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(iii) Supersaturated solution: A solution which contains more solute than that
would be necessary to saturate it at a given temperature is called a
supersaturated solution.
• This statement implies that ionic / polar compounds like NaCl dissolve in
polar solvents like water and are very little soluble or almost insoluble
non-polar solvents like benzene, ether, etc.
(a) Common salt (an ionic compound) is more soluble in water than sugar
(a covalent compound). Their solubility in water are 5.3 moles per
litre and 3.8 moles per litre respectively.
It should be noted that water is the best polar solvent (having highest
dielectric constant), liquid ammonia, liquid hydrogen sulphide and liquid
sulphur dioxide are also good solvents for ionic compounds.
• Further, Ionic compounds are only soluble in polar solvents, when
Hydration enthalpy of the substance is greater than its Lattice Enthalpy
• It may be mentioned here that whereas energy required for the splitting
of the ionic compound into ions (called Lattice enthalpy), energy is given
out when ions gets hydrated (called Hydration Enthalpy).
• The reason for this behaviour is that in case of all such substances, the
process of dissolution is endothermic.
• The greater solubility of latter gases is due to their reaction with the
solvent.
• Again Oxygen, Nitrogen and Carbon dioxide are much more soluble in
ethyl alcohol than in water at the same temperature and pressure while
H2S and NH3 be more soluble in water than in ethyl alcohol.
(2)Effect of temperature:
• The solubility of a gas decreases with increase in temperature.
• That is why, aquatic species feel more comfortable in cold water with
respect to hot water.
•
(3) EFFECT OF PRESSURE (HENRY'S LAW)
• This is the most important factor influencing
the solubility gas in a liquid at a particular
temperature.
“The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (pA) is proportional to the
mole fraction of the gas(𝜒A) in solution”.
Mathematically, pA = KH χA
(1) The pressure should be low and the temperature should be high, i.e.
the gas should behave like an ideal gas.
(2) The gas should not undergo compound formation with the solvent or
association or dissociation the solvent.
For example, the law is not applicable in case of dissolution of ammonia in
water because it undergoes compound formation followed by dissociation:
(1) To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks, Soda water as well as
beer, champagne, etc. the bottles are sealed under high pressure. When
the bottle is opened to air, the partial pressure of CO2 above the
solution decreases. As a result, solubility decreases and hence CO2
bubbles out.
(2) When a diver goes underwater his body is subjected to high pressure.
• Due to this the body tissues absorbs more gases.
• The pressure increases with the increase in depth. With this increase in
pressure more nitrogen gets absorbed by the body tissues.
• But as he approaches upward to come out of the water body the pressure
starts decreasing with the decrease in depth.
• This in turn decreases the amount of nitrogen
getting absorbed by the body tissues.