LESSON#1.

1: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAGNETISM

FUNDAMENTALS OF MAGNETISM
● Magnetism is the ability of a magnetic material to attract other magnetic materials.
● A material possessing this ability is called a magnet.
○ A magnet may be natural or artificial.
○ The most common natural magnet is the magnetite or lodestone.

MAGNETIC MATERIALS NONMAGNETIC MATERIALS

● are those attracted by a magnet ● are not attracted by magnets and

and are used to make artificial cannot be made into magnets.
magnets. ● Examples:
● Examples: ○ Plastic Toy Car
○ Coin ○ Rbber ball
○ Spoon ○ Eraser
○ Nail ○ Lollipop
○ Bag
○ T-Shirt
○ Plastic Spoon

● POLES are regions of a magnet, usually near its ends, where the magnetic force is
greatest.

Figure 1.1. Magnets come in various shapes,

sizes, and strengths. All have both a north pole
and a south pole. There is never an isolated
pole a monopole).

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIAMAGNETIC, PARAMAGNETIC AND FERROMAGNETIC

MATERIALS
UNIVERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETS AND MAGNETIC POLES

Figure 1.2. One end of a bar magnet is

suspended from a thread that points toward
north. The magnet’s two poles are labeled N
and S for north-seeking and south-seeking
poles, respectively.

“like poles repel and unlike poles attract”

● The geographic poles are the two points on the Earth's surface where its axis of rotation
intersects the surface, namely the North Pole and the South Pole. These points are fixed
and do not move.
● The magnetic poles are the two points on the Earth's surface where the planet's
magnetic field lines are perpendicular to the surface. The north magnetic pole and the
south magnetic pole are not fixed and can shift their position slightly over time.
EARTH IS A GIANT MAGNET; If the Earth is a giant magnet, then why does the north pole of
the bar magnet also point to the north pole of the Earth?
MISCONCEPTION ALERT: EARTH’S GEOGRAPHIC NORTH POLE HIDES AN S

The Earth acts like a very large bar magnet with its south-seeking pole near the geographic
North Pole. That is why the north pole of your compass is attracted toward the geographic north
pole of the Earth— because the magnetic pole that is near the geographic North Pole is actually
a south magnetic pole! Confusion arises because the geographic term “North Pole” has come to
be used (incorrectly) for the magnetic pole that is near the North Pole. Thus, “North magnetic
pole” is actually a misnomer—it should be called the South magnetic pole. Consequently, if
freely suspended, one pole of the bar magnet will point toward the north because of the hidden
south magnetic pole beneath the Northern Hemisphere..

UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETS AND MAGNETIC POLES

● Monopoles do not exist.

Figure 1.3. Unlike poles attract, whereas like poles repel Figure 1.4. North and south poles always occur in pairs.
Attempts to separate them result in more pairs of poles.
If we continue to split the magnet, we will eventually
get down to an iron atom with a north pole and a south pole—
these, too, cannot be separated.

MAGNETIC FIELD
● A magnetic field is a region of space where a
magnet is capable of exerting force on a magnetic
material
MAPPING THE MAGNETIC FIELD
● The magnetic field of a bar magnet can be mapped
by placing the bar magnet under a piece of paper
and sprinkling iron filings on the paper.
● The filings are concentrated at the poles in Figure
1.5a which demonstrates that magnetism is
strongest at the poles.
● Magnetic field lines point from the north pole to the
south pole in a closed loop.
● These lines do not and will not intersect!

MAGNETIC FIELDS LINES

SCI BIT
English physicist William
Sturgeon produced the first
electromagnet in 1825.
Sturgeon’s electromagnet
was a horseshoe-shaped
piece of iron wrapped with a
loosely wound coil of 18
turns. It was said that
Sturgeon displayed its
power by lifting nine pounds
with a seven-ounce piece of
iron wrapped with wires,
with a single cell as the
source of current.

