + sinx, then dz = cosxdx
When x = 0, z = 1 + sin  = 1 +  = 1

 
and when x  , z  1  sin  1  1  2
2 2


cos x 2 dx 2
Now I = 2 dx  1 z2  1 z 2 dz
2
0 (1  sin x )

2
 z1   1
2
1  1

= 1     z     2  1  2
 1  1  

Note : Only principal value of  is taken. For example when sin = 0,  = n but principal value
of  is 0.

Illustration 5

1 1x
Evaluate 0 1x
d x.

Solution :
Let x = cos 2, then dx = ă2sin2d .

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
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 
When x = 0, cos2 = 0  2   or,  
2 2

1 1x 0 1  cos 2 
Now I = 0 1x
dx  
1  cos2 
( 2sin2) d
4

0 2sin 2  0
=  2
2cos 
( 2.2sin cos ) d      4sin 2 d 
4 4

01  cos2 0
= 4  2
d  2  (1  cos2 ) d 
4 4

0 0
 sin2 
=  2     [2   sin 2 ] 
 2   4
4

       
=   (0  sin )    sin   =  (0    1     1
  2 2    2  2

Illustration 6

 dx
Find  (x  ) (   x )
.

Solution :
Let x = cos2 + sin 2
Then dx = (ă2cossin + 2sincos)d  = 2( ă ) sincosd 
When x = ,  = cos2 + sin2
or, ( ă  )sin2 = 0 or, sin2 = 0   = 0
when x =  ,  = cos2 + sin2
or, cos2 = cos2 or, ( ă )cos2  = 0

or, cos2 = 0 or, cos = 0 or,  
2

 dx
Now I = a (x  )(  x)

/2 2(  )sin  cos 

= 0 d
( cos2    sin2    )(   cos2    sin2  )

/2 2(   )sin cos  /2 /2  

= 0 2 2
d = 2
0 d  2 [ ]0 2 
2
0  

(   ) sin (   )cos 

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
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Illustration 7

e ex
Find 1 x
(1  x log x ) dx .

Solution :

ex x 1 
 x (1  x log x)dx   e  x  log x dx

= e
x
[f ´(x )  f (x )]dx , where f (x )  log x = exf (x) = e xlogx

e ex e
1 x
(1  x log x)dx  [ ex log x]  ee log e  e log1  ee
1

Illustration 8

2 dx
Evaluate  2 4  x 2 directly as well as by the substitution x = 1/t.

Examine as to why the answer do not tally ?

Solution :

2 dx
I = 2 4  x2

2
1 x 1     
 [tan1 (1)  tan 1 ( 1)] =      
1
=  tan 1  I
2 2  2 2 2  4  4  4 4

on the other hand; if x = 1/t then,

2 dx 1/ 2 dt 1/2 dt
I = 2 4 x 2
 
1 / 2 t2 (4  1/ t )
2
  2
1 / 2 4t  1

1/ 2
= 1 tan 1 (2t )
1
=  tan 1 (1)   1 1    
2    2 tan (1)  =    
 1 / 2 2   8 8 4

 1
 I =  when x 
4 t

1
In above two results I = ă/4, is wrong. Since the integrand  0 and therefore the definite
4  x2
integral of this function cannot be negative.
Since x = 1/t is discountinuous at t = 0, the substitution is not valid (I = /4).
Note : It is important the substitution must be continuous in the interval of integration.

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
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PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

b b

Property 1 :  f ( x) dx   f (t) dt
a a

i.e. integration is independent of change of variable.

b b

Property 2 :  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx

a a

i.e. if the limits of a definite integral are interchangable then its value becomes negative
of the earlier value.

b c b

Property 3 :  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx

a a c

where a c b
Logic : We know that definite integral represents the area of the function between x-
axis under the given limits.

f(x) E
B C

A D F
a c b
b
Now  f (x)dx  area of f (x) i.e. area ABCEFI
a

 area ABCDA+ area CEFDC

c b
  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
a c

You can prove all the above 3 properties by alzebraic method. We are leaving that part
for you to do it yourself.

General form of Property-3

b c1 c2 b
 f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx  ...   f ( x) dx
a a c1 cn 1

where a  c1  c2  ...  cn 1  b

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 10 MARKS
W or king R ule
This property is used when integrand is different in different intervals. This happens in the
following cases.
1. function changes or is discount inuous at some points i n [ a , b]
2. Modulus function
3. Greatest intger function & fractional part.
In each of the 3 cases we find the point where the function is different & divide the interval
accordingly using property-3.

Illustration 9
1  1  2x ; x  0
(a) Evaluate 1 f (x )d x ,where f (x )   1  2x ; x  0

1  1  2x ; x  0
(b) Evaluate 1 f (x )d x ,where f (x )   1  2x ; x  0

Solution :
(a) The function is discontinuous at 0, at its value is changing. Hence we cannot integrate over
[ă1, 1]. So applying the rule.
1 0 1
1 f (x)dx  1 f (x)dx  0 f ( x)dx
0 1
 1 (1  2x )dx  0 (1  2x )dx
0 1
 [ x  x2 ]  [ x  x2 ]
1 0

= [0 ă (ă1 ă 1)] + [1 + 1 ă 0] = 4
(b)

ă1 ăve 0 +ve ă1

In case of modulus function, the value of function changes at the point where it becomes 0.
Hence, breaking the interval
1 0 1 0 1
Now 1|x |dx  1|x |dx  0 |x |dx  1 xdx  0 xdx
[ .. . when ă 1 < x < 0, |x| = ă x and when 0 < x < 1, |x| = x]

0 1
 x2   x2   1  1 
          0      0  1
 2   2   2  2 

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 MARKS 11

3
3.  1
[x ]dx

We know greatest integer function returns integral values only. So for every integral interval
value will change.
0 1 2 3
2
  [x ]dx   [x ]dx   [x ]dx   [x ]dx
1 0 1 2 1
0
  1  0  1 2
ă1 1 2 3
2

2
4.  x dx
0

For fractional part, let us draw the graph so for

2
0  x 1 x  x
1
1  x 2 x  x 1 0
(this is the reason we did such graphs in functions chapter) ă1 1 2 3
1 2 1 2
  x dx   x dx   xdx   (x  1)dx
0 1 0 1

1 2
x2 ( x  1)2 1 1
    1
2 0 2 1
2 2

Illustration 1 0

2 2
(a) Find the value of  sin x dx (b) Evaluate 0 x 2  2 X  3 dx
0

Solution :
(a) [When sin x  0, x  n , where n  0, 1, 2,... out of which only p lies between lower and
upper limits of integration].

