UNLT-L (0

STLD

NunbA Systems and Codes

phile sophy Num besSyites:
Nunbes Repre seotaton!
sepseyents a
An ordinary
mial
de eimnal
powt 4 10-j
netually
123. 4 5

numbes i3
reprectnttng' decema
This method as sy stem
knm oyThe Deumal Numbea
uedtoytleh Bae e
Nmbe lo' x
numb)
Ln
System whose bae b aPostrve

epjese nts
te poly ngmial
2-1 2-2

an
tategaj>1,
bau
a's vtegs eunsttt Zitegal po
Seqenee dgis dep
- cnstttey Xachenal paty
Segueme
and fracttonal paat
The iatgl esriedqcurs
ttu Roclin potnt
Tle Q-p Leat Stgniftcant
Most stgntftcant digtt
A Numb e
bare ot spe l ticed b e
oleneves tle
Complecment:
a, denote a'
The complement of a digt
bal b cettned aj
a'= (b-)
In binaYy NS
To Dc umal WS cl = (a -o) = 9
(-) 0
3 (a-3) >6
(9-4)=s

To ttie binary NS Conplement is called !'3 Com plement

To tte Decimal US q's 4

Representatton a Negateve Numbes

citfecnt feme.

N’ pieen the Namben

1. Stgn- Magnttude ono:
MSB I8 ewecl to ndecate the lor af that mumbe.
+Ve No 8
by o y-Ve nos by 9(0eyey 1(bin)
+ 6 O0110

-6 906

2 (o-1)'s Conplment Re prec ntation:

il., q's(o I'3 conpliunt epreentaticn
Def! (o-)'3 conplenet af N= I-A
t6
q'sCanp.
-6 00l10
993 loor
3. 's
Y'8 Compleme nt Representaton;
2e, to's() a'y conple meat hepentatton
Def! i's Conpltmet af N=
to onp
t6
-6

Cotes.
Binary the coomn probler blw mahine
Te <empaety he dev ced so that te lectmal
f cody bave been
aue sepreentd by egueney binay degt
Welated Code
Each btnary digtt is agned a" oeslut tone inawy
ferr brts,the
brts mf te weyls
sepisent
shose Vole I8 1= dectmal dei t wluch tey
tlue Cnd
carepondins dlgit valueg
N
ten tte dectmal digit h epreted
N w4 4 7}
tte binay teqence
bincg
wlilu epAeenf c
binary dgts code
*A segenie ot called a od
decemal digt a (odad Deln
8-42, | Code

be ve
biny
be self Complementing4
ood aq tte 7's coplernt of Wie,
te cocle conpl
be chtalned tom te calewond af W hy
atuchangeng all tle "! o's
 -C3) 3 001

wtile
tvely weglted cedey ae 4 ’ O4i2,1),C3, 3, yd, (4 3,),G,24|,)
Deccn l
Drgtt 4 2-3

3
4

There 13 seLf
Non- IWetght ed Cormplqaey
emento)issb
eng coer with +iey ve velGut
Cocle 3 o BC0 Cole n
E-3 Ak
pplicatton4 9nalog top
Digetal
Ccnres Sln, deerable to e code en wliele all
SUceMive coce wordy
Cody thth ot have 6uih

Tuecocde
fr canyettng trca) bimig an cocle
Eror Detectton E Comectton:
that we ve descemed ue ery censtrttve
4heve
yhe

to tiansmrssIon
cede
eroSS that may occlur bco3
the Tansmissbn Channel
n any paacttcal tem thee Galoagero'a tnte prbbi.
luty a4 the accuranee af the inye
that 22| mohe jenos wrll ouur stmaltere
.Jhe pIohbttb tmaller.
culy, athoye
althengk nz0,s substantally
Ewor Detectta Codes:
cede possenes the
the propesty that
popesty tle occurane %
that tte
If a vald code osd ento
tansfo a valid code
uy engte said to be a cSing)
an
tnvaled Code wosd, tt rs
-Enen- Detetiy odl
en er ror OCurs tn LSB
tte
tnconedty ttupreted b tte Rxr. sy
Enor Detetton ts acompluhecd by a Partty heck.
An eatra dgtt added toi cad, code oOnd a
gtven
So ay to make le n0 18 eah code
code
word eethe odd o) even
.The 2-out-a 5 code cenststs < all (0i0 posst ble
combtrttons af teoo ' ln a fte- het code oord.
Ln eah the codeg in Table the no. Ina ade word even.
errOr transtorms tte ald
Zode word nto an thy tte
Aetectton af tle enos tacglt fowt
0, teg2-ot-o-s code t a
declmal leget 'o, wetsdb
Except
Code can be deied tocrn tthe cin2,4, 7) code
derived tcan
peccmd Sces- 3 Decmd Digib
unet to Cyeli c
Digrt
1

b
3o 2.

