Macroeconomics 12th Edition Michael Parkin Solutions Manual

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 36

Macroeconomics 12th Edition Michael Parkin Solutions Manual

Macroeconomics 12th Edition Michael


Parkin Solutions Manual
Visit to get the accurate and complete content:

https://testbankfan.com/download/macroeconomics-12th-edition-michael-parkin-soluti
ons-manual/

Visit TestBankFan.com to get complete for all chapters


Macroeconomics 12th Edition Michael Parkin Solutions Manual

C h a p t e r

1 WHAT IS
ECONOMICS?

Answers to the Review Quiz


Page 2
1. List some examples of the scarcity that you face.
Examples of scarcity common to students include not enough income to afford both tuition and a nice
car, not enough learning capacity to study for both an economics exam and a chemistry exam in one
night, and not enough time to allow extensive studying and extensive socializing.
2. Find examples of scarcity in today’s headlines.
A headline in The Sacramento Bee on May 6, 2014 was “Sleep Train Kicks Off Annual ‘Clothing Drive for
Foster Kids’.” The story points out that these children face scarcity because “foster children typically
arrive in a foster home with just the clothes on their back.” Accordingly, the charity group Sleep Train
is looking for donations to provide foster children with more clothing, which means that the foster
family will need to provide less clothing.
3. Find an example of the distinction between microeconomics and macroeconomics in today’s
headlines.
Microeconomics: On May 6, 2014 a headline in The New York Times was “Bayer Buys Merck’s Consumer
Business for $14.2 Billion.” This story covers a microeconomic topic because it discusses how two
pharmaceutical firms have decided to transfer ownership of the unit producing over-the-counter
consumer products for Merck. Macroeconomics: On May 6, 2014, a headline in The Wall Street Journal
was “U.S. Trade Gap Narrows as Demand Grows Here and Abroad.” This story covers a
macroeconomic topic because it concerns the total amount of international trade in the entire
economy.

Page 7
1. Describe the broad facts about what, how, and for whom goods and services are produced.
What gets produced is significantly different today than in the past. Today the U.S. economy produces
more services, such as medical operations, teaching, and hair styling, than goods, such as pizza,
automobiles, and computers. How goods and services are produced is by businesses determining how
the factors of production, land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship, are combined to make the goods
and services we consume. Land includes all natural resources, both renewable natural resources such as
wood, and nonrenewable natural resources such as natural gas. Labor’s quality depends on people’s
human capital. In the U.S. economy, human capital obtained through schooling has increased over the
years with far more people completing high school and attending college than in past years. Finally, for
whom are goods and services to be produced depends on the way income is distributed to U.S. citizens.
This distribution is not equal; the 20 percent of people with the lowest income earn about 5 percent of
the nation’s total income while the 20 percent of people with the highest incomes earn about 50

Visit TestBankFan.com to get complete for all chapters


© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
2 CHAPTER 1

percent of total income. On the average, men earn more than women, whites more than non-whites,
and college graduates more than high school graduates.
2. Use headlines from the recent news to illustrate the potential for conflict between self-interest
and the social interest.
One example of an issue concerns the income necessary to live in an apartment building in San
Francisco. A May 5, 2014 headline from The San Francisco Chronicle was “S.F. Landlord: Make $100K or
Get Out.” This story discusses an owner’s attempt to make the tenants prove that their annual income
is at least $100,000. The owner is following his self-interest because he wants to have only high-income
residents who, presumably, create less damage and might be willing to pay more rent. The head of San
Francisco’s Housing Rights Committee, Sara Shortt, believes that the requirement is not in the social
interest. She asserts that the effort “definitely reads like a harassment tactic” and that the effort to force
tenants to move is illegal. She believes that the social interest is served by having a variety of tenants in
the apartments.

