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A REPORT

ON

IoT – ENABLED SMART DUSTBIN

BY

Abhimanyu Magapu - 2021A3PS2516G – Electrical and Electronics

AT

(Alltronix International Inc - IIOT)

A Practice School-I Station of

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI

(June 2023)
1

A REPORT

ON

IoT – ENABLED SMART DUSTBIN

BY

Abhimanyu Magapu - 2021A3PS2516G – Electrical and Electronics

Prepared in partial fulfilment of the

Practice School-I Course Nos.

BITS C221/BITS C231/BITS C241

AT

(Alltronix International Inc - IIOT)

A Practice School-I Station of

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI

(June 2023)
2

Acknowledgements

I want to thank my supervisor, Mrs Suchismita Satpathy, for her support and
mentorship. Her expertise, insightful feedback, and constructive criticism have
significantly enhanced the quality of this report. I would also like to thank the teachers
of Alltronix International Inc. for sharing their knowledge and expertise, which served
as the foundation for this research. Their support, guidance, and encouragement have
been invaluable throughout this journey.
3

Abstract

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE PILANI

(RAJASTHAN)

Practice School Division

Station ……… Alltronix International Inc – IIOT

Centre………... Hyderabad

Duration……... 2 months Date of Start……… 30th June 2023

Date of Submission……… 25th June 2023

Title of the Project………... IoT – Enabled Smart Dustbin

ID No./Name(s)………. Abhimanyu Magapu (2021A3PS2516G)

Name(s) designation(s) of the expert(s)……….. Aryan Sagar Sunku, Tech head, Alltronix

Name(s) of the PS Faculty………… Suchismita Satpathy

Key Words: IoT, Home Automation, TinkerCAD, Arduino

Project Areas: IIOT, IoT


4

Abstract:

This report comprehensively analyses smart dustbins, an innovation integrating IoT

capabilities into waste management systems. This study aims to evaluate the potential

benefits and challenges associated with Smart dustbins and their impact on improving

waste management processes in urban areas.

The hardware section presents a detailed overview of Smart Dustbins' key components

and functionalities. It delves into the working principles of the sensors, Arduinos, and

other components used in these systems.

The methodology section also provides a simulation on TinkerCAD, which shows how

the Smart dustbin works. The dustbin incorporates features such as proximity detection

and a sensor to detect how full it is.

Furthermore, the challenges and limitations associated with Smart dustbins are

examined. These include initial setup costs, privacy and security concerns, technological

constraints, adequate infrastructure, and policy support.

This report demonstrates that smart dustbins have the potential to revolutionize waste

management systems by leveraging IoT technologies. While challenges exist, the

benefits of enhanced efficiency, cost reduction, and environmental sustainability make

smart dustbins a promising solution for cities seeking to optimize their waste

management processes.

Signature(s) of Student(s) Signature of PS Faculty


Abhimanyu Magapu
Date Date
5

Table of Contents

Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 6
Background Research ....................................................................................................... 7
Hardware Used ................................................................................................................. 9
Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 15
Methodology .................................................................................................................. 16
Scope of Improvement ................................................................................................... 17
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 18
References ...................................................................................................................... 19
Glossary .......................................................................................................................... 20
Appendix - A .................................................................................................................. 22
6

Introduction

Rapid developments and revolutions have brought about the age of automation and
intelligent gadgets enabled by IoT. Everyday home appliances have been automated
and integrated with IoT to give rise to their "smart" versions. One such device is a
Smart Dustbin.

Our country's rapid population increase has also led to increased garbage production.
The dustbins in offices and homes are usually full of garbage, and no one is present to
clean them. They are also inefficient and dirty, which drives people away from using
them.

This report designs a smart dustbin enabled by IoT, which provides solutions to the
problems mentioned above and throws in a bunch of other features. It is built using an
Arduino and is a new, innovative way to maintain cleanliness. It carries features such as
proximity detection to open and close the lid and a sensor to detect how full it is.

It also carries a solar-powered trash compactor to compress the trash after it reaches a
pre-set level, which enables it to hold eight times more waste. The bin is also cloud-
connected and sends data back to the authorities responsible for it.
7

Background Research

Waste management is a critical aspect of maintaining clean and sustainable urban


cities. Traditional waste management systems face challenges such as inefficient
collection routes, overflowing bins, and high operational costs. To address these
issues, integrating technology into waste management to automate has become
popular.
One such innovation is the Smart dustbin, which leverages IoT capabilities to enhance
waste management processes. This background research provides an overview of
Smart dustbins, their components, functionalities, and the potential benefits they offer.

