GATE – CIVIL ENGINEERING

CONCRETE STRUCTURES (RCC & PSC)

Construction Materials and Management
Prof.B.Jayarami Reddy
Professor and Head
Department of Civil Engineering
Y.S.R. Engineering College of
Yogi Vemana University,
Proddatur, Y.S.R.(Dt.), A.P-516360.
E.mail : [email protected]
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 1
5. A construction work consists of activities with PERT durations in weeks as given below.
Activity A B C D E F G H I
Predecessors - A A A B,C C D F,G E,H
to, weeks 2 8 4 4 3 7 3 2 2
tm, weeks 5 11 7 9 5 10 7 3 4
tp, weeks 8 20 16 20 13 13 17 10 6
Z 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Probability, % 81.59 84.13 86.43 88.49 90.32 91.92 93.32 94.52 95.54
a. The net work corresponding to the given activities is….

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 2
b. The critical path for the network is…. Activity t0 tm tp te σ
A 2 5 8 5 1
B 8 11 20 12 2
C 4 7 16 8 2
D 4 9 20 10 2.67
O 0 0 0 0 0
E 3 5 13 6 1.67
F 7 10 13 10 1
G 3 7 17 8 2.33
H 2 3 10 4 1.33
I 2 4 6 4 0.67

Critical path: path joining the events of zero lack

:1  2  3  4  6  7  8
: A  B  0  F  H  I Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 3
c. Expected duration of the project is…..
Duration of critical path  5  12  0  10  4  4
 35weeks
For path A  B  E  I : 5  12  6  4  27 weeks
A  B  0  F  H  I : 5  12  0  10  4  4  35 weeks
A  C  F  H  I : 5  8  10  4  4  31 weeks
A  D  G  H  I : 5  10  8  4  4  31 weeks
Hence, critical path is:A  B  0  F  H  I
Expected duration of the project  35 weeks

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 4
d. Standard deviation for the network is…
   A2   B2   02   F2   H2   I2

 12  22  02  12  1.332  0.67 2  2.867

e. The duration required for 95% probability of completing the project is….
1.7  1.6
For 95% probability, Z  1.6  (95  94.58)  1.647
95.54  94.52
TL  TS TL  25
z  1.647   TL  39.72 weeks
 2.867
f. The duration required for 85% probability of completing the project is….
1.1  1.0
for 85% probability, z  1.0  (85  84.13)  1.038
86.43  84.13
T T T  35
z  L S  1.038  L  TL  37.98 weeks
 2.867
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 5
g. The duration required for 50% probability of completion of the project is…..
for 50%probability,   0
TL  TS  35 weeks
h. The probability of completing the project in 32.133 weeks is……
TL  TS 32.133  35
Z   1
 2.867
Probability of completing the project  100  84.13  15.87%

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 6
INTRODUCTION : CRITICAL PATH METHOD
• Critical path method is abbreviated as CPM
• M.R. Walker and J.E. Kelley involved in development of CPM for the construction of
chemical plants in united states.
• Both CPM and PERT are the tools used for planning, scheduling and controlling of
various projects.
• The major difference between the two techniques is that CPM does not incorporate
uncertainties in job times i.e. time estimate is deterministic.
• It assumes that activity times are proportional to the amount of resources allocated to
them and by changing the level of resources, the activity times and the project
completion time can be varied.
• CPM is mostly used in construction projects when there is prior experience in
handling similar projects from which relationships between resources and job time are
available.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 7
Comparison between PERT and CPM.
PERT CPM
• Network diagram is event oriented. • Network diagram is activity oriented.
• It uses Probabilistic approach • It uses Deterministic approach
• Suitable for research & development and non • Suitable for repetitive type of project.
repetitive project
• Three time estimates are given for completion • Single time estimate is given for each activity.
of an activity.
• Follows β distribution. • Follows Normal distribution.
• Cost of project is directly proportional to time • Cost model has to be developed using which
and to minimize the project cost, the project minimum cost of the project is found
completion time is minimized.
• Critical events are identified by using the • Critical activities are identified by using concept
concept of slack. of float
• Critical path will be path joining the critical • Critical path will be the path joining all the
events. critical activities.
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 8
CPM – NETWORKS
• Networking principals involved in CPM are similar to PERT.
• Main difference is that CPM networks are activity oriented whereas PERT network
are event oriented