Page 10
1. Explain the idea of a tradeoff and think of three tradeoffs that you have made today.
A tradeoff reflects the point that when someone gets one thing, something else must be given up. What
is given up is the opportunity cost of whatever is obtained. Three examples of tradeoffs that are
common to students include: a) When a student sleeps in rather than going to his or her early morning
economics class, the student trades off additional sleep for study time. The opportunity cost of the
decision is a lower grade on the exam. b) When a student running late for class parks his or her car
illegally, the student trades off saving time for the risk of a ticket. The potential opportunity cost of the
decision is the goods and services that cannot be purchased if the student receives an expensive parking
ticket. c) A student trades off higher income by spending time during the day working at a part-time job
for less time spent at leisure time and study. The opportunity cost for the higher income is less leisure
and lower grades in classes.
2. Explain what economists mean by rational choice and think of three choices that you’ve made
today that are rational.
A rational choice is one that compares the costs and benefits of the different actions and then chooses
the action that has the greatest benefit over cost for the person making the choice. Three rational
choices made by students include: a) The choice to skip breakfast to go to class. In this case the benefit
is the higher grade in the class and the cost is the breakfast forgone. b) The choice to stop talking with a
friend on the phone and start studying for an impending exam. In this case the benefit is the resulting
higher grade in the class and the cost is the conversation forgone. c) The choice to do laundry today
rather than watch television. In this case the benefit is the fact the student will have clean clothes to
wear and the cost is the loss of the entertainment the television show would have provided.
3. Explain why opportunity cost is the best forgone alternative and provide examples of some
opportunity costs that you have faced today.
When a decision to undertake one activity is made, often many alternative activities are no longer
possible. Often these activities are mutually exclusive so only the highest valued alternative is actually
forgone. For instance, the decision to go to a student’s 8:30 AM class eliminates the possibility of
sleeping in during the hour and of jogging during the hour. But in this case, it is impossible to both sleep
in and to jog during the hour, so the opportunity cost cannot be both activities. What is lost is only the
activity that otherwise would have been chosen—either sleeping in or jogging—which is whatever
activity would have been chosen, that is, the most highly valued of the forgone alternatives. For
students, attending class, doing homework, studying for a test are all activities with opportunity costs.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.


WHAT IS ECONOMICS? 3

4. Explain what it means to choose at the margin and illustrate with three choices at the margin that
you have made today.
Choosing at the margin means choosing to do a little more or a little less of some activity. Three
common examples students encounter are: a) When a student faces a chemistry and an economics final
exam in one day, the student must determine whether spending the last hour studying a little more
chemistry or a little more economics will yield a better contribution (marginal benefit) to his or her
overall GPA. b) A college student buying a computer must decide whether the marginal benefit of
adding 1 GB of additional memory is worth the marginal cost of the additional memory. c) A student
football fan with a choice of a cheap seat in the student bleachers located at the far end of the playing
field or a more expensive seat located on the 30 yard line must determine whether the marginal benefit
of watching the game from a better seat is worth the marginal cost of the higher ticket price.
5. Explain why choices respond to incentives and think of three incentives to which you have
responded today.
People making rational decisions compare the marginal benefits of different actions to their marginal
costs. Therefore people’s choices change when their incentives, that is the marginal benefit and/or
marginal cost, of the choice changes. Just as everyone else, students respond to incentives; a) A student
studies because of the incentives offered by grades. b) A student is more likely to attend a class if
attendance is factored into the grade. c) A student might attend a meeting of a club if the student’s
significant other is eager to attend the meeting.

Page 11
1. Distinguish between a positive statement and a normative statement and provide examples.
A positive statement is a description of how the world is. It is testable. A normative statement is a
description of how the world ought to be. It is, by its very nature, not testable because there is no
universally approved criterion by which the statement can be judged. “I will receive an A for this
course,” is a positive statement made by an economics student—it might not be true, but it is testable.
“I will receive a good grade for this course,” is a normative statement. Whether someone agrees with it
depends on his or her interpretation of what makes for a “good” grade.
2. What is a model? Can you think of a model that you might use in your everyday life?
A model is a description of some aspect of the economic world. It includes only those features that are
necessary to understand the issue under study. An economic model is designed to reflect those aspects
of the world that are relevant to the user of the model and ignore the aspects that are irrelevant. A
typical model is a GPS map. It reflects only those aspects of the real world that are relevant in assisting
the user in reaching his or her destination and avoids using information irrelevant to travel.
3. How do economists try to disentangle cause and effect?
Economists use models to understand some aspect of the economic world. Testing the predictions of
models makes it necessary to disentangle cause and effect. To overcome this problem, economists have
three methods of testing their models: Using a natural experiment, using a statistical investigation, and
using economic experiments. A natural experiment is a situation that arises in the ordinary course of
life in which one factor being studied varies and the other factors are the same. This method allows the
economist to focus on the effect from the factor that differs between the two situations. A statistical
investigation looks for correlations between variables but then determining whether the correlation
actually reflects causation can be difficult. An economic experiment puts people into decision making
situations and then varies the relevant factors one at a time to determine each factor’s effect.
4. How is economics used as a policy tool?

