SPECIALITY : ENT

CASE : NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA

NAME OF EXPERT : Dr. H. GANAPATHY, E1, PARSN FLATS, NEW #
432(OLD # 204)
T.T.K. ROAD, MADRAS - 600018

GUIDELINES FOR THE RESOURCES PERSONS / FACILITATORS

NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA

HISTORY :
 Duration of symptoms
 Unilateral hearing loss from a middle ear effusion
 Neck mass
 Nasal obstruction or epistaxis
 Headache
 Double vision
 Dryness of eyes
 Facial pain
CLINICAL EXAMINATION :
 Nasal cavity for mass
 Diplopia
 Opthalmoplegia
 Horner’s syndrome
 Neck for neck nodes
 Examination of the nasopharynx
INVESTIGATIONS:
 Contrast CT with bone and soft tissue windows
 MRI
 Bone scan

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National Board of Examinations, Cases ENT
  Positron emission tomography (PET) to access questionable neck
nodes
 Chest x-ray
 Routine CBC, chemistry profiles and liver function test
 Anti-EBC serologic test for detecting and determining the prognosis of
nasopharyngeal
 Carcinoma
 Audiogram
 Antibody – dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. High titers of
this antibody are related to better long – term survival.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS : Nasal polyp, Angiofibroma, Pailloma,
Scwannoma.
NON SURGICAL MANAGEMENT :
 External beam radiation therapy: directed at the primary lesion and the
upper echelon lymph nodes
 Chemotherapy : as palliative therapy
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT :
 Biopsy for histologic examination and for EBV testing
 Surgical resection in this region : Rarely indicated as a primary
treatment
SURGICAL APPROACHES :
The infra temporal fossa and transported temporal bone approaches
The transpalatal approach
Transmaxillary and transmandibular approaches
Radical neck dissection in cases of successfully treated primary tumor with
regional failure
Myringotomy with ventilation tube placement before radiation therapy.

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SPECIALITY : OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
CASE : CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA
NAME OF EXPERT : DR. RC KASHYAP, AIR COMMODORE,
AIR HEADQUARTERS, R. K. PURAM, NEW DELHI – 110066

Guidelines for the resource persons/facilitators

Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media

These are broad guidelines for the resource person to highlight the various 'must know'
areas for a post-graduate resident. The emphasis is equally on concepts, facts and
skills. It must be reinforced that any of the areas mentioned could well be a take off
point. for an elaborate discussion.

1. History
a. Symptomatology
i. Elucidate with clarity the temporal evolution of various
symptoms from onset to
presentation.
ii.Relevance of negative history

b. Otorrhea
i. Explanation for foul smelling otorrhoea in attico-antral
disease
ii. Explanation for persistent discharge in in attico-antral
disease
iii. Explanation for blood stained discharge in attico-antral
disease - Other causes of blood
stained otorrhoea
iv. Old concept of classifying otitis media as active,
quiescent and inactive; its significance
in relation to Middle Ear Risk Index (MERI)
v. Explain common microbes involved in otorrhoea in Indian
context and the role of
microbiological tests in assessing pathogen
- When and how will you take an ear swab

c. Hearing Impairment
i. Assessment of severity of hearing loss from history
ii. Assessment of type of hearing loss from history
iii. Assessment of social disability from hearing loss

d. Tinnitus
i. Clinical significance of tinnitus in otitis media

e. Vertigo

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 i. Clinical significance of vertigo in otitis media
f. Otalgia
i. Clinical significance of otalgia in otitis media
- Awareness of common problems like associated
otomycosis and external otitis
and uncommon ones like subdural abscess
g. Other relevant points .
i. Elicit and explant the pathognomonic symptoms like
persistent fever, headache, vertigo,
tinnitus and facial paresis which herald complications.
ii. Antibiotic (systemic & topical) usage history in persistent
otorrhoea

- Role of topical antibiotics

- Risks associated with long term use of antibacterial
agents especially gentamycin
in discharging ears
iii. Significance of evaluating common co-morbidities in otitis media
- Diabetes mellitus
- Tuberculosis
- Hypertension

