ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

Question 1 Generator Differential Relays

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A generator winding is protected using a differential relay with an adjusted slope of 20% and
a minimum pickup of 0.3A. The CTs are 200/5. Draw a diagram showing the differential
relaying scheme, relay elements and currents.

I1 I2
Component to be
protected

ID

IR1 IR2

R1 R2

(a) If the generator is operating normally and supplying a load current of 1900o A,
calculate the relay average restraint current and differential (operating) current and plot the
fault point on the graph. Will the relay operate? What is the slope of this operating condition?

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ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

(b) If an external fault occurs which causes the winding current to increase to 500-80o A,
will the relay operate? Under what condition is the relay likely to operate for an external fault?

(c) Due to an internal phase-to-phase leakage fault, the current on one side of the winding
is 195-10o A while the other side is 1900o A. Calculate the relay average restraint current
and differential (operating) current and plot the fault point on the graph. Will the relay
operate? What is the slope of this operating condition?

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ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

(d) Due to an internal leakage fault to ground, the current on one side of the winding is
200-30o A while the other side is 1900o A. Calculate the relay average restraint current and
differential (operating) current and plot the fault point on the graph. Will the relay operate?
What is the slope of this operating condition?

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ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

Question 2 1-phase Transformer Differential protection

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A 1ph 1.2 MVA, 40 kV-8 kV transformer is equipped with a differential protection scheme.
The differential relay isIsourced
D from 25:5A CT on the HV side and a 100:5A CT on the LV
side. The relay taps are set at 2A for the HV CT and 2.5 A for the LV CT. The relay slope is
40%, with a minimum pickup current of 0.3A. krelay = 51.8%
TRIP
Draw a SLD diagram showing the differential protection scheme, relay elements and currents.

40 kV krelay = 20%

25/5A BLOCK
Upper tap:
0.3A 2A
1.2 MVA 87 IAR
Lower tap:
2.5A
100/5A

8 kV

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ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

(a) If the transformer magnetization current is 6% FLA at 0.5 pf, calculate the relay
currents at no-load. Plot this operating point on the relay characteristic graph. What is
the %slope for this condition? Will the relay trip?

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ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

(b) Calculate the relay currents when the transformer is supplying full-load at upf. Show
the operating point on the graph of part (a). What is the %slope for this condition? Will
the relay trip?

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ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

(c) Calculate the relay currents for an external fault of 400 A on the LV side. Ignore
magnetizing current. Show the operating point on the graph of part (a). What is the %slope
for this condition? Will the relay trip?

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ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

(d) Calculate the relay currents for an internal fault that results in 20-45o A on the HV
side and 400o A on the LV side. Ignore magnetizing current. Show the operating
point on the graph of part (a). What is the %slope for this condition? Will the relay
trip?

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ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

Question 3 3-phase Transformer Differential protection

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All questions refer to this diagram 13.8 kV

3 - 50/100/200/250:5A
Upper taps:
3.2, 3.5, 3.8, 4.2, 4.6 & 5 A

2 MVA 87
Y Lower taps:
4.6, 5 & 8.7 A
3 - 200/300/400:5A

4.16 kV

a) Calculate the full-load (or normal-load) power transformer line currents.

b) Select CT connections and ratios so that the primary CT rating is greater than the 3-ph
transformer full-load (or normal-load) line current.

Select a CT primary that is approx 1.25 x FLA

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ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

c) Calculate the CT secondary currents at full load.

d) Keeping in mind the rule for CT connections, calculate the current flowing from the
CTs to the relays.

e) Select relay taps so the ratio of tap settings is as nearly as possible equal to the ratio of
currents that flow to the relay. Also, the relay taps should be as nearly as possible equal to
the respective currents that flow under full-load (or normal load) conditions.

Only one tap (8.7A) is possible on the LV side.

8.7A tap

Calculate the HV tap which results in the lowest percent unbalance. Select the best ratio:

Three taps (4.2A, 4.6A, 5A) are possible on the HV side.

4.2A tap 4.6Atap 5A tap

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ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

Select 4.6A tap for HV side

Since there is only one tap available on the LV side (8.7A) a quicker way to find the
corresponding tap on the HV side is shown below:

f) Calculate the resulting % unbalance

g) Determine the minimum relay pickup that will avoid nuisance tripping on no-load of
10% FL. Settings in increments of 0.1 A, with a minimum of 0.3A, are available.

The pickup for the relay must be lower than the difference or operating element
current.

Ipickup(min) = (0.09087pu)(4.6A tap) = 0.418A Select 0.5A tap

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ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

Question 4 3-phase Transformer Differential protection

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IR2 69 kV

3 - 200/250/300:5A
Upper taps:
3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 & 5 A

24 MVA 87
Y Lower taps:
5, 6, 7 & 8.5 A
3 - 1200/1400/1600:5A

14.4 kV

a) Calculate the full-load (or normal-load) power transformer line currents.

c) Select CT connections and ratios so that the primary CT rating is greater than the 3-ph
transformer full-load line current.

c) Calculate the CT secondary currents at full load.

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ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

e) Keeping in mind the rule for CT connections, calculate the current flowing from the
CTs to the relays.

e) Select relay taps so the ratio of tap settings is as nearly as possible equal to the ratio of
currents that flow to the relay. Also, the relay taps should be as nearly as possible equal to
the respective currents that flow under full-load (or normal load) conditions.

f) Calculate the resulting % unbalance

g) Calculate the % unbalance for a 300:5A HV CT and 5A relay tap paired with a
1600:5A LV CT and a 8.5A relay tap.

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ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

Question 4 solution 3-phase Transformer Differential protection

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All questions refer to this diagram

I2

3 - 200/250/300:5A
Upper taps:
3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 & 5 A

Compone ID
nt to be Y Lower taps:
5, 6, 7 & 8.5 A
3 - 1200/1400/1600:5A

I1
a) Calculate the full-load (or normal-load) power transformer line currents.

d) Select CT connections and ratios so that the primary CT rating is greater than the 3-ph
transformer full-load line current.

Select a CT primary that is approx 1.25 x FLA

c) Calculate the CT secondary currents at full load.

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ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

f) Keeping in mind the rule for CT connections, calculate the current flowing from the
CTs to the relays.

e) Select relay taps so the ratio of tap settings is as nearly as possible equal to the ratio of
currents that flow to the relay. Also, the relay taps should be as nearly as possible equal to
the respective currents that flow under full-load (or normal load) conditions.

Only two taps (7A & 8.5A) are possible on the LV side.

Try the 7A tap Try the 8.5A tap

Select the available tap combination of 5A for HV side and 8.5A for the LV side.

f) Calculate the resulting % unbalance

g) Calculate the % unbalance for a 300:5A HV CT and 5A relay tap paired with a
1600:5A LV CT and a 8.5A relay tap.

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ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

h) Will the relay trip for the internal fault condiion values given below? Use the values
given in part (g).

IHV = 120-45oA and ILV = 8000oA slope = 50%

Since % slope of the fault > %slope of the relay it will TRIP.

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ELEC 364 Power Systems III Differential Protection SOLUTIONS

Generator differential relays

ID I1  I 2
% slope  x100%  x100%
2 
I R ( avg ) 1 I  I2
1

Transformer differential relays

I I
%unbalance=| 1 − 2 |x 100 %
T 1 T2
where I1 and I 2 are the relay currents
and T1 and T2 are the relay tap ratings

I1 I 2

ID T1 T2 % unbalance
% slope  x100%  x100% 
I R ( avg ) 1  I1 I 2  1  I1 I 
     2 
2  T1 T2  2  T1 T2 

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