PROUDLY FILIPINO

Filipino inventor Jose

Guardo Jr. has developed a
magnetic levitation (maglev)
train system as a possible
solution to the Philippines’
transportation problem. The
train can run at 200 km/h. It
uses a combination of
electromagnets and
neodymium iron boron
(NdFeB), a rare earth
magnet. These magnets
provide the repulsive force
from the lower part of the
coach to make the train
levitate.

THEORIES ON MAGNETISM
 1. DOMAIN THEORY - Atoms arranged themselves into magnetic domains.

2. Magnetism results from moving and spinning electrons.

MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELECTRIC FIELD VS MAGNETIC FIELD

ELECTRIC FIELD MAGNETIC FIELD

● It creates an electric charge in ● Creates an electric charge around

surrounding moving magnets

● Measured as newton per coulomb, ● Measured as gauss or tesla

volt per meter

● Proportional for the electric charge ● Proportional to the speed of electric

charge

● Are perpendicular to the magnetic ● Are perpendicular to the electric field

field

● An electric field is measured using an ● The magnetic field is measured using

electrometer the magnetometer electrometer
SCIENCE CONNECTIONS

Current studies have shown

positive effects of magnetic
field on plant growth. Seeds
exposed to a magnetic field
germinate faster and grow
taller, larger, and healthier.
These effects may be due
to the magnetic field helping
in the uptake of water and
food nutrients, stimulating
plant hormones and
accelerating the formation
of proteins in the plant cells.

LESSON#1.2: MAGNETIC FORCES AND MAGNETIC FIELDS

MAGNETIC FORCE MAGNETIC FIELD

● The force on a charged particle ● The magnitude of the criss product of

moving with velocity v in a magnetic vector v B is given by vBsin0 where 0
field B is equal to the charge of the is the smaller angle between v and B
particl q multiplied by the cross
product of its velocity and the
magnetic field
● F = qc x Bsin0
● SI Unit: Newton (N)
LORENTZ FORCE LAW

F = qE + qv × B.

The electric force is straightforward, being in the direction of the electric field if the charge 1q is
positive, but the direction of the magnetics part of the force is given by the right hand rule

VELOCITY SECTOR

Magnitude of Direction of Force Diagram

Force

Electric Force F=qE Along E-field lines

Depends on:
Charge of particle.
q
Strength of field. E

Magnetic Force F = qvBsin0 Determined by the right

hand rule
Depends on
Charge of particle.
Q
Velocity of particle.
V
Strength of field. B
Angle between
velocity and field. 0
MOTION OF CHAGE PARTICLES IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
● Derive the relationships of magnetic force to the following:
○ Centripetal force
○ Angular speed
○ Centripetal acceleration
○ Cyclotron radius
○ Cyclotron frequency
○ Kinetic energy

LESSON#1.3: APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETISM

BIOT-SAVART LAW is used to calculate the magnetic field due to a current carrying conductor.
According to this law, the magnitude of the magnetic field at any point P due to a small current
element I.dl (I current through the element, dl = length of the element

AMPERE’S LAW

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Electrostatic Field Non-electrostatic/Induced
Electric Field

The electrostatic electric The non-electrostatic or

field is the electric field induced electric field is the
generated by stationary electric field generated by
charges or charges changing magnetic magnetic
fields or moving charges.
The electrostatic electric
field is conservative and The non-electrostatic or
does nor change with time. induced electric field is non-
conservatic and changes with
time.

PILLAR OF
SCIENCE
 Michael Faraday came from a
poor family and received only
basic education. At the age of
13, he worked as an errand
boy and later, a bookbinder to
help his family. He educated
himself by reading the books
he read. His sacrifices paid off
as he is now considered one of
the greatest scientists of all
time. He had several
contributions in chemistry and
physics, such as the
liquefaction of chlorine and
ammonia gas, the discovery of
benzene, his laws on
electrolysis, the Faraday cage,
electromagnetic induction, and
Diamagnetism.