2. Clinical Examination
a. Ability to explain a procedure to the patient before doing it
b. Demonstrate technical knowledge of common examination equipment
i. Bull's eye lamp and head mirror
ii. Otoscope and Siegel's speculum
iii. Tuning Forks
c. Demonstrate the skill in
i. Otoscopy
ii. Pneumatic otoscopy
iii. Fistula Test
iv. Routine tuning fork tests especially masking with Barany's noise box for
bone conduction assessment
v. Free Field testing for Conversational Voice and Forced Whisper
vi. Ataxia test battery
vii. Assessment of nystagmus
viii. Fistula Test
ix. Dix Hallpike manouvre
x. Testing facial nerve function
xi. Aural toilet
d. Demonstrate the otoscopic findings in the case (preferably on a videotoscope).
He should be able to conclude at the end of otoscopy
i. Whether tympanic membrane is normal or abnormal
ii. If abnormal, whether it is intact or perforated
iii. If intact, the degree and scale of retraction or atelectasis

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 - Define the position, extent of retraction pockets
- Demonstrate presence, location and extent of
cholesteatoma, granulations and polypi
- Demonstrate associated bone destruction especially of
outer attic wall and postero-
superior bony canal
iv. If perforated, differentiate between central and marginal perforation
- If central, position, size and other characteristics of perforation
- If marginaL in addition to the characteristics of perforation,
demonstrate epithelial ingress into
middle ear, if any
- Demonstrate the presence of TM and ME tympanosclerosis

- Assess the status of middle ear mucosa

- Visualise other middle ear structures
- ossicles, Eustachian tube, hypotympanic air cells
e. Explain the basis and interpretation of
i. Pneumatic otoscopy
ii. Free Field assessment of hearing
iii. Tuning Fork tests
iv. Spontaneous & induced nystagmus
- Basis ofVOR v. Fistula test
vi. Ataxia test battery - Romberg's, Unterberger's, Straight Line Walking,
Tandem Walking etc

3. Investigations
a. Otomicroscopy and otoendoscopy
- Indications and relative merits of each
b. Ear swab for Gram/Ziel Nielson Staining and culture/ sensitivity
- Basics of staining techniques
- Ideal method of taking ear swabs
c. Patch test - its relevance in today's practice
d. Pure Tone Audiometry
- Basics of clinical audiology
- Explanation of terms - Pure tones, Frequency, dB, SPL, HL, SL, Speech
frequencies, Threshold, Averaging Thresholds, AB Gap
- Identification of legends and notations in an audiogram
- Principle and practice of masking in PTA
e. Immittance
i. Principle and interpretation of tympanogram
ii. Principle and interpretation of Acoustic reflex
f. X'ray mastoid Schuller's view
i. Indications
ii. Degree of pneumatisation and its relevance in CSOM
iii. Other plain skiagrams for imaging of temporal bone - Law's, Towne's
and per -orbital views
g. Current role of CT scans/ MRI for evaluating middle ear

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4. Differential Diagnosis
a. Differentiate between Tubotympanic Vs Atticoantral disease
b. In attico-antral disease, differentiate between
i. Congenital, Primary or secondary acquired cholesteatoma
ii. Epitympanic vs meso tympanic cholesteatoma and gradations thereof
c. Concept of persistent mucosal disease
d. Differentiate between complicated vs uncomplicated CSOM

5. Non-surgical Management
a. Principles of medical management in an active tubotympanic CSOM
b. Practice of chemical cauterization
c. Practice of office myringoplasty
d. Principles of conservative management of retraction pockets! small localized
cholesteatoma

6. Surgical Management
a. Prognostication of outcome in middle ear surgery
-Concept of Glasgow benefit plot, Middle Ear Risk Index etc
b. Soft tissue approaches in middle ear surgery
i. Postaural
ii. Endaural
iii. Endomeatal
iv. Variations of the above
c. Conceptual difference between myringoplasty and tympanoplasty
d. Conceptual difference between onlay and underlay
i. Indications for onlay and underlay technique
ii. Complications of onlay and underlay technique
e. Types of tympanoplasty
i. Wullstein's original classification.
ii. Current modifications
f. Middle ear ossicular chain reconstruction
i. Use of homologous tissues especially incus
ii. Middle ear prosthesis - various materials, design, results and
complications