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.


Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
[Contents]

Camaxtli, a deity, 313 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 313;
myth of, 313–14

Cannibalism, ceremonial, 215

Ce itzcuintli, festival of, 277

Cereal-gods, 12

Chalchihuitl, a precious stone, 26

Chalchihuitlicue, a water-goddess, 52, 256 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 257–9;
myths of, 259–60;
festivals of, 260;
priesthood of, 260;
nature and status, 260–2

Chalchiutotolin, the turkey, 111 (note)

Chantico, a goddess, 180, 280 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 280–1;
myths of, 281–2;
festival of, 282;
temple and priesthood of, 282;
nature and status of, 282–3

Chicaunaztli (“Rain-rattle”), 189

Chichimecs, a Nahua tribe of the steppes, 4, 9

Chicomecoatl, a maize-goddess, 153, 164–5;


aspect and insignia, 170;
myths of, 170–1;
festivals of, 171–2;
priesthood of, 172–3;
temples of, 173;
nature and status of, 173–4

Chicomecoatl iteopan (“Temple of Chicomecoatl”), 173

Chicunaui itzcuintli, the festival of, 282


Cinteotl, a maize-god, 162, 163, 164;
aspect and insignia of, 174;
myths of, 175–6;
festivals of, 176–7;
temples of, 177;
priesthood of, 177–8;
nature and status of, 179

Cipactli, the earth-monster, 13

Ciuacoatl, a goddess. Aspect and insignia, 179–80;


myths of, 180–2;
temples of, 182;
nature and status of, 182–3

Ciuapipiltin. See Ciuateteô

Ciuateteô, deified dead women, 168, 176, 388 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 353–5;
myths of, 355;
nature and status, 355–8

Ciuatlampa, Region of the West, 60

Coatlicue, a goddess, colossal figure of, 14;


as a primitive fetish, 16, 73 ff., 154;
in general, 183 ff.;
aspect and insignia, 183;
statues of, 183–5;
myth of, 185;
festival of, 185–6;
nature and status of, 186–7

Codex Borgia group, place of origin of, 6

Codex Chimalpopocâ. See Annals of Quauhtitlan

Codices, or native paintings, 5–7;


Interpretative, 8;
place of origin, 6;
illustrations in, 65 (note);
bibliography of, 380–3

Cosmogony, 36–64

Coxcox, fallacy of myth concerning, 53–4


Coyolxauhqui, a goddess, 74, 77, 78, [385]79, 185, 324;
aspect and insignia, 324;
myths of, 324;
nature and status, 324

Creation myths, 36–64;


common basis of, 51–2

Creative gods, 12, 36–7, 146 ff.

Cuesteca, Huaxtec priests of goddess Tlazolteotl, 166, 167

[Contents]

Day-gods, 362–3

Deer, the two-headed, 181

Deluge, myths of the, 52 ff.

[Contents]

Earth, gods of the, 153 ff.;


their relations to one another, 154–6

Earth, the, as a monster, 13

Earth-mother, the, 13–14;


equated with the earth-dragon, 14;
Tonacaciuatl as, 151

Ecatonatiuh (“Wind-sun”), a period in Mexican cosmogony, 38

Elements of growth, deification of the, 13

Etzalqualitztli, the festival of, 249–51


[Contents]

Festivals. See Tonalamatl

“Fetish” origin of certain Mexican deities, 16 ff.

Fire-gods, 268 ff.

Flaying of victims after sacrifice, 162

[Contents]

Glossary of Mexican words, 382–3

Gods of Mexico, classified, 12;


fall of the, 55–7;
regional, 59;
method of treatment of, in this work, 65;
of rain and moisture, 234 ff.;
of fire, 268 ff.;
of octli or pulque, 285 ff.;
as represented by the heavenly bodies, 300 ff.;
of death, 327 ff.;
of the days, 362–3;
of the weeks, 363;
of creation, 146 ff.;
the greater gods, 65 ff.;
of the earth and growth, 153 ff.;
variants of the, 336 ff.;
the minor, 344 ff.