0 +ve  ăve 2
2  2
Now I   0
sin x dx   sin x dx  
0 
sin x dx

 2 2
  sin xdx   sin xdx    cos x 0   cos x 

0 

 (cos   cos 0)  (cos 2  cos  )

 ( 1 1)  [1  ( 1)]  4

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 12 MARKS
2
(b) x + 2x ă 3 = 0    x = ă 3, 1

Sign scheme for x2 + 2x ă 3 in [0, 2] is

0 ăve 1 +ve 2

2
0 |x
2
Now I =  2x  3|dx

1 2 1 2
=  | x2  2 x  3| dx   | x2  2 x  3| dx =   (x2  2x  3)dx   (x2  2x  3)dx
0 1 0 1

1 2
 x3 2   x3 
=    x  3 x     x2  3 x
 3  0  3  1

 1   8  5 2 5
=     1  3  0     4  6    1  3  =    4
1
 3    3  3  3 3 3

Illustration 1 1
Find the value of

 x  dx
 4 3/ 2
(a) 
0
cos x  sin x dx (b)  0
(c) Evaluate
 0
x cos x dx
Solution :

 
(a) cos x  sin x  0  cos x  sin x  tan x 1  tan  x  n 
4 4


where n  0, 1, 2,... out of which only lies between lower and upper limits of definite
4
integration.]
sign scheme for cos x ă sin x

0 +ve  ăve 
 4
Now I   0
cos x  sin x dx
 /4 
 cos x  sin x dx   cos x  sin x dx
0  /4

 /4 
(cos x  sin x)dx  [sin x cos x]0 / 4   sin x cos x / 4

 (cos x  sin x)dx  
0  /4

        
  sin  cos    sin 0  cos0    sin   cos  )   sin  cos  
 4 4    4 4 

 1 1    1 1 
   1    (0 1)       2  1  ( 1  2)  2  1  1  2  2 2
 2 2    2 2 

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 MARKS 13

  x dx
4
(b)
0

Here also the value of fractional part will change at integral values

x 1 at x  1
, which is the upper limit.
x2 at x  4
so value of

x  x, 0  x 1
 x 1, 1  x 4

  x dx    
4 1 4
xdx   x  1 dx
0 0 1

1 4
2 3/2 2 4
 x  x3/2  x1
3 0 3 1

2 2
      (8 1)   (4 1)
3 3

7

3

x 0

(c) x cos x  0  
 cosn x  0 or  x  (2n  1) 2 , n  I

x 0 sign scheme for x cos x is


 1 3
 x  2 , between 0 and 2
0 +ve 1 ăve 3
2 2

3/2 1/2 3/2

Now  x cos x dx   x cos x dx   x cos  x dx
0 0 1/ 2

1/2 3/2
 x cos  xdx   x cos  xdx
0 1/ 2

1/2 3/ 2
 x sin  x cos  x  x sin  x cos  x 
   
    0  
2
 2 1/ 2

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 1 1   3 1 
  2    
 2    2 2 

1 1 2 5 1
  2   2
2   2 

a a
Property 4 :  f (x)dx   f (a  x)dx
0 0

Proof. Put a  x  t on R.H.S.

so lower limit becomes a
and upper limit becomes 0
& dx  dt
a 0 0
  f (a  x)dx   f (t )(dt )    f (t )dt
0 a a

a
  f ( t) dt {using Property-2]
0

a
  f ( x) dx [using Property-1]
0

Usefulness
This property is useful to convert an indefinite integral to a more easily solvable integral. This
property is specially very useful in trignometric integrals. Let us see how.

Illustration 1 2

 /2 sin x 1
(a) 
0
sin x  cos x
(b)  x(1  x)
0
99
dx

Solution :

 /2 sin xdx
(a) I ...(i)
0
sin x  cos x
see now if you solve this without any use of definite properties, as a normal indefinite
question it will become a very lengthy problem.
Let us see how property comes handy in this case.

I 
 /2 sin x
dx  
 /2  sin   x
2 
0
sin x  cos x 0
sin   2 x  cos   x 
2
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 MARKS 15

/2 cos( x)
 I  ...(ii)
0 cos x  sin x
adding (i) and (ii)

/ 2 sin xdx / 2 cos xdx

2I   
0
cos x  sin x 0
cos x  sin x

/2  sin x cos x 

    dx
0
 cos x  sin x sin x  cos x 

/2 sin x  cos x  /2

 dx  dx
0
sin x  cos x 0

/2 
 x0 
2

 
 2I  I
2 4
So you can notice the usefulness of this property. When sin x & cos x are interchangeable
by this property, use it to reduce the integral.
1
(b) 0
x(1 x)99 dx

Though we can solve this question by first using by parts and then applying the limits, but
here we will use this property to prevent that long step.
1
I   x(1  x)99 dx ...(i)
0

applying Property-4
1
I   (1  x)[1  (1  x)]99
0

1
  (1  x) x99dx
0

1
  ( x 99  x100)dx
0

Now solve simply as integral of 2 functions (no need of using by parts)

1 1
x100 x101 1 1 1
    
100 0 101 0 100 101 10100

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Illustration 1 3

 /2  /2 sin x  cos x
(a)  0
log tanxdx (b) 
0 1  sin x cos x
dx

 /4  /2 x
(c)  log(1  tan x )dx (d)  dx
0 0 sin x  cos x
Solution :
 /2
(a) I  log tan xdx ...(i)
0

applying Property-4

 /2  
I  log tan  2  dx
0
2 
 /2
 log cot xdx (ii)
0

adding (i) and (ii)

/ 2 / 2
2I   log tan xdx   log cot xdx
0 0

 /2
 (log(tan x)  log cot x)dx
0

Using the log property, log a  log b  log ab

 /2
 log(tan x  cot x )dx
0

 /2  /2
 log1dx   0.dx  0 [as log1  0 ]
0 0

Tip. Why I thought of using this property ?

1. Using by parts , is a very long process


2. Most importantly, upper limit is and every trignometric, function gives it
2


opposite pair at ă x, hence purpose solved.
2

 /2 sin x  cos x
(b) I  dx ...(1)
0 1  sin x cos x
Similarly in this question, a bell should ring that upper limit is  / 2 and function comprises

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 MARKS 17

of sin x & cosx which can be interchanged.