7. Any other
a. Knowledge of medico-legal aspects especially provisions of Consumer
Protection Act
b. Ability to take a proper informed consent of various surgical procedures
c. Ability to inform a bad outcome with honesty, dignity and empathy
d. Knowledge of assessment of disability with regard to hearing loss according to
the current labour and company laws
e. Awareness of recent advances in the areas of
i. Advanced audio-vestibular evaluation BERA, CE~ CNG. OAE
ii. Newer Waging techniques like virtual endoscopy, 3D Waging,
fMRI(functional MRI) etc

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iii. Technology like lasers in middle ear surgery

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 SPECIALITY : OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
CASE : CLEFT LIP AND CLEFT
PALATE
NAME OF EXPERT : DR. A. M. DESHPANDE
‘SAMMOHINI’ # 720/4, NAVI
PETH, PUNE-411030,
MAHARASHTRA, INDIA
CELFT LIP
1. History: Incidence 1 in 800
 Females are more affected by cleft lisp
 A cleft lip is either unilateral or bilateral
 Asians are most commonly affected
 A history of maternal smoking, phenytoin use or use of diazepam is
predisposing factor
 Feeding difficulties in newborn leads to anaemia. Surgical repair si
performed within the first few days.
 How the mother feeds the baby.

2. Clinical Examination:
 Condition of the newborn for fitness
 Unilateral or bilateral defect
 Extent of detect
 Any other congenital defects

3. Investigations
 Haemoglobin
 Complete haemogram
 Routine preoperative check up in the frist year of life
 X-ray chest to find out any infection/atelectasis/aspiration
 To check for suitable endotracheal tube and laryngoscope
 Veins for IV route

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  If the child is irritable suitable premedication
 Differential Diagnosis not required
4. Non-Surgical Management
 Corrrect the anaemia
 Suitable antibiotics for chest infection
 If the defect is small two edges of the cleft are brought to gether.
Very few patients are benefited
 Proper feeding
5. Surgical Management
 Many anaesthetic techniques are used
 Small defect-Rectal sedative + Local
 A mask induction with Inhalational agents like Halothane,
Sevoflurane
 Endotracheal tube: RAE, Nylon reinforce, Oxford
 Modified Jackson Rees circuit, Paediatric Bains circuit
 Nitrous oxide, Oxygen, Halothane, or Sevoflurane or short acting
muscle relaxant
 Proper premedication
 Precordial stethoscope and monitors
6. Complications
 Endotracheal tube may come out
 If excessive blood loss then shock occur
 If proper anaesthetic circuit is not used then rebreathing and CO2
retention
 If not properly covered then fall in temperature and shock
 Proper fixation of the endotracheal tube
 Soft arm restrains are used to prevent infant handling the repair
 Calculated dose of local anaesthetic with epinephrine should be
used as per body weight.

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 CLEFT PALATE

1. Family studies show siblings of patients with cleft lip have increased
incidence of cleft palate
 Males are more affected by cleft palate
 Smoking, Phenytoin treatment or Diazepam consumption may predispose
 Asians are more affected
2. Cleft palate occurs when hard palate and soft palate has not joined
 Feeding difficulty and airway com[promise occurs. Because of
regurgiatioan then chest complications occur
 Anaemia and general weakness occurs
 Same investigations like cleft lip
 Intubation is more difficult in cleft palate
 There is more blood loss in cleft palate surgical resection
 Surgical correction by 12 months of age, speech should not get affected
 If cleft lip and cleft palate occurs then lip repaired first
 Check for other congenital defects
 Anxiolytic premedication is essential
 Secure intravenous line
 Keep rolled gauze ready to put in to defect before laryngoscopy
 Inhalational induction by Halothane or Sevoflurane
 If surgeon wants to use adrenaline then do not use halothane
 Cleft palate is exposed by placement of Dingmans’ mouth gag
 A throat pack is often placed to prevent passage of blood in to the larynx