Bioy
Let 9n.
Gray Cale
bn. bib, bo idnde, tle O stnay code
itiuo te stt
t glt 9r can be
gr c be dtared sfono the ccneyandng
brnay humbs a allsg
bi bit!
bn. bç bu b b
E:

prread
o Brna
stait witt Aeft nost dgzt 8
to tte leat sgrnihcant dgit Ig ewen and Amakog
,i .

7d.
101|0
Deand Even-Paity BcD
Digt 4 P
!24

3
4 O

To obtain code mo methar

n-bt errOn dtectng code
tie posble combtnatto8 a dyts can be yed
ae chooe in &uch
. The coce oCRdy
(nordes to hange vald code oOnd tnto anottuu valid cade
wesd atdt Sat tup dg mut be complermotld.
9: Tn cae af 4-btt cody. nly & volid co de word tar
tte 16 posstde ombtnattons.
be fomud af Cocle fa
fos t e lo
Jhy to obin n dtisty are nacfo
dectmal t leout 5
btnag tte no
Dstance' Distance blo too
that tte
digti that t chanye
blw olo0
! Dstance bwolo l 0 8 3." Two

Jhe mntmum distance

destance ofof a code iyy tte smallyt .
buti twD ccde words diffe.
 A code is an code t Dtpm
djtance mohe
Erron Correctng Cods: -crcttng cde f the
to be an Erros
A code wCd t satd bededuced trom tte engney
can aluias
wahd can
correct code osd
Codes
werd. e5
9: cnsldey 3 b
Haod bcode
valid code oCsd
tte first code woro tt can
eSios occurs tn

changed oto co, o0, too and code o d it ca

be
the tecend
cCCurs to the
Df a nge Esej
be changed to lHo, ,tol,
Olo||DD,Genat ta
A. Gren &-bit Dataae
a

detct neelet.

i) lo00
1)
tx al~bitg
2.Devtee

Tut

i
BiNARy ARITHMeT|C! C1'sland 2's Comple ment Arthmetic]
Addzton Comptus tny Gogplet Arittmetc
Decw0

O0 S 00rD
(Cio0l0|

werd lengt Delina rmaline 34) th at

malene
Biney
4q 4
I000
1
4
Add End Around Ct

olO
Caii)
q43

.998

Ve go

Car V) 4 94
Ilobel
1987
L
488
 Tneeie () Coyplemat Aditon, tue l4 an
whce ky to be added att te
last tqnittant postton bcrda t get te
Corect i4 called END AROUNr

In cau Qi), tte Reul tnelcaty a -Ve mo. Inleet

bBo: mnlie (0 ta De. macie). weWe have
by
to corpleneat e s t and amgn -Ve

to cbtain tte Corret

the
Cauly entaly a's Complereut Aitetc
Aadtt on ta Computus : Uiny
Cau t6

Cau l) 46 066

101
 -6
S
q99

10
q93

Ve

Cax iy)

1469 Tgnae ovea

ouef)101o1

Code called kefletina cde

Coapleneut subrat 7205 -3S
7253a
o32SO 967 So
749
 3aS o 72 274-67
6

3/0718
6429k
6G28.9

l0 lol00
tw |0000|
p) Giveo rtle

) Y = -oolo60|,
Reprcjentatien Signecl Numbess and
Cemptes .
These Ce tu
Numby
1. If Hhe numbes +Ve the
magrihde is Repregentod in
it t e
brncy fn d
ir ffont y the MSB
btt o 8 plaved
the
Ngoti ve,thu
tn it I4 (a's) cplisent foi ad a

placed the MSB

Reprecntaticn
fm
fcm

| 00 lo1

humbefeloung Detumine
numbes
+e dccinl valee

Binad
in eaclu ccue. 4 hey

() Cmopkasnt
fom d) |O lo o
)l6l1)
a)olio) b) ol0||
GlYen no SH trm
t |3 +13
ollo|
+23

||ol01o
Spec il Cue a4 Compkment Repxecentation:
.Wheneres Sighed Numbe hoy a 1 In the +he Sign btt
the magnihuele bits,the eleeima eg ivadnt
fot
n'is ti no bi ts 1n ttue magnihade
\ooo
\000o -6
NumbeU
Charactigticy ay the 2'% Cc mplemeat