Hence applying Property-4.

sin(  x)  cos(  x)
I 
 /2
2 2 dx
0
1  sin(   x) cos(   x)
2 2

 /2 cos x  sin x
 dx ...(ii)
0 1 cos x sin x
adding (i) and (ii)

/2  sin x cos x cos x sin x 

2I      dx
0
 1  sin x cos x 1  sin x cos x 
/2
 0.dx = 0
0

 I = 0

 /4
(c) I  log(1  tan x )dx
0

applying Property-4

 tan   tan x 

0
 /4
 
log 1  tan  4  x dx   0
 /4
log 1  4
 1 tan  tan x 
 dx
 4 

 /4  1 tan x 
 log  1   dx ...(ii)
0
 1 tan x 

 /4  2 
 log   dx
0
 1  tan x 
adding (i) and (ii)

/ 4   2 
2I   0  log(1  tan x)  log  1 tan x   dx
   

/4  2 
 log  (1  tan x)  dx
0
 (1 tan x) 

/4

0
 log 2 dx

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
18 MARKS

 /4 /4 
 2I  log 2 dx  log 2 x 0  log 2
0 4


 I  log 2
8
Note. Another common mistake is the last step. Students forget that on L.H.S. it is 2 I , and
they have to divide by 2 to get the answer. So keep this in mind.
/2 x
(d)  dx
0 sin x  cos x
x
Let f ( x)  (i)
sin x  cos x


x
  2
Then f   x  
2  sin    x   cos    x 
   
2  2 


x
  2
or f   x 
2  cos x  sin x

   1
(1) + (2)  f ( x)  f   x 
2  2 cos x  sin x



 
2 2 cos  x  
 4

  
 sec x  
2 2  4

Now I  1   
 /2

2 0  f ( x)  f  2  x  dx
  

1   /2  
 .  sec  x   dx
2 2 2 0
 4
 /2
       
  log sec x    tan x  
2 2  4   4  0

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 MARKS 19

       
  log  cosec 4  cot 4   log sec  tan 
4 4
2 2  

 

4 2
log  
2  1  log  2 1 

  2 1  
 
2
 log    log 2 1
4 2 
 2 1  4 2



2 2
log  2 1 
b b
Property-5  a
f ( x) dx   f ( a  b  x) dx
a

Property-4 is a special case of Property-5 when a  0 & b  a

Proof. Let a  b t  x
  dt  dx
& at x a tb
x b ta
a
 I   f (t )(dt )
b

by using Property-2
b b
I   f (t )dt   f ( x)dx
a a

Illustration 1 4

2 x  /3 1
(a)  dx (b)  dx
1
3 x  x /6
1 cot x
Solution :

2 x
(a) I  dx
1
3 x  x
If we apply Property-5 in this integral then the denominator remains the same, which gives
encouragement to use the same.

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
20 MARKS
 applying Property-5.

2 3 x
I  dx
1
3  (3  x)  3  x

2 3  x dx
 (ii)
1
x  3 x
adding (i) and (ii)

2  3x x 
2I  1    dx
 x 3 x 3 x  x 

2 3 x  x 
 
1 
 dx
 3 x  x 

2 2
  dx  x1  2  1=1
1

1
 I  .
2

 /3 1  /3 sin x
(b)  /6
1  cot x
dx  
 /6 sin x  cos x
dx

 
Earlier we have seen that in case of   x  transformation in trignometric integrals, the
2 
interigral was reduced to a very simple one. See, here also it is happening.

  
Now,  
3 6 2

 
& property 5 replaces x by (a  b  x) i.e.   x .
2 
Hence our purpose is solved.

 
sin   x
 /3 2 
 I  dx
 /6
   
sin   x   cos   x 
2  2 

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
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 /3 cos x
 dx (ii)
 /6 cos x  sin x
Now I hope you understand what we are trying to do & what we will do next.
adding (i) and (ii)

/3    
2I   dx     
/6
3 6 6


 I 
12

2 a f ( x) dx, if f ( x) is even

f ( x) dx   0
a
Property-6 a
0, if f ( x) is odd

Proof. From Property-3, we get

a 0 a
 a
f (x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
a 0
(i)

0 0
Now  f (x)dx   f (t )( dt ) (put x   t )
a a

a a
  f ( t) dt   f (  x) dx
0 0

 a f ( x) dx,
0 if f ( x) is an even function
 a (ii)
 f ( x) dx, if f ( x) is an odd function
 0

Thus, when f ( x) is an even function from (i) & (ii)

0 a a a
  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx  2  f ( x) dx
a 0 0 0

and when f ( x) is an odd function, from (i) & (ii)

0 a a
  a
f ( x)   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx  0
0 0

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 22 MARKS
Geometrical Proof.
If f ( x ) is EVEN
y
+ + =2X
f(x) ++

=2X

ăa 0 a x

If f ( x) is ODD

This property should be used only when limits are equal and opposite and the function
which is to be integrated is either odd or even.

Illustration 1 5

1 4 1 /4
(a) Find  x3e x dx (b) Find  x x dx (c) Evaluate  x3 sin 4 xdx
1 1  /4

Solution :
4
(a) Let f (x)  x3e x

4 4
Then f (x )  (x )3e (x )   x 3e x   f (x )
Hence f ( x) is an odd function.

1 1 4
  f (x)dx  0 or  x3ex dx  0
1 1

(b) Let f (x)  x x

Then f ( x)  x x  x x   f ( x) [ x   x ]

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 MARKS 23

Hence f ( x) is an odd function.

1 1 x
 f ( x)dx  0 or  dx  0
1 1 x

(c) Let f ( x)  x3 sin 4 x

Then f (  x)  (  x)3 sin4 (  x)   x3 (  sin x)4

  x3 sin4 x   f ( x) .
Hence f (x) is an odd function
 /4
 / 4 f (x)dx  0

Illustration 1 6

a a a ax
(a) Show that  f ( x2 )dx  2  f ( x 2 )dx (b) Evaluate  dx
a 0 a ax
Solution :

(a) f [(  x)2 ]  f (x2 ) . Hence f ( x2 ) is an even function.

a a
  f (x2 )dx  2 f (x2 )dx
a 0

a ax a ax
(b) I  dx   dx
a ax  a
a 2  x2

a dx a a x
 a  dx
a
a2  x2 a
a 2  x2

a dx x
 a.2  0 [ is an odd function]
0
a x
2 2
a  x2
2

a
 x
 2a . sin 1   2a [sin 1 (1)  sin 1 0]
 a 0

 
 2a   0    a
2 

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
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2 a f ( x) dx; if f (2a  x)  f ( x)

f (x )dx   0
2a
Property-7  0
0, if f (2 a  x)   f ( x)

2a a 2a
Proof.  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
0 0 a

Put x  2a ă t in 2nd inetgral ( dx   dt ) when x  a then t = a

when x  2a then t = 0

2a 0 a a
  a
f (x )dx    f (2a  t )dt 
a 0
f (2a  t )dt  
0
f (2a  x )dx

2a a
  f (x )dx   f (2a  x )dx
0 0

If f (2 a  x)  f ( x)
2a a a a
then  f ( x)dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx  2  f ( x) dx
0 0 0 0

and if f (2 a  x)   f ( x)

2a a a
then  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx  0
0 0 0

Illustration 1 7
Evaluate

2  xdx
(a) 
0
cos5 xdx (b)  0 1  cos 2 x
Solution :
(a) We will first check for the property-7 conditions. For that let

f ( x)  cos 5 x

then f (2  x)  cos5 (2  x)

 cos 5 x  f ( x)
2a a
  f ( x)dx  2  f ( x) dx if f (2 a  x)  f ( x)
0 0

applying the rule.