Albert Einstein regarded

Faraday as one of his personal
heroes. He kept a photo of
Faraday in his office for
inspiration.

FARADAY’S LAW

A coil of wire moving into a magnetic field is one example of an emf generated accpording to
Faraday’s Law. The current induced will create a magnetic field which oppsoses the buildup of
magnetic field in the coil

LESSON#1.3: APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

 ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) INDUCTOR-CAPACITOR CIRCUIT (LC)

Alternating current is an electric current that An LC circuit, also known as a resonant

reverses direction periodically, typically in a circuit or tank circuit, is an electrical circuit
sinusoidal waveform. AC is widely used for that consists of an inductor (L) and a
power transmission and distribution due to its capacitor (C) connected in series or parallel.
ability to be easily converted to different LC circuits exhibit resonant behavior, which
voltages using transformers. AC is also used means they can store and exchange energy
in most household appliances and electronic between the inductor and the capacitor. LC
devices. circuits are used in a wide range of
applications, including radio and television
broadcasting, wireless communication
systems, and electronic filters.

TRANSFORMERS are devices that use magnetic induction to transfer electrical energy
between two or more coils of wire. They are commonly used to increase or decrease the voltage
of an alternating current (AC) signal. Transformers are widely used in power distribution
systems to step up the voltage for long-distance transmission and step down the voltage for
local distribution to homes and businesses.

SCI BIT

In 1891, Nikola Tesla invented the

Tesla coil. It is an air core step-up
transformer that produces an
output voltage of one million volts
(from a 120 V AC input) in the
form of electrical arcs similar to
lightning.

The Tesla coil was part of Tesla's

dream of wireless transmission of
electricity. But did you know that
painter Dave Archer uses the
Tesla coil for painting? His
handheld brush can generate one
million volts of electricity. He calls
this technique electric painting.
Some of his paintings were used
in some episodes of the American
television series Star Trek.

MOTOR GENERATOR
MAGNETIC SESORS are devices that use magnetic induction to measure or detect changes in
magnetic fields. They have a wide range of applications, including compasses, magnetic field
sensors in electronic devices, automotive sensors, and magnetic imaging in medical diagnostics
 PROUDLY FILIPINO

Dr. Jose B. Cruz Jr. obtained his doctorate

degree in electrical engineering from the
University of Illinois Urbana in October 1959.
He is known for his works in control theory,
which is used in developing military strategies
(e.g., US involvement in Korean War), in
economics and market interactions, and in
behavioral analysis of complex and
multiagent systems (e.g., systems biology
communication networks, and complex
business enterprises). He has received
numerous local and international awards.
Specifically, he was bestowed the title
Academician by the National Academy of
Science and Technology in 2003.

MY FUTURE IN SCIENCE
a. Are you interested in magnets? Then you can be an MRI technologist, a geomagnetist,
a paleomagnetist, or a geologist or exploration scientist. An MRI technologist operates
the scanners that capture images inside a patient's body to help diagnose ailments. A
bachelor's or associate's degree or a license in radiologic technology is an entry
requirement.
b. An undergraduate degree in geology opens the door to being a geomagnetist, a
paleomagnetist, or a geologist or exploration scientist. A geomagnetist studies
Earth's magnetic field, origin, and interaction with solar winds. A paleomagnetist, on the
other hand, reviews records of Earth's magnetic field over time. Finally, a geologist or
exploration scientist uses magnetic methods in oil exploration, in mineral exploration,
and in detection of magnetic mineral deposits and buried artifacts.
c. Robotics engineers are tasked to research, design, develop, test, and maintain robots
and the electronic and mechanical systems. They may also be required to redesign or
modify an existing blueprint using 3-D modeling programs. They may also work in the
academy. Robotics engineering jobs require a bachelor's degree in mechanical
engineering with a subspecialty in mechatronics or robotics.