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 9
Time estimate of an Activity
• After finalizing of the network, next step is to estimate the time required for the
execution of an activity.
• Time estimation can be done in two ways a. Probabilistic approach and
b. Deterministic approach.
• PERT uses probabilistic approach to absorb the uncertainties associated for the
achievement of events where as CPM is concerned with problems which do not
involve significant uncertainties and hence deterministic approach is used.
• In CPM, estimated activity time is represented simply by t, which is directly used for
network analysis.
• In CPM, the time of completion for any activity i-j is denoted by symbol tij, whereas
in PERT it was teij

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 10
EVENT TIME
• After deciding the estimated time duration (t) for an activity, it is necessary to
determine the time of occurrence of the events.
Earliest occurrence time (TE)
• It is earliest time at which an event can occur i.e. the time by which all the activities
leading to an event under consideration are complete.
• It is also called as Earliest Event time.
TE j = Maximum (TE i + tij)

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 11
Latest allowable occurrence time (TL)
• It is latest (delayed) time by which an event must be completed to such that the
project completion time is not affected.
• Latest allowable occurrence time is calculated same as in PERT by Backward pass
rule. i.e. TL i = Minimum (TL j - tij)
• If the scheduled completion time (TS) of the project is given, then latest event time of
the final/ end event will be equal to TS
• If the scheduled completion time (TS) is not specified, then TL is taken equal to the
earliest event time of the end/final event.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 12
START AND FINISH TIMES OF ACTIVITY
CPM networks are activity oriented
1. Earliest start time (EST)
• It is the earliest time by which the activity can commence.
• It is equal to the earliest event time TE, for the event from which the activity arrow
originates.
• If the activity is denoted by i – j, (EST)i = TE i
where, TE i = Earliest event time for the tail event.
2. Earliest Finish Time (EFT)
• It is the earliest time by which the activity can be completed.
• It is equal to the earliest start time plus the activity duration.
• If the activity is denoted by i-j, (EFT)ij= Earliest start time + activity duration
(EFT)ij = (EST) + tij
(EFT)ij = TE i + tij

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 13
3. Latest Start Time (LST)
• It is the latest (or delayed) time by which activity can be started, without delaying the
completion of the project.
• LST is equal to the latest occurrence time TL, for the event at which the activity arrow
terminates minus the duration of the activity.
For activity i-i, (LST)ij = TL j - tij
4. Latest Finish Time (LFT)
• It is the latest (or delayed) time which the activity can be finished, without delaying
the completion of the project.
• It is equal to the latest occurrence time TL of the event at which the activity
terminates. For activity i-j, (LFT)ij = TL j
Also, (LFT)ij = (LST)ij + tij
(LST)ij = (LFT)ij – tij
Activity name, EST and EFT are written above the arrow, while the activity duration,
LST and LFT are written below the arrow.
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 14
FLOAT
• Float indicates the time by which starting or finishing of an activity can be delayed
without affecting the project completion time.
• Float is associated with an activity and is analogous to the term slack.
1. Total float
• The difference between maximum time available and actual time required for the
completion of the activity
FT = (Maximum available Time) – Actual time required.
• Maximum available time we can get when activity start at Earliest start time and
finish by latest finish time.
Maximum available time = LFT – EST
FT = TL j– (TE i + tij )
FT = LFT – EFT
• total Float of an activity is a measure of a particular activity but it depends on the
succeeding and preceding activities by the virtue of TL and TE respectively.
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 15
 Maximum Available time
tij
Total Float, FT
Activity 5 – 6