I  2  cos5 xdx ...(i)
0

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 MARKS 25

Now applying property-4


I  2  cos 5(   x) dx
0


 2  cos5 xdx
0


 2  cos 5 xdx ...(ii)
0

adding (i) and (ii)

2I  0
 I 0

 xdx
(b) I  ...(i)
0 1 cos 2 x
This is an interesting problem, because here. Property-7 is not visible at first. So the tip that
we can derive from this question is that approach the question as given rather than going
by a fixed mind.
Here we can see that property-4 is applicable so without thinking anything else I will use
it first

 (  x)dx  (  x)dx
 I  ...(ii)
0 1  cos (   x) 0 1  cos 2 x
2

adding (i) and (ii)

 xdx   x
2I   2
 dx
0 1  cos x 0 1  cos2 x

 
 dx
0 1  cos2 x
Now if I apply property-4 back then I will have no advantage as I will get the same integral.
Hence no use. But if I apply Property-7.

1   /2  dx 
2   0 1  cos 2 x 
I 2 as f (2a  x )  f ( x)

 /2  dx
 I 
0 1  cos2 x

1   dx
2 0 1  cos 2 x
 I

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 26 MARKS
MISTAKE : Common mistake at this step, is to take it as a normal substitution integral.

  sec 2 x
i.e. I  dx (dividing by cos 2 x )
2 0 sec 2 x  1
Now the common substiution
x  tan x
dx  sec2 xdx
But wait this is a wrong step, as per the rule of substitution the function which is substituited
should be continuous in the interval.

But there for x  tan x , tanx is not continuous over interval [0, ] . It is discontinuous at x  .
2
Therefore, it is not possible to substitute tan x in the interval [0,  ] .
So next thought should be to brea k the interval so tha t we c a n a ply the tra nsforma tion.

Illustration 1 8

/2 /2 
Prove  0
log sin xdx  
0
log cos xdx   log 2
2
 /2
Solution : Let I  0 log sin xdx ...(i)

clearly property-4 is applicable here,

 /2    /2
 I  log   x  dx   log cos xdx ...(ii)
0
2  0

adding (i) and (ii)

 /2
2I  
0
 log sin x  log cos x  dx

 /2  /2  sin 2 x 
 logsin xcos x  dx  log   dx
0 0
 2 

 /2

0
logsin 2x  log 2 dx
 /2 /2
 logsin 2xdx   log 2dx
0 0

 /2  /2
 logsin 2xdx  log 2 x0
0

 /2  
 2I   log sin 2 xdx   log 2   ...(iii)
0
2 

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 MARKS 27

Now let us solve the integral part separately.

/ 2
I  
0
log sin 2 x  dx
See if I apply property-4 again here I will again get I  , which becomes futile as I am struck
here. So what should I do ?

There are only 2 options

1. I  gives a definite value, which does not seems to be the case here.
2. express I  in terms of I to solve the question.
Now, let
2x  t
 2dx  dt
1 
 I   log sin t  dt ...(iv)
2 0

Now (iv) is almost similar to I with the only difference being in the upper limit.
 applying property -

 1  /2  /2
I     2  logsin tdt  log sin t  dt  I
 2 0 0

Putting this value back in (iii)


2I  I  log 2
2
 /2  /2 
 I  logsin xdx  
log 2 cos xdx  
0 2 0

Now solving it as we would have done in indefinite integral case.

 /2 sec 2 xdx
I 
0 1  sec2 x

 /2 sec 2 xdx

0 2  tan 2 x
Now obvisously we will substitute tan x  t
as x 0 tan x  t  0

x tanx  t  
2

  dt  t
I  tan 1
0 2  t2 2 2 0

2
    
  tan 1
  tan 1 0     0
2 2
2  2 2
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
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a a /2 a /2
Property 8  0
f ( x) dx  0
f ( x) dx  0
f ( a  x) dx

Geometrical Proof :
Y f(x) Y f(x) Y
f(aăx)

X X X
O a O a O a
a a/2 a/ 2
 f (x )dx  f (x )dx
 f (a  x )dx
0 0 0
= +

Y
f(x) If f ( a  x)  f ( x) x (0,a )

a
i.e. f ( x) is symmetrical about x  .
2
then  2
X a a /2
O a/2 a 0 f (x)dx 0 f ( x) dx

Illustration 1 9

 /2  /2  /4
Show that  0
f (sin 2 x)sin xdx  
0
f (sin 2 x)cos xdx  2 
0
f (cos 2 x)cos xdx

Solution :
 /2
Let I  0 f (sin 2x )sin xdx ...(i)

 /2      
 I  f  sin 2   x  sin   x dx (using property-4)
0
 2   2 

 /2
 I  f  sin(  2x ) cos xdx
0

 /2
 I  f (sin 2x )cos xdx ...(ii)
0

Hence the first part is proved.

 /2
I  f (sin 2x )sin xdx
0

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/ 4 / 4      
 f (sin 2 x) sin xdx   f sin 2   x  sin   x dx (using Property-5)
0 0
 2   2 

 /4  /4
 f (sin 2 x)sin xdx   f (sin 2 x)cos xdx
0 0

/ 4
 f (sin 2 x)(sin x  cos x) dx
0

 /4          
 f  sin 2   x  sin   x  cos x  x  x dx (using property-4)
0
 4    4  4  

 /4  1 1 1 1 
 f (cos 2 x)  cos x  sin x  cos x  sin x dx
0
 2 2 2 2 

/ 4
 2 f (cos 2 x) cos xdx
0

Hence the second part is also proved.

Some mor e algeb r aic pr oper ties :

b 1
Property-9  f( x) dx  ( b  a)  f (( b  a) x  a) dx
a 0

for the proof of this property we will approach from R.H.S.