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 Anaesthetric techniques are the same like cleft lip, only problem is
maintenance of airway hence proper fixation of the endotracheal tube is
must
 Prior to tracheal extubation thorough suction of the oro-pharynx without
displacing he pack is essential
 Some surgeons place a suture through the anterior portion of the tongue
to avoid airway obstruction
 Post operatively maintain airway and provide analgesia

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SPECIALITY: ENT
CASE : VOCAL CORD NODULE
EXPERT: DR. K. KRISHNA KUMAR

1. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS

Change in voice

Nature: Hoarseness
Aphonia
Breathiness
Harshness – high pitch/ cracking
Feeble/whispered voice
Easy fatigability

Duration Days/weeks/months/years

Onset Sudden/insidious

Progressive Worsening
Diurnal variation
Static

Aggravating and relieving factors Smoking/Drinking/lectures/singing

Associated symptoms Dysphagia

Dysphonea
Noisy breathing
Lump in the neck
Sinonasal symptoms
GERD symptoms
H/o repeated throat cleaning
Cough with expectoration
Pain in throat/ear

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National Board of Examinations, Cases ENT
History of Past illness

H/o similar complaints

Any previous treatment
Any other surgery/medical illness
Previous intubation (prolonged)

Personal history

Voice abuse
Profession / Nature of job
Habits Smoking / pan / Alcohol / tobacco
Food habits Excessive Tea/coffee
Spicy food

Home Environment

2. CLINICAL EXAMINATION

General examination
Routine ENT head & neck examination
IDL scopy Mobility of cords, phonatory gap

Patient is seated opposite with sit erect with the head and chest leaning
slightly towards the examiner. Patient is asked to protrude his tongue, which
wrapped in gauze between the thumb and middle finger. Index finger is used to
push the upper lip out of the way. Gauze piece is used to get a firm grip of the
tongue and to protect it against injury by the lower incisors.

Laryngeal mirror, which has been warmed and tested on the back of hand,
is introduced into the mouth and held firmly against the uvula and soft palate.
Light is focused on the laryngeal mirror and patient is asked to breathe quietly.
To see movements of the cords, patient is asked to take deep inspiration
(abduction of cords), say “Aa” and “Eee”. Movements of both the cords are
compared.

Structures examined by indirect laryngoscopy

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 1. Oropharynx : Base of tongue, ligual tonsils, valleculae, medial and
lateral glossoepiglottic folds.

2. Larynx: Epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, arytenoids, cuneiform and

corniculate cartilages, ventricular bands, ventricles, true cords, anterior
commissure, posterior commissure, subglottis and rings of trachea.

3. Laryngopharynx: Both pyriform fossae, postcricoid region, posterior

wall of laryngopharynx.

Description of the lesion

Site of mass
Colour
Size
Shape
Surface
Single or multiple
Pedunculated or sessile
Rigid video laryngoscopy

3. INVESTIGATIONS
Fibreoptic RPL scopy
Strobosopy
Routine pre-op evaluation

4. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS (VOCAL NODULES/VOCAL POLYPS)

1. Papilloma
2. Angioma
3. Fibroma
4. Circumscribed reinkie’s oedema
5. Vocal cord cyst
6. Varcies
7. Haematoma
8. Polyposis mucosal thickening in elderly
9. Amyloidosis for vocal polyps

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5. NON-SURGICAL FOR NODULE ONLY

Voice rest
Speech therapy
Avoidance of irritants and habitual throat cleaning
Improve hydration
GERD treatment
Sinonasal symptoms

6. SURGICAL
1. ML scopy and biopsy
a. Conventional
b. Laser
c. Radio frequency
d. Coblation
**************

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SPECIALITY: ENT
CASE : OTOSCLEROSIS
EXPERT: DR. CHANDER MOHAN

1. HISTORY

H/o Present Illness H/o Hearing Loss

Paracusis willissi
Tinnitus/Vertige, change of speech

Personal/Family History H/o Similar complaints in family

Age of one set & Progress.