Activity 5 – 6

Total Float, FT tij

LFT = TL
EST = TE

LST

EFT
18 28 30 40

C (18;30)
5 6
12 (28;40)
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 16
 Maximum Available time

tij Total Float, FT

Free Float, FF Head slack Sj

Interfering Float

Activity 11 –14 Activity 14 - 16

(EST)i = TEi

(EST)j = TEj
(EFT)i TLj

10 22 32 46
TE= 10
TE= 32
10 11 14 15
TL= 18 12
TL= 46
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 17
 Maximum Available time
Minimum Available time
Free Float, FF

Tail slack Si
FID tij

Activity 10-11
Activity 11-14

Activity 14-16
TEi

TLi

TEj
TLj

10 18 20 32 46
TE= 10 TE= 32
10 11 14 15
TL= 18 12
TL= 46
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 18
2. Free Float
• It is defined as the amount of time by which an activity can be delayed without
affecting the EST of succeeding activity.
• It is that portion of total float that can be used by an activity without delaying any
succeeding activity.
Free Float for i-j FF = TE j – (TE i + tij )
FF = EST of successor activity (j-k) – activity EFT of present Activity i – j
FF = FT –Sj
where. Sj = slack for event or slack of head event of activity i-j
TE i TE j TE k
i j k
tij
TL i TL j TL k

• Free float is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without affecting the
commencement of a subsequent activity at its EST, but may affect the float of a
previous activity.
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 19
3. Independent Float
• It is the amount of time by which an activity can be delayed when all the preceding
activities are completed as late as possible and all succeeding activities started as
early as possible.
• Independent float is the excess of minimum available time over the required activity
duration.
• If activity c-d is under consideration, and activity b-c finish as its latest possible time
TLi and succeeding activity j-k start at its earliest time TEj
Difference between (TEj – TLi) and tij is known as Independent float for activity i-j
Independent float for i-j,
FID = (TE j – TL i ) – tij
FID = FF –Si
where Si is the slack for event i or slack for tail event of activity i – j
• Independent float doesnot affect the float of preceding and the succeeding activities

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 20
4. Interfering Float (FIT)
• It is defined as difference of Total float and free float of an activity
• It is also equal to the slack of head event of head activity as shown below
FIT = FT –FF
FIT = TL j – TE j
FIT = Sj

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 21
SUPER CRITICAL, CRITICAL AND SUBCRITICAL ACTIVITIES
The most important type of float is total float because it is involved with the overall
project duration.
The total float is the difference between maximum available time and the activity duration.
1. Negative Total Float (FT <0)
• If the maximum available time for an activity is less the activity time, the total float
will be a negative value.
• Such activities demands special attention because available time is less than required
time and hence these are termed as supercritical activities.
• For such activities activity time are adjusted by deploying extra resources such that
total float either becomes zero or positive, from the original negative value

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 22
2. Total Float Zero (FT = 0)
• If the maximum available time for an activity is equal to the activity time then for this
activity total float will be zero.
• Activities for which total float is equal to zero is known as critical activity, because
such activity demands above normal attention with no freedom of delay.
3. Total float positive (FT > 0)
• If the maximum available time for an activity is more than the activity time, then for
this activity total float will have positive value.
• Activity for which total float is positive is known as subcritical activity. Demanding
normal attention but allowing some Critical path:
Critical path:
• Critical path is the longest path time wise in a project.
• Project duration is the total time along the critical path.
• In CPM, critical path passes through the critical activities i.e. activities having total
float equal to zero.
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 23
 PERT and CPM
Previous GATE Questions

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 24
01. For a construction project, the mean and standard deviation of the completion time are
200 days and 6.1 days, respectively. Assume normal distribution and use the value of
standard normal deviate z=1.64 for the 95% confidence level. The maximum time
required (in days) for the completion of the project would be CE2 2017
Ans. 210
Mean completion time, TE= 200 days
Standard deviation of completion time, σ = 6.1 days
Standard normal variate z=1.64 for 95% confidence level.
Maximum time required for completion of project, TS=?
TS  TE
Z

TS  200
1.64   TS  210 days
6.1

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 25
03. The activity details of a project are given below CE1 2017
Activity Depends on Duration
(in days)
P - 6
Q P 15
R Q.T 12
S R 16
T P 10
U Q.T 14
V U 16
The estimated minimum time (in days) for the completion of the project will be …….