Put z  (b  a )x  a in R.H.S.

 dz  (b  a )dx
& when x 0 , z a
x  1, z b
 new integral becomes
b dz b
 (b  a ) f (z)   f ( x)dx =L.H.S.
a ( b  a) a

some other properties.

b b c
1.  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
a ac

b b c
2.  f ( x) dx   f ( x  c) dx
a a c

b b c
or  f( x) dx   f ( x  c) dx
a a c

b 1 b  x
3.  a
f ( x) dx 
c a  c 
f   dx

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Illustration 20

2
 2
5 2/3 9 x  
( x 5)2
Evaluate
 e dx  3 e
 3
dx
4 1/3

Solution :

x2
N ot e : Here we know e dx cannot be evaluated by idefinite integral

5 2
Thus, I 1   e( x5) dx
4

1 2
 ( 5  4)  e(( 5 4) x4 5) dx
0

1 2

 I 1    e (x1) dx ...(i)
0

again, let
2/3 2
I2   e9( x2/3) .dx
1/3

2
 2 1  1 2
 2 1  1 9   x   
     e   3 2  3 3 .dx
3 3 0

1 1 (x 1)2
3 0
 e . dx

1
 ( I 1 ) ...(ii)
3

where, I  I 1  3I 2

 I 
 I1  3  1 
 3

I1I1

I 0
5 2 2/3 2

  e( x 5 ) dx  3 e9( x 2 /3) dx  0
4 1/3

PROPERTIES RELATED TO PERIODICITY

nT T
Property-10 : I f ( x) is a periodic function with period T then  f ( x) dx  n  f ( x) dx
0 0

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The proof of this property is really easy one.

Geometrical Proof.
If f (x ) is periodic then it will repeat (the curve also) after an interval of T.

O T 2T 3T nT

Since the area under the curve for an interval of T is same everytime.
Total area = n (curve under one interval)

nT T
  f ( x) dx\  n f ( x) dx
0 0

a T T
Property-11  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
a 0

Let us see the proof using geometry

T
if  f ( x) dx
0

O T 2T

now

a a+T

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so observation only we can say
T a T
 f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
0 a

Property-12 : Generalization of the above property is

a nT T
 a
f ( x) dx  n  f ( x)dx
0

a nT nT T
 a
f ( x) dx  
0
f ( x) dx  n f ( x) dx
0

We can also use gemoetrical proof here.

nT T
Property-13 :  f ( x) dx  ( n  m)  f ( x) dx , n, m I
mT 0

Geometrical Proof.

mt nt

We can write,
nT nT mT
 f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
mT 0 0

i.e. area of curve between = area of curve uptil nT - area of curve uptil mT
nT T T
  mT
f ( x) dx  n f ( x) dx  m f ( x) dx
0 0

T
 ( n  m)  f ( x) dx
0

Some other properties deduced from earlier properties

a nT a
1.  nT
f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
0

a nT nT
2.  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
a  mT mT

b nT b
3.  a  nT
f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
a

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Illustration 21

10 100 400 
(a) Prove that  ( x [ x]) dx  5 . (b)  e x[ x]dx  100( e  1) (c)  1  cos 2xdx  800 2
0 0 0

Solution :
(a) Since x  [ x] is a periodic function with period one unit. Therefore

10 1 1 1
 (x  [x ])dx  10 (x  [x ])dx  10   xdx   [x ]dx 
0 0  0 0 

  x 2  1  10
 10     0   5
  2  0  2

(b) Since x  [ x] is a periodic function with period one unit, therefore so is ex  [x ] , and hence

100 1 1
 ex  [ x]dx  100  e x [ x] dx  100 e x 0 dx
0 0 0

1
100  ex . dx 100( e 1)
0

400  400
(c)  0
1  cos 2 x  
0
2 sin x dx


 2  400  sin x dx [  sin x is periodic with period  ]
0

 
 400 2  sin xdx  400 2   cos x 0  800 2
0

Illustration 22

4 32 / 3
(a) Evaluate  cos x dx (b) Evaluate  1  cos 2xdx
0 0

Solution :

(a) Note that cosx is a periodic with period  .

Hence the given integral,

I  4  cos x dx
0

4  0
 /2
cos xdx   cos xdx


 /2 
  /2 
 4 sin x 0  sin x  / 2  4(1  1)  8 . 
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
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32  / 3 10  32  /3
(b)  1  cos 2 xdx  2  cos x dx  2  cos x dx
0 0 10

 2 / 3
 10 2  cos x dx  2  cos x dx
0 0

/ 2  / 2 2 / 3
 10 2  cos xdx   cos xdx   2   cos xdx    cos xdx 
 0  /2   0  /2 

 3 
 10 2 1  1  2 1   1
 2 

 3 3
 20 2  2  2    22 2 
 2  2


Illustration 23

n  V
Show  sin x dx  (2n  1)  cosV , where n is positive integer. and 0  V   . [IIT-1994]
0

Solution :
n  V V n  V
 sin x dx   sin x dx   sin x dx
0 0 V

V 
  sin xdx  n  sin x dx (Using Property-IX)
0 0

V 
   cos x 0  n  sin xdx
0

 ( cosV  1)  n ( cos x)0

 (cos V)  1  n(1  1)

 (2n  1)  cosV
n  V
  sin x dx  (2n  1)  cosV
0

where n is positive integer and 0  V   .

PROPERTIES INCLUDING INEQUALITIES :

1. If f ( x)  0 on an interval [a ,b ] , then
b
 f ( x) dx  0
a

b
or if f ( x)  0 , then 
a
f ( x)dx  0

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 MARKS 35

The reason is very obvious because if f ( x)  0 the area will be above x-axis i.e. positive & for
f (x )  0 it will be negative.

2. Property-14 : If f ( x)  g ( x) on [a ,b ] , then
b b
 a
f ( x )dx   g ( x )dx
a

The proof is similar to the reasoning given in the above case.

3. Property-15 : If m and M are the smallest & largest values of function f ( x) defined on an
interval [a , b] then

b
m (b  a )  f (x )dx  M (b  a )
a

Proof. It is given that

m  f (x)  M
integrating both sides
b b b
 a
mdx   f ( x)dx   Mdx
a a

b
 m( b  a )   f ( x) dx  M ( b  a )
a

Property-16 : If f ( x) is defined over [a , b ] then

b b
 a
f ( x )dx   f ( x ) dx
a

This is very straight forward result.

C

a B
A o b

b
So  f ( x) dx  area OBC - area OAD ...(i)
a

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 36 MARKS
whereas

D C

A B
a o b

b
  f ( x) dx  area OBC + area OAD ...(ii)
a

compare (i) and (ii) to get to the result.

