Complex Numbers

IIT-JEE
Definition: If number is in 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 form then is called complex numbers and denoted by “z”.
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, where 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ R (Real numbers)
𝑖 = iota = −1

𝑖 = −1 = 𝑖 5
𝑖 2 = −1 = 𝑖 6
𝑖 3 = −𝑖 = 𝑖 7
𝑖4 = 1 = 𝑖8
i.e. 𝑖 4𝑚 = 1
𝑖 4𝑚 +1 = 𝑖
𝑖 4𝑚 +2 = −1
𝑖 4𝑚 +3 = −𝑖

Ex- Find value:-

1. 𝑖 101 , 𝑖 503 , 𝑖 74 , 𝑖 36
∙ 𝑖 101 = 𝑖 4×25+1 = 𝑖 ∙ 𝑖 503 = 𝑖 4×125 +3 = −𝑖 ∙ 𝑖 74 = 𝑖 4×18+2 = −1 ∙ 𝑖 36 = 𝑖 4×9 = 1

2. 1 + 𝑖 10 + 𝑖 100 − 𝑖 1000
= 1 + 𝑖2 + 1 − 1
=1−1=0

3. 6𝑖 50 + 5𝑖 41 − 2𝑖 19 + 6𝑖 60
= 6𝑖 2 + 5𝑖 − 2 −𝑖 + 6 × 1
= −6 + 5𝑖 + 2 + 6 = 2 + 5𝑖

4. 1 + 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 4 − 𝑖 6
= 1−1+1−1 = 0

5. 𝑖 108 + 𝑖 117 − 𝑖 110 + 𝑖 115

= 1 + 𝑖 + 𝑖 2 + −𝑖
= 1+𝑖−1−𝑖 = 0

6. 2𝑖 2 + 6𝑖 3 + 3𝑖 16 − 6𝑖 19 + 4𝑖 21
= −2 − 6𝑖 + 3 + 6𝑖 + 4𝑖 = 1 + 4𝑖

Real & Imaginary part of Complex Numbers

If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 then Re 𝑧 = 𝑥 and Im 𝑧 = 𝑦
Examples: 1. 𝑧 = 7 − 4𝑖 then,
Re 𝑧 = 7 Im 𝑧 = −4
2. 𝑧 = −5𝑖
Re 𝑧 = 0 Im 𝑧 = −5
3. 𝑧 = 8
Re 𝑧 = 8 Im 𝑧 = 0
1
4. 𝑧 = 3+4𝑖
1 3−4𝑖 3−4𝑖 3−4𝑖
= × 3−4𝑖 = =
3+4𝑖 3 2 − 4𝑖 2 9−4𝑖2
3−4𝑖 3−4𝑖
= 9+16 = 25
3 4
Re 𝑧 = 25 Im 𝑧 = − 25
 3−4𝑖
5. 𝑧 = 1−3𝑖
3−4𝑖 1+3𝑖 3+9𝑖 −4𝑖 −12𝑖 2 3+5𝑖+12 15+5𝑖 3+𝑖
= 1−3𝑖 × 1+3𝑖 = = = =
1−3𝑖 2 1+9 10 2
3 1
Re 𝑧 = 2 Im 𝑧 = 2

Q: Find real & imaginary part of the following complex numbers:-

3+7𝑖 1+𝑖 2+𝑖 10 +2𝑖
(i) (ii) 2 + 3𝑖 −5 + 4𝑖 (iii) (iv)
1−𝑖 𝑖−1 𝑖−2 −2−3𝑖

Theorems of Complex Numbers

Theorem: 1 Any two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real and imaginary parts are equal.
i.e. 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
then, 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑏

Ex-1 Find 𝑥 and 𝑦 if, 7𝑥 + 5𝑖𝑦 = 14 − 15𝑖.

Equate real and imaginary part
Then, 7𝑥 = 14 5𝑦 = 15
𝑥=2 𝑦=3

Ex-2 Find 𝑥 and 𝑦 if, 4𝑥 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 8 + 11𝑖.