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 26
Ans. 51
The Activity on Arrow (AOA) diagram for the activity details of project is shown in fig.

Critical path: 1-2-4-6-7

Estimated minimum time for completion of the project =6+15+14 + 16 = 51 days
Time along path 1-2-4-5-7 = 6 + 15 + 12 + 16 = 49 days
Time along path 1-2-3-4-6-7 = 6+10+0+14+16 = 46 days
Time along path 1-2-4-6-7 = 6 + 15 + 14 + 16 = 51 days
Minimum time for the completion of project = 51 days
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 27
04. The activity-on-arrow network of activities for a construction project is shown in figure.
The durations (expressed in days) of the activities are mentioned below the arrows.
CE2 2016

The critical duration for this construction project is

a. 13 days b. 14 days c. 15 days d. 16 days
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 28
Ans. c
Path Duration
P-Q-T-W-X 2+3+5+3+2=15
P-Q-Dummy-U-W-X 2+3+0+3+3+2=13
P-R-Dummy-U-W-X 2+4+0+3+3+2=14
P-R-Dummy-V-X 2+4+0+2+2=10
P-S-V-X 2+3+2+2=9

Critical path duration = 15 days

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 29
05. A construction project consists of twelve activities. The estimated duration (in days)
required to complete each of the activities along with the corresponding network
diagram is shown below. CE2 2016
Duration Duration
Activity Activity
(days) (days)
A Inauguration 1 G Flooring 25
B Foundation work 7 H Electrification 7
C Structural construction-I 30 I Plumbing 7
D Structural construction-2 30 J Wood work 7
E Brick masonry work 25 K Coloring 3
F Plastering 7 L Handing over function 1

Total floats (in days) for the activities 5-7 and 11-12 for the project are, respectively
a. 0.25 and 1 b. 1 and 1 c.B.0Jayarami
Prof. and 0 Reddy d. 81 and 0
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 Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 31
Ans. c
Path Duration
A-B-C-E-F-J-K-L 1+7+30+25+7+7+3+1=81
A-B-C-Dummy-G-H-I-K-L 1+7+30+0+25+7+7+3+1=81
A-B-D-G-H-I-K-L 1+7+30+25+7+7+3+1=81

All the possible paths are critical and all activities are critical. Hence, total floats of
activities 5-7 and 11-12 are 0 and 0 respectively.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 32
06. The Optimistic Time (O), Most likely Time (M) and Pessimistic Time (P) (in days) of
the activities in the critical path are given below in the format O-M-P. CE1 2016

The expected completion time (in days) of the project is …..

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 33
Ans. 38
E 8  10  14 F 6  8  11 G 5  7  10 H 7  12  18 I

Expected completion time

Activity t0  4 t m  t p
tE 
6
E-F 8  4(10)  14
 10.33
6
F-G 6  4(8)  11
 8.16
6
G-H 5  4(7)  10
 7.16
6
H-I 7  4(12)  18
 12.16
6
Expected completion time of the project 37.81 38 days
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 34
01. The arc lengths of a directed graph of a project are as shown in the figure. The shortest
path length from node 1 to node 6 is _______. ME2 2018

Ans. 7 to 7 (or) 11 to 11

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 35
1. path length along
1 2  4  6  2  4  2  8
1  2  3  5  6  2  1  3  4  10
1 2  3  5  4  6  2 1 3 1 2  9
1 2  5  6  2  2  4  8
1 2  5  4  6  2  2 1 2  7
1  3  5  6  4  3  4  11
1  3  5  4  6  4  3  1  2  10
Shortest path length  7 or 11