Associated Factors: Pregnancy / menopause / Any surgeries

Relation of disease with surgeries
Association with osteogenesis
imperfacta
Presence of Vander-Hoeve syndrome

2. EXAMINATION

Appearance of Tympanic memberane

Schwartze’s sign – present / absent.
Eust. Tube Function
T.F. Tests-

3. INVESTIGATION
Pure Tone audiometery – Presence /
absence
Impedance qudiometry presence or
absence
of Carhart’s notch.

4. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
-OM with effusion
Conductive deafness-

- Tympanosclerosis
- Fixed Head of Malleus
- Cong, stapes fixation
- Ossicular discontinuity

5. MANAGEMENT
Non surgical – Role of sod. Fluoride
- Surgical – stapedectomy – Procedure
- Prosthesis

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 - Indications
- Contraindications.

******************
SPECIALITY: ENT
CASE : AURAL POLYP
EXPERT: DR. M. K. AGARWAL

1. HISTORY
- Patient may present with all features of CSOM.
- Otorrhoea
- Otalgia
- Aural bleed
- Hearing loss/ Deafness
- Itching in the Ear
- Mass in the Ear

Complication of CSOM / Mastoid (Rare)

- Brain abscess
- Facial Palsy
- Meningitis
- Osteomyelitis

2. CLINICAL EXAMINATION

Aural Polyps are the result of chronic inflammation of the middle ear or
mastoid (can be manifestation of cholesteatoma). They are benign fleshy growth
from the skin or glands of External Auditory canal or from the surface of tympanic
membrane. Clinically polyps represent granulation tissue or oedematous
mucosa arising from the mucous membrane of the middle ear protruding through
a perforation in the tympanic membrane. Polyp is pedunculated while
granulations are multiple and sessile. They usually arise from (a) attic, (b)
Posterior superior margin of the tympanic membrane, (c) Promontory, (d)
Eustachian tube orifice, (e) Aditus ad antrum. Granulation tissue polyps in the
forming stage are soft, red and bleed readily when touched. Later polyps
become more fibrous and the surface may be covered with metaplastic
squamous epithelium. Clinical examination may or may not give evidence of
cholesteatoma / CSOM. Inflammatory polyps are soft while neoplastic polyps are
firm.

Probing:

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National Board of Examinations, Cases ENT
 A probe can not be passed all around the polyp, if the polyp arises
from the external auditory canal. The probe can be passed all
around the polyp arising from the middle ear.

3. INVESTIGAIONS

(i) Discharge is sent for bacteriological and histological examination.

(ii) Audiometry may show conductive deafness.
(iii) Radiographs of the mastoid are normal in cases having polyps arising
from the external auditory canal. A polyp associated with benign
chronic otitis media may show a sclerotic mastoid while a polyp due to
dangerous chronic otitis media shows a sclerotic mastoid bone with
translucent areas of erosion caused by cholesteatoma. Patient having
a neoplastic polyp may reveal erosion of the temporal bone.
(iv) CT Scan of the ear will show better detail than the radiodgraph.
(v) Biopsy can settle the diagnosis.

4. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

- Granulomatous diseases or fungal infections

- Neoplastic proliferation (Jugulo-tympanic paraganglioma)
- Glomus tumour
- Langerhan’s Cell histiocytosis (LHC)
- Foreign bodies of external auditory canal
- Exostosis
- Ceruminoma

5. NON-SURGICAL MANAGEMENT

Antibiotics given systemically and locally may help early inflammatory

polyps. In elderly individuals and who refuses operations, there is some place for
conservative treatment like suction clearance and attic irrigation with white
venigar solution and cauterization of granulations with 10% Silver Nitrate or with
Trichloro Acetic Acid.

6. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT

Polypectomy is performed with the help of an aural snare or a punch

forceps. Polyps arising from the middle ear should not be avulsed to prevent
damaged to the middle ear structures. Polypectomy helps the drainage of the
middle ear and permits visualization of the ear drum for proper diagnosis.
Causative factors should be treated like modified radical mastoidectomy for

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cholesteatoma, tympanoplasties for hearing, Radiotherapy / Chemotherapy /
Radical operations for neoplasm.

7. ANY OTHER

AIDS, Tuberulosis.