Grain, deification of the, 14–15

Gucumatz, Quiche name of Quetzalcoatl, q.v.

[Contents]
H

Heavens, supporters of the, 60;


the Aztec, 61

Historia de los Mexicanos por sus Pinturas, 48–51

Homeyoca, abode of the creators, 62

Hurakan, Quiche name of Tezcatlipocâ, 138–9

[Contents]

Ilamatecutli, a goddess, 229;


aspect and insignia, 229–30;
myths of, 230;
festivals of, 230–2;
nature and status of, 232–3

Interpretative Codices, 8

Itzlacoliuhqui-ixquimilli, a deity, 337

Itzpapalotl, a goddess, 223;


aspect and insignia, 223–5;
myths of, 225–6;
nature and status of, 277–8

Itztli, 336–7

Ixcuiname, a group of goddesses, 159–60

Ixnextli, a goddess, 190

Ixtlilton, a deity, 349 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 350–1;
nature and status, 351–2

Izcalli, the festival of, 275

Iztac Mixcoatl, a deity, 312 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 312–13
[Contents]

Kukulkan, Maya name of Quetzalcoatl, 133 ff.

[Contents]

Lords of the Night, 364

[Contents]

Macuiltochtli, an octli-god, 297;


aspect and insignia, 298;
nature and status of, 298

Macuilxochitl-Xochipilli, a deity, 178, 196;


aspect and insignia, 196–7, 198–9;
statues of, 197–8, 199–200;
myth of, 200–1;
festival of, 201–2;
nature and status of, 202–3

Matlalcuêyê, a goddess, 191, 265;


aspect and insignia, 265–6;
nature and status, 266

Mayauel, a goddess, 175, 294 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 295–6;
myths of, 296–7;
nature and status of, 297

Medicine, Patecatl, the god of, 292 ff.

Metztli, the Moon-god, 308 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 308–9;
myths of, 309;
nature and status of,309–10

Mexican races, history of, 2–4;


subject to the Aztecâ, 3–4

Mexican religion, type of, 1–2;


[386]
antiquity of, 4–5;
literature of, 5–8;
origins of, 8–10;
opposing forces in, 9, 10;
at the period of the Conquest, 9–10;
evidences of primitive influences in, 10 ff.;
animism in, 16;
cultural elements in, 122

Mictecaciuatl, 331 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 331–2;
nature and status, 332

Mictlampa, Region of the Dead, 60, 63–4

Mictlantecutli, god of the dead, 63, 64, 327 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 327–30; myths of, 330–1;
nature and status of, 331

Minor deities, 344 ff.

Mixcoatl, 181, 310 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 310–11;
statuary and paintings, 311–12;
festivals of, 315–16;
temples, 316–17;
nature and status of, 317–19

Monachism in Mexico, 9, 10

Moon, creation of, 40 ff.

Moon-god, 308 ff.

Motecuhzoma II, wears Xipe’s dress, 207

Mother-sheaf, the, 174


[Contents]

Nagualism, 18

Nahuatl language, 2

Nahua, the, 2–3;


of Anahuac separated from those of the south-west, 6

Nanahuatzin, a deity, 43

Napatecutli, a deity, 264;


nature and status, 264–5

Nauollin, the festival of, 303

Nemontemi, the, or unlucky days, 369–70

[Contents]

Obsidian, the cult of, 27 ff. See also Tezcatlipocâ

Ochpaniztli, the festival of, 161–5, 172

Octli, or pulque (drink), the gods of, 286 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 285;
general allusions to, 286;
festivals of, 287;
nature and status of, 287–8

Omacatl, 352–3

Opochtli, a deity, 266;


aspect and insignia of, 266;
nature and status of, 266–7

Original gods of Mexico, the, 12

[Contents]
P

Panquetzalitztli, the festival of, 70–3

Patecatl, the god of medicine, 292 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 292–3;
myths of, 293;
nature and status, 294

Paynal, a deity, 339–40

Pedro de Rios, interpreter of Mexican codices, 8

“Pied Piper,” Xipe as, 209, 210

Piltzintecutli, the Sun-god, 190

Popol Vuh, the sacred book of the Quiches, 135 ff.