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
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02. A project starts with activity A and ends with activity F. The precedence relation and
durations of the activities are as per the following table. ME 2017
Immediate Duration
Activity
predecessor (days)
A - 4
B A 3
C A 7
D B 14
E C 4
F D,E 9
The minimum project completion time (in days) is…..
Ans. 30

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 37
2.
Expected time along
path A  B  D  F  4  3  14  9  30
path A  C  E  F  4  7  4  9  24
Hence critical path is along A  B  D  F
Minimum project completion time = 30 days

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 38
03. In PERT chart, the activity time distribution is ME3 2016
a. Normal b. Binomial c. Poisson d. Beta
Ans. d

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
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04. A project consists of 14 activities, A to N. The duration of these activities (in days) are
shown in brackets on the network diagram. The latest finish time (in days) for node 10
is __________ ME2 2016

Ans. 14 to 14

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Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
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04.
Latest finish time for node 10 = 14

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
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05. A project consists of 7 activities. The network along with the time durations (in days)
for various activities is shown in the figure ME 2015

The minimum time (in days) for completion of the project is …..…
Ans. 39 to 40

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 42
05.
Expected time along path1  3  5  6  12  11  10  33
path1  2  5  6  14  12  10  36
path1  2  4  5  6  14  7  9  10  40
The critical path is along 1  2  4  5  6
Minimum project duration = 40 days

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/5/2020 43
06. Following data refers to the activities of a project, where, node 1 refers to the start and
node 5 refers to the end of the project. ME 2015
Duration
Activity
(Days)
1-2 2
2-3 1
4-3 3
1-4 3
2-5 3
3-5 2
4-5 4
The critical path (CP) in the network is
a. 1, 2, 3, 5 b. 1, 4, 3, 5 c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 d. 1, 4, 5
Ans. b
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06.
Expected time along
path1  2  5  2  3  5
path1  2  3  5  2  1  2  5
path1  4  5  3  4  7
path1  4  3  5  3  3  2  8
Critical path is along 1  4  3  5

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07. Consider the given project network, where numbers along various activities represent
the normal time. The free float on activity 4-6 and the project duration, respectively,
are ME3 2014

a. 2,13 b. 0,13 c. -2,13 d. 2,12

Ans. a

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 Free float , FT  TEj  TEi   tij
07.

Free float for 4  6, Ft  8  2  4  2

Total project duration  13

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 Linked Answer Questions 09 and 10
For a particular project, eight activities are to be carried out. Their relationships with other
activities and expected durations are mentioned in the table.
Duration
Activity Predecessors
(days)
a - 3
b a 4
c a 5
d a 4
e b 2
f d 9
g c, e 6
h f, g 2

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09. The critical path for the project is ME 2012
a. a-b-e-g-h b. a-c-g-h c. a-d-f-h d. a-b-c-f-h
Ans. c
Duration
Activity Predecessors
(days)
a - 3
b a 4
c a 5
d a 4
e b 2
f d 9
g c, e 6
h f, g 2

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09.
Expected time along path a  b  e  g  h  3  4  2  6  2  17
path a  c  0  g  h  3  5  6  2  16
path a  d  f  h  3  4  9  2  18
Critical path of the project : a  d  f  h

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10. The critical path for the project is ME 2012
a. Critical path remains the same and the total duration to complete the project
changes to 19 days.
b. Critical path and the total duration to complete the project remains the same.
c. Critical path changes but the total duration to complete the project remains the
same.
d. Critical path changes and the total duration to complete the project changes to
17 days.
Ans. a

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13.
Expected time along
path P  R  T  V  3  5  7  2  17
path P  R  U  W  3  5  5  10  23
path Q  S  T  V  4  5  7  2  18
path Q  S  U  W  4  5  5  10  24
Critical path of the project : Q  S  U  W

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 Common data for questions 14 and 15
Consider the following PERT network.
The optimistic time, most likely time and pessimistic time of all the activities are given in
the table below:
Optimistic time Most likely Time Pessimistic Time
Activity
(Days) (days) (days)
1-2 1 2 3
1-3 5 6 7
1-4 3 5 7
2-5 5 7 9
3-5 2 4 6
5-6 4 5 6
4-7 4 6 8
6-7 2 3 4