Equate real and imaginary part
Then, 4𝑥 = 8 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 11
𝑥=2 3 × 2 − 𝑦 = 11
𝑦 = −5

Ex-3 Find 𝑥 and 𝑦 if, 2𝑥 + 3𝑖𝑦 − 5𝑖𝑥 = 11 − 7𝑖.

Equate real and imaginary part
Then, 2𝑥 = 11 3𝑦 − 5𝑥 = −7
11 11
𝑥= 3𝑦 − 5 × = −7
2 2
55
3𝑦 − 2
= −7
55
3𝑦 = −7 +
2
41
3𝑦 = 2
41
𝑦= 6

Ex-4 Find 𝑥 and 𝑦 if, 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 2 − 3𝑖 2 .

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 4 + 9𝑖 2 − 12𝑖
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 4 − 9 − 12𝑖
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = −5 − 12𝑖
Equate real and imaginary part
Then, 𝑥 = −5 𝑦 = −12

Ex-5 Find 𝑥 and 𝑦 if, 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 2 − 3𝑖 = 4 + 𝑖.

4+𝑖 4+𝑖 2+3𝑖 8+12𝑖 +2𝑖 +3𝑖 2
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 2−3𝑖 = 2−3𝑖 × 2+3𝑖 = 4−9𝑖 2
8−3+14𝑖 5+14𝑖 5 14
= = = 13 + 13 𝑖
4+9 13

Equate real and imaginary part

5 14
Then, 𝑥 = 13 𝑦 = 13
Q: 1. Find 𝑥 and 𝑦 if
1+𝑖 𝑥−2𝑖 2−3𝑖 𝑦 +𝑖 2 3 5
(i) 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 7 − 5𝑖 = 9 + 4𝑖 (ii) + =𝑖 (iii) 𝑥 − 4 𝑦 + 6 𝑖𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑖
3+𝑖 3−𝑖 3

2. Find value: 3. Find value:

13
𝑖 592 + 𝑖 590 + 𝑖 588 + 𝑖 586 + 𝑖 584
𝑖 𝑛 + 𝑖 𝑛+1
𝑖 582 + 𝑖 580 + 𝑖 578 + 𝑖 576 + 𝑖 574
𝑛 =1

Theorem: 2 Any complex number is zero if real and imaginary parts are zero.
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 0
𝑎=0 𝑏=0
Ex- If 𝑥 − 2 + 𝑦 + 5 = 0
Then, 𝑥 = 2 𝑦 = −5

Note: Complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 written in Cartesian form or order pair is (𝑥, 𝑦)

Ex- 𝑧 = 3 − 4𝑖 = (3, 4)

Algebra of Complex Numbers

Addition of two complex numbers: Let 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑
Then, 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑
= 𝑎+𝑐 +𝑖 𝑏+𝑑
Re 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 Im 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑏 + 𝑑

Subtraction of two complex numbers: Let 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑

Then, 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑
= 𝑎−𝑐 +𝑖 𝑏−𝑑
Re 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑎 − 𝑐 Im 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑏 − 𝑑

Multiplication of two complex numbers: Let 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑

Then, 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑
= 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑖𝑑 + 𝑐𝑖𝑏 + 𝑖 2 𝑏𝑑
= 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑖 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐
Re 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑 Im 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐

Division of two complex numbers: Let 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑

𝑧1 𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑐−𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑐 −𝑎𝑑𝑖 +𝑏𝑐𝑖 −𝑏𝑑 𝑖 2
Then, = = × =
𝑧2 𝑐+𝑖𝑑 𝑐+𝑖𝑑 𝑐−𝑖𝑑 𝑐 2 −𝑑 2 𝑖 2
𝑎𝑐 +𝑏𝑑 +𝑖 𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑
=
𝑐 2 +𝑑 2
𝑧1 𝑎𝑐 +𝑏𝑑 𝑧1 𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑
Re = Im =
𝑧2 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2 𝑧2 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2