Cant be med to espes a

left mot bit 1the numbe

3. Te oit.
numbes +Ve
aVe
tle Slgn
woid fiil include
4. Fos -Ve
ae (a ) + Ve Tatugu, statey
to t a

-Ve
conveçted to
ato Ve numbes
be
6 A -Ve
the
by fodg
 BCD Addtton

dinay Binany addiha

1. Acld too BCD Dumbers g ho correcticndad
btt sum ejhal to or 24,
2. It feu
prepes
Bco fosr.
D5 genyted
3 It the 4- bit

fron tte fm- bit tem,the

cosset tue dnvallo Aen, add 6 (o 10 ) to te

H, lo
deelty om tui
fi-bit
add tt to tue nent litglus

Pesforms
() Stl3
the
fllasny (i)6746 + 536

bio
2S
l3 Cote
No
38

614"G A)
S36
So add(ollo)
|21 6 Y
 Decinaed
Pesfor tuthe follewinySub hactrmu m
B(p by s'nethe
30S. S - J6 E-& 5) G4.6 88S-9

|36-T

|36
6796
Q0 3

O00 booolo0.00a

(-) 01|0
J000|| 0
Ol to lo
Xs-3 Addition:
Code

to Corret ol0|8
Add o
6S Corsect

|o1! I0101

104001

607O
Totl J0000
||400t| +00
- 0 0 |40 0
 XS-z Snstacttrn:
6)s7.6-27
@) 267-17
pecfsm
(oo1
267 O100

092

t o0

29.8

339
 Fve B7t Cody:
Ener Correctig ody:
to be ERROR- coRRECTING CoDE
. A Coce said
cOSscct Cede osd can alway be deduced
tle

foon ttie eAsoneny word.

CODE
Ex. HAMUI NG

Erros Detectn
G) Evea part hy
Rrihy
Dedma&A BeD cdd paty

3
 cheekm
· Simpde pelety can't deteet tw cssos w)thin
the sane n0d.
tuy defeuty
D pauty adoed to tue sim
" As cace wosd d Ted, it
Ted ewosdy the ten setacned
the
prevley
at ttu Tàed end. telen (lalled Clleek tem )
- tte end
tlue y T)on the
thu te
At
i kent t Rxr
upto ttat teme

Aeme,then

detected at tte Rxr end. docati an

eeses, thu recenng
the eateee tate
Telepro cenengy <ptns
3) Blpck paety
ae Ted or)
big can be yeled as
te cceltins collectton oy bit
Block a Data, hanny
clern make it posi ble to correct any sigle
data ooid t detect ny
word.
Tue pay paity
calle
teek nigne,odto crlled
"Sueh a block put hy
data stoted on
ud to
magrete tps
 ex| Gc)- 8 bit ocy n teecceion be fom ed to
block fot Tx too
Ls mantained
adee so that odd paety
Partty bit
bit s a ay
Caemnwe th olock S - a Txed
both YoW-wrse
block
TablkA:

prity Parity eno

lasth toluue
Colums
4. Ftye -Bit_Cole
2ant at suft
Dectn l

S
6 1
6. The Bi Coce ,
Cocte
Dectum
3
Diget

2
3

:7 |oO .
XS-Z
add XS- 3, add the Numbes
te 4- b1t ta cak colum aling
LSD.

OO) fom He
Ale 4-61t sops, Sublsat
when two oleirmal lisg
those g p s ( bez
che adcle in Xs-3 tele
add ool|
to tle ceem desm
lue
e g
thole nfs bz, when
te nvalid tate sippe d 3 the detl
nosmd benag)
Sub c
h t i n s ln x S- 3

Code
fullwingCompliment method.

a S 47- 239

23 4
160

16|
Pesfem te Sws tactey
ttu fny
Consplimunt Methed.
4)

233 (233
00100o011

(b 206.H

301' 30. 2
 13

q9e
(i) sco Subhadten 420 -36

(iti) Exceu -3
Subhaction IOM

() BCo Co de 97

Add (+6) to gdizt

q20
3s 6
BCD Code a

End ArodCarry
Addt ho Sur K

i ) Gceu-3 Code a 104

Ceds
-001 -o0)+ o0l)