******************

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National Board of Examinations, Cases ENT
SPECIALITY: ENT
CASE : FIBROIUS DYSPLASIA
EXPERT: DR. P. M. HARI

1. HISTORY

► Benign Fibroosseous Lesion

► Slowly Progressive Disorder
► Site of Involvement in Decreasing Order-Maxila, Mandible, Frontal
Bone
► Types Monostotic 70%
► Polyostotic 27%
► Involvement of Bones of Skull 10% in Monostotic
► Involvement of Cranio Facial Bones 50% in Polyostotic
► Condition Diagnosed Before The Age of 20 Years.
► Lesion Burns Out After Puberty
► Malignant Transformation Uncommon (<1%)

2. CLINICAL FEATURES

► Insidiou, Painless, Asymetric Enlargement of Affected Bone

► May Involve Maxillary Sinus Zygoma, Sphenoid, Orbital Floor
► Presents As Unilateral Facial Swelling, Deformity of Alvelar
Margins, Loosening of Teeth
► Swelling Bony Hard, Diffuse Painless

3. INVESTIGATONS

► RADIOLOGICAL

○ Ground Glass Appearance

○ Illdefined Margins

► HISTOLOGICAL

○ Mixture of Fibrous And Osseous Tissue

○ Trabecular of Woven Bone Dispersed in Cellular Fibrous Tissue

4. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

► From Other Fibro Osseous Lesions:

○ Ossifying Fibroma
○ Chronic Osteomyelitis

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National Board of Examinations, Cases ENT
 ○ Pagets Disease
○ Osteo Blastoma
○ Florid Osseous Dysplasia

5. TREATMENT

► Non Surgical

○ Observation Until Puberty

► Surgical – ALWAYS DELAYEO

○ Curettage, Partial And Radical Excision, Gross Deformity,

Proptosis, Loss of Visual And Auditory Acuity May Force Early
Surgical Intervention.

******************

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SPECIALITY : OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
CASE : NASOPHARYNGEAL
ANGIOFIBROMA

NAME OF EXPERT : PROF. JACINTH

HEAD, DEPT. OF ENT
STANLEY MEDICAL COLLEGE
CHENNAI – 600001

History :

1. Unprovoked torrential bleeding from nose

2. Nasal obstruction/Snoring/Mouth breathing
3. Anosmia/Hyposmia
4. Nasal intonation of voice
5. Headache denote coexisting sinusitis or dural compression
6. Blocked ears due to ET orifice block
7. Rarely diplopia & proptosisor or failing vision due to tenting of optic
nerve
8. Recurrence after earlier incomplete surgery
9. H/O earlier surgery or radiotherapy

Clinical examination :
1. Adolescent male
2. Red or pink or purplish smooth, lobulated/nodular mass pushin the
septum to opposite side in the midst of secretion sin the nasal
cavity & nasopharynx
3. Soft palate may be bulged with restricted movement
4. Fullness of cheek/temple or frog faced deformity
5. Proptosis
6. features of Sec’ otitis media & conductive deafness
7. Trismus
8. Anaemia

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National Board of Examinations, Cases ENT
 9. Palpation can be done using soft palate as a curtain: Fibroangioma
if very frim/Angiofibroma if softer
10. Intraoral palpation in the interval between the ascending ramus &
the side of maxilla reveals disease extension to pterygopalatine
fossa
Investigations :
1. X’Ray-Paranasal sinuses, Lat’ view nasopharynx & Base of skull
2. Tomogram
3. CT
4. MRI
5. DSA
6. Complete hemogram & Blood grouping with work uo for G.A.
7. Ophthalmologist’s opinion
8. Neurologist’s opinion(SOS)
9. Excision biopsy

Differential diagnosis:
1. Antrochoanal polyp with squamous metaplsia
2. Hypertrophic turbinate & adenoids
3. rathke’s pouch or Thomwaldt’s cyst
4. Nasonasopharyngeal rhinosporidiosis
5. Other tumours of nasopharynx such as:
Chordomas/Fibromas/Teratomas/Hemangiomas/Condromas/
Gliomas/Rhabdomyomas/Fibrous dysplasia/Lymphomas
6. NPC

Management :
1. Surgery

Prior embolisation

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Approaches:

Endoscopic approach for small tumors(Stage I)

Transfacial approach:

1. Moure’s lateral rhinotomy

2. Medial maxillectomy
3. Midfacial soft tissue degloving
4. Weber Fergusons incision transnasoantral approach
5. Transmaxillary
6. Maxillary swing