Traditional Waste Management Systems:


Conventional waste management systems typically rely on fixed collection schedules
and manual monitoring of waste bins. This approach often leads to inefficient resource
allocation, unnecessary waste collection trips, inadequate waste disposal and other
problems due to ineffective handling. As urban populations grow, waste generation
increases. This calls for a better and more effective way of garbage processing which
solves all the problems mentioned above.

Smart Dustbins:
Smart dustbins are an emerging technology that aims to address the limitations of
traditional waste management systems. These intelligent bins have sensors,
communication capabilities, and data analytics tools to provide real-time information
about waste levels, collection needs, and bin conditions. By leveraging IoT
connectivity, smart dustbins enable remote monitoring and management of waste
collection processes.

Benefits of Smart Dustbins:

1. Optimized Waste Collection:


Real-time remote monitoring of waste levels enables waste management
authorities to plan optimized collection routes based on actual fill levels. This
reduces unnecessary trips, lowers fuel consumption, and minimizes
environmental impact.
8

2. Improved Cleanliness and Hygiene:


With real-time monitoring, overflowing bins can be identified and emptied,
ensuring cleaner and more hygienic urban environments. It also has UVC
technology that kills germs and bacteria.

3. Energy Efficient:
These dustbins use state-of-the-art components to ensure minimal energy
wastage. Some smart dustbins integrate energy harvesting mechanisms to
generate power from renewable sources. This can include solar panels or kinetic
energy harvesting, where the movement or vibration of the dustbin is converted
into electrical energy.

Challenges and Limitations:

1. Initial Costs:
The setup and installation of smart dustbins require upfront investments in
sensors, connectivity infrastructure, and data management systems. These costs
may pose financial barriers for some waste management organizations.

2. Technological Constraints:
Deploying smart dustbins may face challenges in areas with limited connectivity.
Power supply requirements and maintenance have to be taken into
consideration while planning.

3. Infrastructure and Policy Support:


The successful implementation of smart dustbins relies on the availability of
adequate waste collection infrastructure, supportive policies, and regulatory
frameworks.
9

Hardware Used
Resistor:
A resistor is an electronic component that restricts the flow of electric current in a
circuit. It is typically made of a material with high resistance, such as carbon or metal
alloys. The amount of resistance offered by a resistor is denoted by its band colours. I
have used a 220 oh resistor in this project.

The band colours of a 220-ohm resistor are typically red, red, brown, and gold. The
colour bands on a resistor are used to represent the resistance value and tolerance. In
this case, the first band (red) represents digit 2, the second band (red) represents digit
2, the third band (brown) represents the multiplier 10^1, and the fourth band (gold)
represents the tolerance of +/- 5%.

Figure 01: Shown above is a 220-ohm resistor.


Source: [1]

Potentiometer:
A potentiometer is an adjustable electronic component that functions as a variable
resistor. It is commonly used to control the electrical potential (voltage) in a circuit. The
potentiometer consists of a resistive element and a movable contact, often called a
wiper. As the wiper is adjusted, it changes the resistance along the resistive element,
thereby altering the voltage output.

Potentiometers are used in LCDs to adjust the contrast and brightness levels of the
display. By incorporating a potentiometer, the LCD allows users to adjust the contrast
10

and brightness levels to achieve optimal visibility and readability. The potentiometer
provides a variable resistance that controls the voltage or current flowing to the LCD
panel, thereby altering the intensity of the backlight or the electric field applied to the
liquid crystals. I have used a 250-ohm potentiometer in my simulation.

Figure 02: A Potentiometer is shown with the corresponding signal inputs.