Pueblo Indians, religion of the, 11

Pulque-gods. See Octli-gods

[Contents]

Quail, the, Xipe as, 220

Quaitl eloa, the festival of, 246

Quaxolotl, a goddess, 283 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 283–4;
nature and status of, 284

Quecholli, the festival of, 193

Quetzalcoatl, a deity. His religion, 10, 24 ff.;


amalgamation of his cult with the solar cult, 21–2;
his aspect and insignia, 117–21;
wall-paintings of, 122;
statuary of, 121–2;
myths of, 123–36;
festivals of, 136;
priesthood of, 136–7;
temples of, 137;
nature and status of, 137–44;
etymology of name, 144–5;
his costumes sent to Cortéz, 119;
as the planet Venus, 122, 129;
Central American myths regarding him, 133 ff.;
as the trade wind, 138 ff.;
Toltec and Huaxtec connections of, 139–40;
criticism of the later elements of his myth, 141 ff.;
connection with the fountain of youth myth, 141;
development of his conception, 142 ff.

[Contents]

Rain-cult of Mexico, 11–15, 18, 23

Rain, different varieties of, 15

Rain, gods of, 234 ff.

Religion. See Mexican religion

Religious idea, homogeneous nature of, in Mexico, 33–4

[Contents]

Sacrifice, human, 19–20, 193

Sahagun, Bernardino, his Historia General, 7;


his method, 8

Seler, Professor Eduard, on place of origin of Mexican codices, 6 [387]

Skins, wearing of human. See Xipe, passim

Sky-father, Tonacatecutli as, 151

Spanish writers on Mexican religion, 7–8


Spinden, Dr. J. H., on place of origin of Mexican codices, 6

Stellar and planetary gods, 300 ff.

Sun and moon, creation myths of, 42 ff.

Sun, the, not at first regarded as an agency of growth, 13

Sun-god, 300 ff.

Suns as world ages. See Cosmogony

[Contents]

Tamoanchan, the paradise of the west, 175

Tecciztecatl, a moon-god, 43

Tecuilhuitontli, the festival of, 262

Temalacatl, or stone of combat, 214

Teotleco, the festival of, 102–3

Teoyaomiqui, a goddess, 184

Tepeyollotl, an earth-god, 332 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 332–3;
myths of, 333–4;
nature and status of, 334–5

Tepoxtecatl, an octli-god, 291 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 291;
temple, 291;
nature and status, 291–2

Teteo innan, a goddess, 153

Tezcatlipocâ, a deity. As obsidian, 29–31; 110 ff.;


as a turkey, 111 (note);
aspect and insignia, 91–7;
festivals of, 97–103;
myths of, 103–10;
nature and status, 110–11;
red and black forms of, 96 ff.;
as Xipe, 205

Tezcatzoncatl, a deity, 289 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 289–90;
myth of, 290;
nature and status, 290

Tititl, festivals of, 230

Tlacacozcaquauhtli, the vulture god, 188

Tlacaxipeuliztli, the festival of, 212–17

Tlachitonatiuh (“Earth-sun”), a period in Mexican cosmogony

Tlachtli, the Mexican game of, 176

Tlaloc, the Rain-god. Prayer to, 12;


his pluvial character, 15;
elements of his cult, 23–4;
mention of, 189, 191;
aspect and insignia of, 236–41;
statuary and vases, 241–2;
myths of, 242–6;
festivals of, 246;
temples of, 252–3;
priesthood, 254;
prayers to, 254;
nature and status, 254–6

Tlalocan, the paradise of Tlaloc, 15, 61–2

Tlaloquê, the servants of Tlaloc, 15, 242–6

Tlalxicco, interior of the earth, 59

Tlamacasque, a priest, 187, 188

Tlapcopa, Region of the East, 5–9

Tlatauhqui Cinteotl (“Temple of Red Maize”), 177

Tlauizcalpantecutli, 319 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 319–22;
nature and status, 322–4

Tlaxochimaco, the festival of, 69–70


Tlazolteotl, a goddess, 156 ff.;
aspect and insignia, 156–9;
myths of, 159;
sacrifice to, by shooting with arrows, 159–60;
hymn to, 160–1;
festivals of, 161–5;
ritual of, 165–6;
temple of, 166;
priesthood of, 166;
nature and status of, 166–9