Property-17 : If f 2 ( x) & g2 ( x) are integrable over [ a, b] then

  
b b b 1/ 2

 f ( x) g( x) dx  f 2 ( x) dx g2 ( x) dx
a a a

Illustration 24

sin x
19 1  1 dx 
(a) Show that  dx  7 (b) Prove that  
10 1  x8
10 6 0 2
4 x x 4 2
Solution :

19 sin x 19 sin x b b
(a)  10 1
x 8
dx  
10 1
 x8
dx [  a
f ( x)dx   f ( x) dx ]
a

19 sin x
 dx
10 1  x8

19 1 19 1
 8 dx   8 dx [ sin x  1]
10 1  x 10 x

19
 1  1 1 1 1
  7     7
 7
 7 x 10 7.(10) 7
7.(19)7
7.(10) 10

(b) 0  x 1
 4  x2  4 x2  x3  4 x2  x2 [  x2  x3 ]

 4  x 2  4  x 2  x 3  4  2x 2  1

 4  x 2  4  x 2  x 3  4  2x 2

 4  x2  4  x2  x3  4  2 x2
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
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1 1 1
  
2 2 3
4 x 4 x  x 4  2 x2

1 dx 1 dx 1 1 dx
  0
4 x 2
 0 2
4 x  x 3

2
 0
2  x2

1 1
 1 x 1  1 x 
 sin 2   I  2  sin 
20
 0 

 
 I 
6 4 2

Illustration 25

3 1 15
(a) Prove that 4  1
3  x3 dx  2 30 (b) Prove that 
0
(1  x) (1   3 ) dx 
8
.

Solution :

dy 3 x 2
(a) Let y  3  x 3 , then  0
dx 2 3  x3

 y is an increasing function
 1 x  3

 3  13  3  x3  3  3 3

 2  3  x3  30
3 3 3
  2dx   3  x3 dx  30  dx
1 1 1

3
 4  3  x3 dx  2 30
1

(b) Let f (x )  1 x and g ( x)  1  x3

If f 2 ( x) and g 2(x) and f ( x) g ( x) are integrable functions on [a ,b ] , then


b

a
f ( x) g( x) dx   b

a
f 2 ( x) dx   g ( x) dx
b

a
2

 
1

0
(1  x) (1  x2 )dx    (1  x)dx  (1  x )dx
1

0
1

0
3

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1 1
 x2   x4 
  x   x 
 2 0 4 0

3 5 15
 . 
2 4 8

1 15
Thus,  (1 x ) (1 x3 )dx  .
0 8

L eibnit z’s R ule for d iffer ent iat ion

Case-I. If the limits are function of the variable whose derivative is taken.

d  h(x )
f ( t) dt   f  h( x)   h( x)  f  g( x)   g( x)
i.e.  g
dx  (x )
  

independen t of x

a very common case is

d x
dx 0
f (t ) dt  f ( x)

Case-2. If the integrand is the function of variable whose derivative is taken, i.e.

d b b d
 f ( x, t) dt   f ( x, t ) dt
dx  a  a dx
taking t as a constant while differentiating.
Case-3. General Case :

d h (x ) h (x ) d
 f (t , x )dt   f (t , x )dt  f  h (x ) h  (x ) f  g (x )  g  (x )
dx g (x ) g ( x ) dx

You can see that its a combination of both the results.

TIP :
Learn the formulas by variable of differentiation, integrand & limit of the integral not
by cases.

Property-18. Let a function f ( x, a ) be continuous for a  x  b and c    d . Then for any  [c, d ] ,
b
if I ( )   f (x ,  )dx , then
a

dI ( ) b  ( f ( x , ))
 a dx
d 

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Illustration 26
Differentiate the following w.r.t. x
x2 x
(a)  (cos t2 ) dt (b)  sin t2 dt
0 1/ x

Solution :

d  x2 
I  cos t dt 
dx  0
2
(a) We have to find

This is an example of case-1 where only limits are a function of x.

d 2
 I   cos(x2 )2   (x ) ă cos(0).0
dx

 I  2 xcos x 4

d x
(b) I   sint 2dt
dx 1/ x

This is again an example of case-1

I  sin   x 
2

d
dx
 
  1 2  d  1 
x   sin      
  x   dx x 
 

1  1  1 
 sin x   sin  2   2 
2 x  x  x 

1 1  1
 sin x  2
sin 2 
2 x x x 

Illustration 27
x2 t 2  5t  4
Find the points of maxima / minima of  dt .
0 2  et
Solution. We will apply the normal rules of maxima/minima & for maxima/minima we differentiate
x2 t 2  5t  4
 if f ( x)   dt
0 2  et

d x2  t2  5 t  4 
then f ( x) 
dx 0

 2e 
t  dt

again case-1 example, only limit is a function of x.

( x2 ) 2  5( x2 )  4 d 2
 f ( x)  . ( x ) 0
dx
2
2  ex
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 40 MARKS

 ( x2 )2  5( x2 )  4 
 2x  2 
 2 ex 

2 x( x2  4)( x2  1)
 2
2 e x

2 x.( x  2)( x  2)( x  1)( x  1)

 2
2  ex
equality it to zero.

· + · + · +

ă2 ă1 0 1 2

Hence the points of maxima (i.e. where sign = -1, 1 changes from +ve to -ve) & points of minma
(where sign changes from -ve to +ve) = -2,0,2

Illustration 28

x2 cos x.cos  dy
(a) If y( x)   2 /16 d  , find at x   .
1  sin 
2
dx

 /2
(b) Evaluate  log(1  sin  sin 2 x)cosec 2 xdx .
0

Solution :

x2 cos 
(a) y  (cos x ). d
 2 /16 1  sin2 
here cos x is a constant in integration, so it can be moved out of integral & this is the trick here.

x2 cos 
y  cos x. d
1  sin 2 
 2 /16

now differentiate using product rule.

dy d x2 cos  d x2 cos  d 
 (cos x)   2 cos x.
dx  /161  sin 2 

dx dx 1  sin 2 
2
 /16

the derivative of integral is an example of our case-1 i.e. integrand is not the function of
x, only limits are

dy x2 cos  cos x 2
  sin x. 2 d   (2 x )  (cos x ) 0
dx  / 16
1 sin2  1  sin 2 x 2

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 MARKS 41

2x cos 2 x x2 cos 
  sin x 2 d (i)
1  sin x
2  /16
1  sin2 
now solving the integral by substituting

  t2
 d  2tdt
& limits at   x2 t x

2 
 t
16 4

x cos t
 Integral I   2tdt
/41  sin t

dy
But stop, we are solving in futile. We need to find the value of at x   & ahead of this
dx
integral is sin x which is 0 at x   , so no need of solving the integral

dy  2 cos 2 ( )
   2 cos 2 ( )  2
dx x  1  sin2 ( )

 /2
(b) I  log(1  sin  sin 2 x)cosec 2xdx
0

now this is question based on property-18.