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14. The critical path duration of the network (in days) is ME 2009
a. 11 b. 14 c. 17 d. 18
Ans. d

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14. t0  4tm  t p Activity t0 tm tp te
Expected time, te 
6 1-2 1 2 3 2
Expected time along 1-3 5 6 7 6
1-4 3 5 7 5
path 1  3  5  6  7  6  4  5  3  18
2-5 5 7 9 7
path1  2  5  6  7  2  7  5  3  17 3-5 2 4 6 4
path1  4  6  5  6  11 5-6 4 5 6 5
4-7 4 6 8 6
the critical path is along 1  3  5  6  7 6-7 2 3 4 3
Critical path duration  18 days

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15. The standard deviation of the critical path is ME 2009
a. 0.33 b. 0.55 c. 0.88 d. 1.66
Ans. C
15. Standard deviation of critical path,
   132   352   562   672
 75  62  64  42
2 2 2 2

          0.882
 6   6   6   6 

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17. The expected time (te) of a PERT activity in terms of optimistic time (to), pessimistic
time (tp) and most likely time (tl) is given by ME 2009
t0  4tl  t p t0  4t p  tl t0  4tl  t p t0  4t p  tl
a. te  b. te  c. te  d. te 
6 6 3 6
Ans. a

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18. For the network below, the objective is to be find the length of the shortest path from
node P to node G. Let be the length of directed arc from node i to node j.

Let Sj be the length of the shortest path from P to node j. Which of the following
equations can be used to find SG? ME 2008

a. SG  Min SQ , S R  
b. SG  Min SQ  dQG , S R  d RG 


c. SG  Min SQ  dQG , S R  d RG  d. SG  Min dQG , d RG 

Ans. c
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 Linked answer questions 20 and 21
Consider a PERT network for a project involving six tasks (a to f)
Expected task time Variance of the task time
Task Predecessor
(in days) (in days2)
a - 30 25
b a 40 64
c a 60 81
d b 25 9
e b,c 45 36
f d,e 20 9

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20. The expected completion time of the project is ME 2006
a. 238 days b. 224 days c. 171 days d. 155 days
Ans. d

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9. The PERT network is shown in fig.

Expected task time along

path a  b  d  f : 30  40  25  20  115 days
path a  b  e  f : 30  40  45  20  135 days
path a  c  e  f : 30  60  45  20  155 days
critical path is along a  c  e  f
Expected completion time of project  155 days
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21. The standard deviation of the critical path of the project is ME 2006
a. 151 days b. 155 days c. 200 days d. 238 days
Ans. a

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10.Standard deviation of the critical path of the project,

   a2   c2   e2   2f

 25  81  36  9  151 days

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22. A project has six activities (A to F) with respective activity durations 7, 5, 6, 6, 8, 4
days. The network has three path A-B-C-D and E-F. All the activities can be crashed
with the same crash cost per day. The number of activities that need to be crashed to
reduce the project duration by 1 day is ME 2005
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 6
Ans. c

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24. In PERT analysis a critical activity has ME 2004
a. maximum float b. zero float c. maximum cost d. minimum cost
Ans. b

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25. A project consists of activities A to M shown in the net in the following figure with the
duration of the activities marked in days. ME 2003

The project can be completed

a. between 18, 19 days b. between 20, 22 days
c. between 24, 26 days d. between 60, 70 days
Ans. c

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27. A dummy activity is used in PERT network to describe ME 1997
a. precedence relationship b. necessary time delay
c. resource restriction d. resource idleness

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28. In PERT, the distribution of activity times is assumed to be ME 1995
a. Normal b. Gamma c. Beta d. Exponential
Ans. c

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29. In the construction of networks, dummy activities are introduced in order to
ME 1990
a. Compute the slack on all events
b. Transfer resources, if necessary, during monitoring
c. Clearly designate a precedence relationship
d. Simplify the crashing plan
Ans. c

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