Tlillan calmecac, temple of Ciuacoatl, 182

Tloque nahuaque, the creative spirit, 148

Toci, a goddess, 152

Toctitlan (“Place of our Grandmother”), temple of Tlazolteotl, 165, 166

Tollan, city of, 10

Toltec civilization, the, 10

Tomiauhtecutli, a deity, 299;


aspect and insignia, 299;
nature and status, 299

Tonacaciuatl, a creative goddess, 147 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 147–8;
myth of, 148–50;
nature and status, 150–2

Tonacatecutli, a creative deity, 146 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 146–7;
myths, 148–50;
nature and status, 150–2

Tonalamatl, the, a book of fate and fortune. See Appendix, 359 ff.;
nature of, 359–60;
day-signs of, 360–1;
in tabular form, 361–2;
day-gods of, 362–3;
gods of the “weeks,” 363;
“Lords of the Night,” or Acompañados, in, 364;
lords of the day-hours in, 365;
festivals included in the, 366;
recapitulation of information regarding the, 366;
solar calendar and the, 367;
names of the years, 368;
the calendar-round, 368–9;
the nemontemi, 369–70;
Venus period and the, 370;
bibliography of the, 373

Tonatiuh, the Sun-god, 300 ff.;


aspect and insignia of, 300–2;
wall-paintings [388]of, 302;
myths of, 302–3;
festivals of, 303;
nature and status, 303–5

Totec tlamacasque, the high-priest of Uitzilopochtli, 81

Totemism, 17–18

Totochtin, an octli-god, 298;


aspect and insignia, 298–9;
nature and status, 299

Totoltecatl, an octli-god, 297;


aspect and insignia, 297

Toxcatl festival, 97 ff.

Tozozontli festival, 248–9

Trade wind, Quetzalcoatl as the, 138 ff.

Tree of the East, 58;


of the North, 58;
of the South, 59;
of the West, 58

Tzitzimimê, demons of the air, 324 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 325;
myths of, 325;
nature and status, 325–6

[Contents]

Uei tecuilhuitl, festival of, 221


Uei Tozoztli, festival of, 171

Uitzilopochtli, a deity, 16, 17, 66 ff.;


aspect and insignia of, 66–9;
festivals of, 69–73, 73–80;
hymns to, 80–81;
priesthood of, 81;
temple of, 81–3;
nature and status of, 83–91;
etymology of the name, 83–5

Uitzlampa, region of the earth, 60

Uixtociuatl, 262 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 262;
festivals, 262–3;
nature and status, 263

Universe, Mexican conception of the, 57 ff.

[Contents]

Variants of the great gods, 336 ff.

Venus period, the, 370

Votan, the Central American name of Quetzalcoatl, 133 ff.

[Contents]

“Week” gods, 363

Witches, Mexican, 168–9, 355–8

World, regions of the, 57 ff.


[Contents]

Xalaquia, a sacrificed virgin, 13–14

Xilonen, a grain-deity, 221;


aspect and insignia, 221;
festival, 221;
priesthood, 222;
nature and status, 222–3

Xipe Totec, a deity, 203;


aspect and insignia, 204–8;
masks, vases, etc., of, 206;
statues, 206–7;
elements of his insignia, 207–8;
myths, 208–12;
song of, 211;
festival of, 212–7;
temples of, 217–8;
priesthood of, 218;
nature and status of, 218–20

Xiuhtecutli, a fire-god, 268 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 268–70;
myths of, 271–3;
festivals of, 273–8;
temple of, 278;
priesthood of, 278;
nature and status of, 278

Xochicalco, pyramid of, 194

Xochilhuitl, festival of, 201–2

Xochipilli, a deity, 176, 177, 178, see Macuilxochitl-Xochipilli

Xochiquetzal, a goddess, 187 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 187–9;
pottery figures of, 189;
myths of, 189–92;
festivals of, 192–4;
temples of, 194;
nature and status, 194

Xochtecatl, mountain of, 194–195


Xocohuetzi, festival of, 273

Xolotl, a deity, 344 ff.;


aspect and insignia, 344–6;
wall-paintings of, 346;
pottery figures of, 346–7;
myths of, 347–8;
nature and status of, 348–9

[Contents]

Yacatecutli, a deity, 340 ff.