H er e I is a function of  , so according to property

dI  /2 
d
  0 
log (1  sin  sin 2 x cosec 2 xdx
 means differentiating the function containing  only & taking all other variables as
constant while differentiating.

I / 2 1
    sin 2 x cos  .cosec2 xdx
 0 (1 sin  sin2 x)

 /2 cos dx  /2 cos sec2 xdx


(1  sin  sin 2 x)  0 cos ec 2x  sin  tan 2 x

0

 /2 cos  sec 2 xdx


0 1 (1 sin )tan2 x

Put tan x  t

sec2 xdx  dt

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
42 MARKS
& limits at x 0 t0


x t 
2

dI  cos dt
d
 0 1  (  sin  )t 2

cos   dt
 
(1  sin  ) t 2  1
0

sin 


cos 

1 sin 
tan 1 t 1  sin
0
 1 sin 
cos   

1 sin 
 
1  sin    0 
 2 

 .cos
 1  sin 
2(1 sin  )

 cos 

2 1 sin 

 (cos2  / 2  sin2  / 2)

2 sin  / 2  cos  / 2

    
as 1 sin    sin2  cos2  2 cos sin 
 2 2 2 2

  
  cos  sin 
2 2 2

dI ( )    
   cos  sin 
d 2 2 2
now integrating to get the value of I
   
I  cos  sin  dx
2  2 2

  
I  2 sin  2 cos   C
2 2 2

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 MARKS 43

  
I    sin  cos   C ...(i)
 2 2

for value of C put   0 in the equation

I (0)   (sin 0  cos 0)  C

... (ii)
  C
& I (0) can be found out using the original function.
 /2
& I (a )   log(1  sin  sin2 x) cos ec2 xdx
0

/2
I (0)   (log(1)).cos ec 2 xdx  0
0

Putting this in (ii)

I (0)    C
 0   C
 C  
putting this value in (i)

  
I ( )    sin  cos   
 2 2

x
Property-19 : If f ( t) is an odd function, then g (x )   a
f (t )dt is an even function.

x
Property-20 : If f ( t) is an even function, then g ( x)   0
f (t ) dt is an odd function.

x
NOTE : For  a
f (t )dt might not be an odd function. So apply the above property
taking special care of limits.
Property-21 : If f (x ) is a continuous function on [ a, b] then there exists a point c  ( a , b) such
b
that  a
f ( x) dx  f ( c)(b  a ) . This is known as Mean Value Theorem of Integration.

b
Property-22 : If f (x ) is continuous in [ a , b] &  f ( x)  0 then the equation f  x   0 has
a

atleast one root in (a , b ) .

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 44 MARKS
Proof of this property is very simple.

b
a

The area can be zero only iff there is some part of f ( x) below the x-axis (i.e.
negative area). And for that to happen for a continuous function f ( x), f ( x ) must
cross the y  0 line at atleast one point.

IMPROPER INTEGRAL

If f ( x ) is continuous on [ a ,  ] , then a
f ( x)dx is called as improper integral and

 b
 f (x)dx  lim  f (x)dx
a b  a

If the Right Hand Limit of integral exists then the improper integral is convergent otherwise it
is divergent.

GAMMA FUNCTION

 
It is defined by the improper integral, by  e x dx and is denoted by n
x n1
0


 n  
0
e  xx n 1dx where x is a positive rational number.

P r op er t ies of G a mma fu nct ion

1. 1  1, 0   and ( n  1)  nn
2. if n N, (n  1)  n !

3.  (1/ 2)  

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 MARKS 45

Useful ext ensions of gamma function :

/2 /2
1.  sin2 xdx   cosn xdx
0 0

n 1 n  3 n  5 3 1 
 n . n  2. n  4... 4. 2. 2 , if n is even

 n  1. n  3 . n  5 ... 4 . 2 .1, if n is odd
 n n  2 n  4 5 3

 /2  /2
2.  sin m x cos n xdx   sin n x cos m xdx
0 0

(m  1)(m  3)...(1)(n  1)(n  3)...(1) 

 . when both m & n belong to even integer
( m  n)( m  n 2)...2 2

(m  1)(m  3)...(1 or 2)(n  1)(n  3)...(1 or 2)

 when either of m or n belong to odd integer
(m  n )(m  n  2)...1 or 2


3. 
0
sinm x cosn xdx  0, if n is odd

 /2
 2 sinm x cosn xdx , if n is even
0

Illustration 29

 dx
Evaluate the integral 0 1  x2
Solution :
y
y 1
1 y=
y=
1+x2 1+x 2

x x
O b b O 
dx dx
1+x2 1+x 2
0 0
By the defintion of an improper integral we find

 dx b dx b

  lim   lim tan 1 x  lim tan 1 b  .
0 1  x b  0 1  x b 
2 2
0 b  2

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
46 MARKS

Illustration 30

 dx
Evaluate 
 1 x 2
Solution :
 dx 0 dx  dx
  1  x 2

 1  x 2

0 1  x2


The second integral is equal to . Compute the first integral :
2
 dx 0 dx 
 1  x 2    1  x 2  lim
 lim

tan 1 x |0  lim (tan 1 0  tan 1  ) 
  2
Therefore
 dx  
 1 x 2
  
2 2
In many cases, it is sufficient to determine, whether the given intergal converges or diverges, and
to estimate its value.

T he I nt egr al of a Discont inuous function :

A function f ( x) is defined and continuous when a  x  c , and either not defined or discontinuous
c
when x  c . In this case, one cannot speak of the integral  a
f ( x) dx as the limit of integral sums,

because f ( x) is not continuous on the interval [ a , c] , and for this reason the limit may not exist.
c
The integral a
f ( x)dx of the function f (x ) discontinuous at the point c is defined as follows :

c b
a
f ( x) dx  lim
b  c 0 a f ( x) dx
If the limit on the right exist, the integral is called an important convergent integral, otherwise
it is divergent.
If the function f (x ) is dicsontinuous at the left extremity of the interval [ a, c] (that is, for
c c
x  a ), then by defintion  f (x)dx  lim  f (x )dx
a b a 0 b

if the function f ( x) is discontinuous at some point x  x0 inside the interval [ a, c] , we put

c x0 c
 f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
a a x0

if both imporper integral on the right side of the equation exist.