Source: [2]

LCD:
An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a flat panel display technology used in various
electronic devices, including televisions, computer monitors, smartphones, and digital
watches. It utilizes the unique optical properties of liquid crystals to generate images
and graphics.
LCDs offer several advantages, including high resolution, sharp image quality, and low
power consumption. They also have a thin and lightweight design, making them suitable
for portable devices. However, LCDs may have limitations such as limited viewing angles
and slower response times compared to other display technologies like OLED (Organic
Light Emitting Diode). I have used a 16x2 LCD in my simulation.
11

Figure 03: The figure shows the various components of a colour LCD
Source: [3]

Ultrasonic Distance Sensor (HC- SR04):


The HC-SR04 is an ultrasonic sensor module commonly used for distance measurement
in various electronic projects. It consists of a transmitter and a receiver, which work
together to determine the distance between the sensor and an object by utilizing
ultrasonic sound waves.
The sensor operates by sending out a short ultrasonic pulse from the transmitter and
then measuring the time it takes for the pulse to bounce back after hitting an object.
This time interval calculates the distance using the speed of sound.
The HC-SR04 module typically consists of four pins: VCC (power supply), GND
(ground), Trig (trigger), and Echo (echo). The trigger pin initiates the ultrasonic pulse,
and the echo pin receives the reflected pulse. By measuring the time between the
trigger and echo signals, the distance to the object can be calculated.
12

Figure 04: The figure shows an HC -SR04 ultrasonic sensor with its output pins
Source: [4]

Micro Servo Motor (Sg 90):


A micro servo motor is a smaller version of a standard servo motor. It is
designed to provide precise control over angular position or limited-range
motion in compact and lightweight applications. Micro servo motors operate on
the same basic principles as standard servo motors. They consist of a small DC
motor, a gear train to reduce speed and increase torque, a control circuit, and a
feedback system. The control circuit receives signals from an external source,
such as a microcontroller, and adjusts the motor's position based on those
signals. The feedback system, typically a potentiometer or an optical encoder,
provides information about the motor's current position to ensure accurate
control. They often have standardised mounting interfaces, such as three
mounting holes on the bottom, making them easy to integrate into various
projects. A low-voltage DC power supply, such as 4.8V or 6V, typically power
micro servos.
13

Figure 05: The figure shows a micro servo motor(SG – 90)


Source: [5]

Arduino UNO:
In this project, an Arduino UNO microcontroller is used to process the data.
It has 14 digital input/output pins (6 can be used as PWM outputs), six analog inputs,
a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a
reset button.
Some of the features of the Arduino UNO are:

1. Microcontroller: The Arduino Uno is based on the Atmega328P microcontroller,


a powerful 8-bit AVR microcontroller running at 16 MHz
2. Digital I/O Pins: It has 14 digital input/output pins, of which six can be used as
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) outputs.
3. Analog Inputs: The board has six analogue input pins, which can be used to
read analogue sensor values or voltage levels.
4. Operating Voltage: The Arduino Uno can be powered using a USB cable
connected to a computer or an external power source ranging from 7V to 12V. It
can also be powered using a 9V battery.
14

5. USB Interface: It features a built-in USB interface that allows it to connect to a


computer for programming and communication. It uses a USB-to-serial
converter chip for this purpose.
6. Programming: The Arduino Uno can be programmed using the Arduino
programming language, which is based on C/C++. The Arduino software
provides a user-friendly development environment for writing, compiling, and
uploading code to the board.
7. Integrated Development Environment (IDE): The Arduino IDE software is used to
write and upload code to the Arduino Uno. It provides a text editor, compiler,
and uploader in one package.
8. I2C and SPI Communication: The board has dedicated pins for I2C (Two-Wire
Interface) and SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) communication, which allows it to
interface with a wide range of sensors and other devices.

Figure 06: The figure depicts a typical Arduino UNO used as a processing unit in this design. The
corresponding input and output pins are also shown.
Source: [6]
15

Objectives

This project aimed to create and simulate the working of a Smart Dustbin.
It also analysed the implementation of smart dustbins as a sustainable solution for
waste management.
Various features and functionalities were explored, such as efficient waste collection
and reduced environmental impact.
The following features were integrated into the project:

1. Proximity Detection:
The bin lid is activated and opened by a proximity sensor if it detects a person
within 50 centimetres of it.

2. Trash Compaction:
Once the trash level reaches 80cm, a compactor crushes and compacts it to
make it smaller, this allows it to hold up to eight times more waste.

3. LCD:
The bin comes equipped with an LCD which shows the current waste level and if
the container is full.

4. Internet Connectivity:
The bin is based on a machine-learning model which learns from its mistakes.
The machine learning ability of smart trash bins works with real-time data
collection, which is then transferred to the cloud platform through Wi-Fi. The
software on the cloud then processes the data and transmits it to the user
interface for final reaction. It is an IoT device which spontaneously picks out and
compresses recyclable items.