Oral approach to nasopharynx:

1. Transoral
2. Transpalatal

II. Hormone therapy - Primary or adjunctive

treatment(Diethylstilbestrol & flutamide): To reduce vascularity
III. R.T. (30-40Gy) – reduces vascularity: Primarily for intracranial
extensions & inoperable tumours

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SPECIALITY : ENT
CASE : CA.LARYNX/CA.LARYNGOPHARYNX
NAME OF EXPERT : DR. R. S. ANAND KUMAR, MADRAS ENT
RESEARCH FOUNDATION(P) LTD.1, 1 CROSS STREET, OFF. II MAIN
ROAD, RAJA ANNAMALAIPURAM, CHENNAI-600028

KEY ISSUES CARCINOMA LARYNX CARCINOMA

LARYNGOPHARYNX
1. History  Hoarseness of  Difficulty in swallowing
voice  C/o stickin of food in the
 Difficulty in throat on swallowing
breathing  Pain radiatin pain to ear
 Difficulty in  Hoarseness of voice
swallowing  Difficulty in breathing
 Pain, radiatin pain  Swelling in the neck
toear  H/o aspiration & cough
 Selling in the neck  Hemoptysis
 H/O aspiration &  Wight loss
cough  H/o smoking & alcohol
 H/o smoking & consumtion
alcohol
consumption
2. Clinical General General
examination  Comfortable/ in  Comfortable/in stridor
stridor  Cachexia/pallor
 Cachexia Throat:
Throat  Dental/oral hygiene
 Dental/oral  IDL:mass description, cord
hygiene mobility,. Airway adequacy,
 IDL: mas pooling os saliva
description, cord Neck:
mobility, airway  Lymphadenopathy-level
adequacy  Laryngeal contour
Neck:  Laryngeal crepitus
 Lymphadenopathy  Laryngeal tenderness
– level  Thyroid gland
 Laryngeal contour  Trachea
 Laryngeal crepitus Abdomen
 Laryngeal Respiratory system
tenderness Spine
 Thyroid gland Provisional diagnosis-TNM staging

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National Board of Examinations, Cases ENT
  Trachea
Abdomen
Respiratory system
Spine
Provisional diagnosis-
TNM staging
3.  DL scopy & biopsy  DL scopy & biopsy
Investigations  X-ray soft tisdsue  X-ray soft tissue neck-AP &
neck-AP & lateral lateral
 X-ray chest  X-ray chest
 CT scan neck  Barium swallow
 Blood  CT scan neck
investigations  Blood investigations
 USG abdomen  USG abdomen
 Whole body bone Whole body bone scan
scan
4. Differential  Tuberculosis of  Squamous cell ca
Diagnosis larynx  Adeno ca
 Squamous cell ca  Lymphoma
 Sarcoidosis  Basaloid sq. cell ca
 Scleroma of larynx  Adeno sq. cell ca
 Basloid sq. cell ca  Lipa sarcoma
 Verrucous ca  Lympho epithelioma
 Scarcomatod ca
5. Non surgical  Palliative/curative  Palliative/Curative
management radiotherapy radiotherapy
 Cobalt-60/linear  Cobalt-60/linear accelarator
accelerator  Irradiation field perimeters
 Irradiation field  Dose 60Gy-70Gy
perimetes  Duration 6-7 weeks
 Dose 60Gy-70Gy  Complications of
 Duration 6-7 radiotherapy
weeks  Preparation of patient for RT
 Complications of  Role of chemotherapy
radiotherapy
 Preparation of
patient for RT
 Role of
chemotherapy
6. Surgical  Micro laryngeal  Lateral pharyngotomy
management laser surgery  Total pharyngolaryngectomy
 Conservation  Total
laryngectomy Pharyngolaryngoesophagectom
 Subtotal y with gastric pull up(ONG’s
laryngectomy procedure)
 Near total

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National Board of Examinations, Cases ENT
 laryngectomy
 Total
laryngectomy
 Extended total
laryngectomy

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National Board of Examinations, Cases ENT
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National Board of Examinations, Cases ENT