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 MARKS 47

Illustration 31

1 dx dx
1
(a) Evaluate  0
1 x
. (b) Evaluate the integral 
1 x2

Solution :

1 dx b dx
(a)   lim    lim 2 1 x |b0
0
1  x b 1 0 0 1  x b1 0

  lim 2
b1 0
 
1 b  1  2

(b) Since inside the interval of integration there exists a point x  0 where the integrad is
dicsontinuous, the interal must be represented sum of two terms :

1 dx 1 dx 1 dx
  lim  2  lim  2
1 x 2  1  0 1 x  2 0  2 x

Calculate each limit separately :


dx1 1 1 1 1
lim  2   lim   lim     
a 0 1 x 1 0 x
1  1 1 
1 0 

Thus, the integral diverges on the interval [ 1, 0]

dx
1  1
lim lim 1
1 0  1 x2
     
10
  2

And this means that the integral also diverges on the interval [0,1]. Hence, the given
integral diverges on the entire interval [ 1,1] . It should be noted that if we had begun to
evaluate the given integral without paying attention to the discontinuity of the intgerand
at the point x  0 , the result would have been wrong.

1
y
dx
1 1 1 1 
Indeed 1 x2   x       2
1  1  1
which is impossible (fig.)

y = 12
x

x
ă1 0 1

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
48 MARKS
SUMMATION OF SERIES USING DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS A LIMIT OF SUM

If f ( x) is an integrable function defined on [a , b ] then

lim  h f ( a)  f ( a  h)  f ( a  2 h)  ...  f ( a  ( n 1) h

h 0

is called the definite integral of f ( x) between limits a and b.

b
  f ( x) dx  lim h  f ( a)  f ( a  h)  f ( a  2 h)  ...  f ( a  ( n  1) h
a h 0

n
 lim
h 0
 f (a  rh)
r 0
y
f(x)

It should be noted that as b  0, a  

băa
h=
n
nh  b  a
x
1 O a
Putting a  0, b  1 , so that h  h b
n (b ă a)

t 1 n1
r
We get 0
f ( x) dx  lim
n  n
 f  n 
r 0

WORKING RULE

1  r 
Step-1. Express the series in the form, lim
n  
 f  
n  n 

Step-2. Replace  by  ,

r
by x and
n

1
  by dx
n

r 
Step-3. Obtain the lower & upper limits of the integral by computing lim   for the least &
n 
n
greatest value of r respectively i.e. put the starting & ending values of r to get the
limits.

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 MARKS 49

Illustration 32

 1 1 1 1 
Show that lim     ...    log 6 [IIT ă 81]
n 
 n 1 n  2 n  3 6n 
Solution :

 1 1 1 1 
lim     ...  
n 
n 1 n  2 n  3 6n 

 1 1 1 1 
 lim     ...  
n n  1 n 2 n 3 n  5n 

[writing last term in the same form as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, ... terms are]
5n
1 5n
1 n 
 lim   lim   
r 1 n  r r 1 n  n  r 
n n

1 5n 1
 lim
n n
 r
r 1
1
n
 lower limit of r  1

1 
 lower limit of integration  nlim   0

n 
 upper limit of r  5n

5n
 upper limit of integration  nlim 5
 n
Hence from (i) required limit
5 dx 5
   log(1  x)0
0 1 x
 log 6  log1  log 6 [ log1  1 ]

Illustration 33

 n n n 1 
Evaluate nlim  2 2
 2 2
 2 2  ...  

 n 1 n  2 n  3 2n 

 n n n n 
Solution : lim   2  2 2  ...  2 
 n 1 n  2 n 3 n  n2 
n  2 2 2

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
50 MARKS
[Writing last term in the same form as first, 2nd, 3rd,.... term are]

n
 n  1 n n2
 lim   2 2   lim  2 2
r 1  n  r 
n n
r 1 n  r
n

1 n 1
 lim
n n
 2
r 1 r 
1   ...(i)
n

 lower limit of r  1

1
 lower limit of integration = lim 0
 n n
 upper limit of r  n

n
 upper limit of integration = nlim 1
 n
Hence from (i), required limit

1 dx 1
   tan1 x 
0 1 x 2 0

 tan 1 (1)  tan1 (0)

 
 0 
4 4

Illustration 34

 1 1 1 1 
lim
Evaluate n   2    ...  
 n n2  12 n2  22 n2  ( n  1)2 

 1 1 1 1 
Solution : lim     ...  
2
n 
 n n2  12 n2  22 n2  (n  1)2 
n 1
1 1 n 1 n
 lim   lim 
n
r 0 n2  r 2 n n r 0 n  r 2
2

1 n1 1
 lim
n  n
 2
r0 r 
1  
n

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 MARKS 51

y
 lower limit of r  0  lower limit of integration = nlim 0
 n
 upper limit of r  n  1

n1  1
 upper limit of integration = lim    nlim 1  1
n
 n  
 n
 from (i), required limit
1 dx 1  
   sin 1 x  sin 1 (1)  sin 1(0)  0 
0
1 x 2 0 2 2

Illustration 35

r n
r2
Evaluate lim
n 
r
r 1
3
 n3
.

Solution :

n
r2 1 n r 2n
lim  3 3
 lim  r 3  n 3
r 1 r  n
n  n  n
r 1

2
r
1 n  
n
 lim   3
n  n
r 1  r  ...(i)
  1
n 

1
lower limit of r  1  lower limit of integration  nlim 0
 n

n
upper limit of r  n  upper limit of integration  nlim
 n
1

1 x2
 from (i), required limit  0 x 3  1 dx ...(ii)

Let z  x3  1 , then dz  3 x2 dx

when x  0, z 1 and when x  1, z  2

1 2 dz 1 2 1 1
 from (ii), required limit     log z1  (log 2  log1)  log 2 .
3 1 z 3 3 3

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 MARKS 51

y
 lower limit of r  0  lower limit of integration = lim 0
n  n
 upper limit of r  n  1

 n 1   1
 upper limit of integration = lim    nlim 1    1
n 
 n  
 n
 from (i), required limit
1 dx 1  
   sin 1 x   sin 1 (1)  sin 1 (0)  0
0
1 x 2 0 2 2

Illustration 35

r n
r2
Evaluate lim
n 
r
r 1
3
 n3
.

Solution :

n
r2 1 n r 2n
lim   lim 
n 
r 1 r 3  n3 n  n r 1 r 3  n3

2
r 
1 n  
 n
 lim
n  n
 3
r 1 r  1 ...(i)
  
n

1
lower limit of r  1  lower limit of integration  lim 0
n  n

n
upper limit of r  n  upper limit of integration  nlim 1
 n

1 x2
 from (i), required limit  0 x 3  1 dx ...(ii)

Let z  x3  1 , then dz  3x 2dx

when x  0, z  1 and when x  1, z  2

1 2 dz 1 2 1 1
 from (ii), required limit    log z 1  (log 2  log1)  log 2 .
3 1 z 3 3 3

DEFINITE INTEGRALS