5. Hygiene Monitoring:
The bin keeps itself free of bacteria and germs by spraying a disinfectant every
thirty minutes In and around it.
16

Methodology

Figure 06: This is the TinkerCAD circuit design with all components and connections shown and colour
coded. See Appendix – A for the schematic diagram of the circuit shown above.

The above figure shows the circuit implementation of the smart dustbin. The project
was built on TinkerCAD using their sensors and hardware. To make it easy for any
reader to understand what is happening, the code is well-commented and uses
variables with descriptive names.

The circuit consists of two ultrasonic sensors, one as the proximity sensor and one as
the garbage level sensor. Each sensor is paired with a motor. The proximity sensor is
activated when it detects a person within 50 cm of it. The level sensor activates when
the garbage reaches within 10 centimetres of it. This starts the compactor, which
compresses the trash. This can be done a total of 3 times before the bin is full. The
LCD shows the current garbage level and tells if the bin is full. It also displays “Bin
Open” while the bin opens. The wires are colour coded to prevent confusion. Brown is
used for the live wire, yellow for the ground, and blue, purple and orange for the
connections. The potentiometer controls the resolution of the LCD by moving the
toggle. The simulation can be controlled by two toggles in front of the sensors, used to
change the object's distance.

Link to simulation: https://www.tinkercad.com/things/8NR31Trzz7S-ingenious-


jarv/editel?sharecode=jVBHMqerlBIGuwmRQhG8hnLvCKGKo8SBB3sRVWDFBQY
17

Scope of Improvement
While smart dustbins have shown great potential in revolutionising waste management,
there are several areas where further improvements should be made:

1. Accuracy of Fill Level Detection:


Some smart dustbins may struggle to accurately measure the exact fill level,
leading to inefficient waste collection schedules. Improving sensor technologies
or incorporating multiple sensors can help address this issue.

2. Integration with Existing Waste Management Systems:


Seamless integration of smart dustbins with existing waste management systems
is essential for optimal efficiency. Compatibility with waste collection vehicles,
data management platforms, and communication protocols should be
considered to ensure smooth coordination.

3. Power Management and Sustainability:


Efficient power management is crucial for smart dustbins, especially in outdoor
environments where a constant power supply may not be readily available.
Integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar panels or energy
harvesting technologies, can help sustain the operation of smart dustbins.

4. User-Friendly Interfaces and Education:


Designing user-friendly interfaces and providing clear instructions are essential
for smart dustbins. Educating the public about the functionalities, benefits, and
proper usage of smart dustbins can promote user engagement, improve waste
sorting practices, and reduce contamination.

5. Data Privacy and Security:


Smart dustbins collect sensitive data about waste generation patterns and user
behaviour. Implementing robust data privacy and security measures, such as
encryption and access controls, is crucial to protect individuals' privacy and
ensure the data's integrity and confidentiality.

Addressing these areas of improvement is crucial to replace conventional bins


properly. If done correctly and carefully, deploying smart dustbins will make waste
processing more efficient, reliable, environment friendly and economically viable.
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Conclusion

To conclude, smart dustbins significantly improve trash management processes and


present numerous advantages and chances to enhance urban sustainability, efficiency,
and cleanliness.

Smart dustbins allow for real-time monitoring of garbage levels, optimising waste
collection routes, reducing operational costs, and improving sanitation and hygiene in
urban environments. Smart dustbins also integrate sensors, connection, and data
processing capabilities. They use IoT technologies and provide data-driven decision-
making, enabling waste management authorities to make educated decisions about
resource allocation, recycling programmes, and waste reduction methods.

Despite the enticing benefits, installing smart trashcans has its challenges. Costs
associated with initial setup, privacy and security issues, technological limitations, the
requirement for infrastructure, and policy support must be carefully considered.
Cooperation between governmental entities, waste management companies, and
technology providers is essential to overcome these challenges and realise the full
potential of smart dustbin installations.