Yappan, a hermit, myth of, 191–2

Yzpuzteque, a god of the Underworld, 63

[Contents]

Zapotlantenan, a goddess, 228;


aspect and insignia, 228;
priesthood, 228–9;
nature and status, 229

[Contents]

Printed in Great Britain by Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ld.,


London and Aylesbury.
Colophon
Availability

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org ↗️.

This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at


www.pgdp.net ↗️.

Metadata

Title: The gods of Mexico


Author: Lewis Spence (1874– Info
1955) https://viaf.org/viaf/76461360/
File generation date: 2023-08-27 19:20:54
UTC
Language: English
Original publication 1923
date:

Revision History

2023-07-23 Started.

Corrections

The following corrections have been applied to the text:

Page Source Correction Edit


distance
ix Americaine Américaine 1/0
x, 139,
373, 380 [Not in source] , 1
xi . [Deleted] 1
1, 323 connexions connections 2
Passim. connexion connection 2
21, 121,
208, 388 [Not in source] . 1
33 understanded understood 4
39 that than 1
45 Mimizcoa Mimixcoa 1
50 sun age 3
61 Tlauizcalpan-
tecutli Tlauizcalpantecutli 1
72 sacrified sacrificed 1
82 Pallisado Palisado 1
82 Pallissado Palisado 2
127 Chichemacatl Chichemecatl 1
146 torquoises turquoises 1
150, 374 . , 1
162 Axtec Aztec 1
163 Vaticanns Vaticanus 1
196 . : 1
211 Uber Über 1/0
224 Cordex Codex 1
248 firstfruits first fruits 1
255 Popocatapetl Popocatepetl 1
258 hieroplyph hieroglyph 1
262 these those 1
272 Xuihtecutli Xiuhtecutli 2
279, 306 , . 1
280 Feuergotter Feuergötter 1/0
280 Verstandniss Verständnis 2/1
280 Mittelungen Mittheilungen 2
287 [Not in source] ” 1
296 : .— 2
338 Yztlacoliuhqui Ytzlacoliuhqui 2
348 Beitrage Beiträge 1/0
361 quiauhitl quiauitl 1
361 quauhitl quauhtli 2
371 fur für 1/0
374 Anales Annales 1
374 Munon Muñon 1/0
374 a à 1/0
375 Cristophe Christophe 1
376 Desiré Désiré 1/0
376 fur. für 2/1
376 verhand. Verhand. 1
376 Galérie Galerie 1/0
378 sprach Sprach- 2
379 Keene Keane 1
380 Oriental Orientale 1
381 Mixteco-
zapoteques Mixteco-zapotèques 1 / 0
381 arte-mexicano arte mexicana 2
386 ; , 1
387 Teteô Teteo 1/0
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GODS OF
MEXICO ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions


will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.


copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright
in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and
distribute it in the United States without permission and without
paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General
Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and
distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if
you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the
trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the
Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such
as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and
printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in
the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright
law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially
commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE


THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the


free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this
work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase
“Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of
the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or
online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and


Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand,
agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual
property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to
abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using
and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms
of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only


be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by
people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
There are a few things that you can do with most Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the
full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There
are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™
electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and
help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project
Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this
agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms
of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with
its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it
without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project


Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other


immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the


United States and most other parts of the world at no
cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may
copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the
Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the
country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is


derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is


posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project


Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files
containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute
this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the
Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at
no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a
means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,


performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™
works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or


providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who


notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of


any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project


Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend


considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright
law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite
these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the
medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,”
such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt
data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other
medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES -


Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU
AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE,
STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH
OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER
THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR
ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If


you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of
receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you
paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you
received the work from. If you received the work on a physical
medium, you must return the medium with your written
explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or
entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.
If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund
in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set


forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’,
WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR
ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied


warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this
agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this
agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the
maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable
state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of
this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the


Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless
from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project
Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or
deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect
you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of


Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new
computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of
volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the


assistance they need are critical to reaching Project
Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™
collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In
2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was
created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project
Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your
efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the
Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project


Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-
profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the
laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by
the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal
tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax
deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and
your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500


West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact
links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation’s website and official page at
www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to


the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission
of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works
that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form

You might also like