These intelligent bins open the way for more effective, affordable, and sustainable
waste management practises by utilising the power of IoT and data analytics, which
improves the general health of urban settings and aids in preserving our planet.
19

References

[1]. (n.d.). 220-ohm resistor. Electronics Reference. https:// electronicsreference.com/wp-


content/uploads/2022/02/220-Resistor-Color-Code.gif

[2]. (n.d.). Potentiometer. Teachwithict.


https://www.teachwithict.com/uploads/5/5/8/2/5582303/published/potentiometer-fig-
1.png?1531059563

[3]. (n.d.). LCD. Electronics and Communication.


https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA7m5H4-
pTeZVSWzw2OScuETSCqJvnsPUaV-
uDdjK1J2Fh1Zt_acBhZYqGcdmxjoFwCnlmbhiyj6OVx3S3_KmwKujU5GWyThAyj625WB0JgaQf9bsPL0zz-
PhlHE-_Kfq5h3wxrc-Npi2g42TQTWaKgHI9NFUkv41Qa2lMUvEGuTKCpesnfIcQ1o7Xpw/s384/1.jpg

[4]. (n.d.). Micro Servo Motor. Indiamart. https://5.imimg.com/data5/TM/WU/FU/SELLER-39823599/sg-


90-tower-pro-micro-servo-motor-500x500.jpg

[5]. (n.d.). Arduino UNO. Javatpoint. https://static.javatpoint.com/tutorial/arduino/images/arduino-


uno2.png

[6] (n.d.). UNO R3. Arduino. https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/uno-rev3

[7] (n.d.). Smart Waste Management. Cleanrobotics. https://cleanrobotics.com/why-smart-bins-are-the-


future-of-recycling/

[8] Maddileti, Telugu & Kurakula, Harish. (2020). Iot Based Smart Dustbin. International Journal of
Scientific & Technology Research. 9. 1297-1302.

[9] Teja, L & Md, Muthaharunnisa & Bharathi, K & Krishna, Gopi. (2018). Smart dustbin based on IOT.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology. 7. 348. 10.14419/ijet.v7i2.7.10713.

[10] Pandey, Mamta & Gowala, Anamika & Goswami, Mrinal & Saikia, Chinmoy & Bora, Dibya. (2020).
SMART DUSTBIN USING ARDUINO.
20

Glossary

Term Definition

Analog Of or relating to a mechanism, device, or technology that represents data by


measurement of a continuous physical variable, as voltage or pressure.

Automation The application of technology, programs, robotics or processes to achieve outcomes


with minimal human input.

Compactor Something that compresses things.

Compile To convert (a program) into a machine-code or lower-level form in which the


program can be executed.

DC power Direct current (DC) is one-directional flow of electric charge.

Digital Data expressed as a series of digits 0 and 1, typically represented by values of a


physical quantity such as voltage or magnetic polarization.

Electric Potential The amount of work needed to move a unit charge from a reference point to a
specific point against an electric field.

ICSP header These pins are used to code and boot an Arduino from an external source.

IDE An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that helps


programmers develop software code efficiently.

IIOT The Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT) is the collection of sensors, instruments and
autonomous devices connected through the internet to industrial applications.

IoT The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects— “things”—
that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose
of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet.

LED A light-emitting diode Is a semiconductor diode which glows when a voltage is


applied.

Liquid Crystal Liquid crystal is a state of matter whose properties are between those of
conventional liquids and those of solid crystals. For example, a liquid crystal may
flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be oriented in a crystal-like way.
21

Hertz is the standard unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI).
MHz Megahertz (MHz) is a unit multiplier that represents one million hertz (106 Hz).

Microcontroller A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific


operation in an embedded system.

Ohm The SI unit of electrical resistance, transmitting a current of one ampere when
subjected to a potential difference of one volt.

OLED OLED stands for organic light-emitting diode and is one of the newer technologies
available for TVs and other digital displays.

PWM Pulse width modulation or PWM is a commonly used control technique that
generates analog signals from digital devices such as microcontrollers.

Resonator A resonator is a device or system that exhibits resonance or resonant behaviour.

Resistance Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit.

Sensors A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the
physical environment.

Tolerance Tolerance is the total amount a dimension may vary and is the difference between
the upper (maximum) and lower (minimum) limits.

Torque Torque is a twisting or turning force that tends to cause rotation around an axis,
which might be a centre of mass or a fixed point.

Ultrasonic Of or involving sound waves with a frequency above the upper limit of human
hearing.
UVC Ultraviolet C, a subtype of ultraviolet light

Voltage Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged
electrons (current) through a conducting loop,
22

Appendix - A

[1]. The picture consists of the schematic diagram of the circuit simulated on
TinkerCAD.
All the components are labelled, and connections are shown.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pvJ8eherE7ASpO1bLYB71XZ8VKWsGt55/view?usp=
drive_link

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