Hyperbolic Functions

noice
September 2023

1
1 Question 1
1.1 Prove 2 cosh2 x − 1 = cosh 2x
cosh 2x = 2 cosh2 x − 1

2
 
1 2x −2x

1 x −x
=⇒ e +e =2 e +e −1
2 2
1 x
2
=2· e + e−x − 1
4
1 2x
e + e−2x + 2 − 1


=
2
1 2x
e + e−2x + 1 − 1


=
2
1
e2x + e−2x


=
2
= cosh 2x

1.2 Solve cosh 2x − 10 cosh x + 13 = 0

cosh 2x − 10 cosh x + 13 = 0
=⇒ 2 cosh2 x − 1 − 10 cosh x + 13 = 0
=⇒ 2 cosh2 x − 10 cosh x + 12 = 0
=⇒ (2 cosh x − 4) (cosh x − 3) = 0
∴ cosh x = 2, cosh x = 3
−1
Using the definitions of cosh ,
x = cosh−1 (2) x = cosh−1 (3)
 p   p 
=⇒ x = ln 2 + 22 − 1 =⇒ x = ln 3 + 32 − 1
 √   √ 
= ln 2 + 3 = ln 2 + 2 2
Since cosh x is even, solutions are:
 √   √   √   √ 
x = ln 2 + 3 , ln 2 − 3 , ln 2 + 2 2 , ln 2 − 2 2

1.3 Show y = cosh 2x−10 cosh x+13 has 3 stationary points, find their coordinates.
f (x) = cosh 2x − 10 cosh x + 13
=⇒ f ′ (x) = 2 sinh 2x − 10 sinh x
Stationary points ⇐⇒ f (x) = 0,
=⇒ 2 sinh 2x − 10 sinh x = 0
=⇒ sinh 2x − 5 sinh x = 0
=⇒ 2 sinh x · cosh x − 5 sinh x = 0
=⇒ sinh x (2 cosh x − 5) = 0
5
∴ sinh x = 0 cosh x =
2

2
Using the definitions of sinh−1 and cosh−1 ,
 
−1 5 −1
x = sinh (0) x = cosh
2
 s  
2
5 5
=⇒ x = 0 =⇒ x = ln  + − 1
2 2
√ !
5 + 21
= ln
2

Since sinh x is odd, and cosh x is even, the solutions are,

√ ! √ !
5 + 21 5− 21
x = 0, ln , ln
2 2

∴ only 3 stationary points

Using x = 0,

f (0) = cosh 2(0) − 10 cosh(0) + 13

1  2(0)  10
+ e−2(0) − e0 + e−0 + 13


= e
2 2
=4
 √ 
5+ 21
Using x = ln 2 ,
( √ !) ( √ !) ( √ !)
5+ 21 5+ 21 5+ 21
f ln = cosh 2 ln − 10 cosh ln + 13
2 2 2
  √  √    √  √ 
1 10
   
2 ln 5+2 21 −2 ln 5+ 21
ln 5+2 21 − ln 5+ 21
= e +e 2
− e +e 2
+ 13
2 2
1
=−
2
Since cosh x is even, there is another stationary point at y = − 12 ,
√ ! ! √ ! !
5 + 21 1 5− 21 1
∴ stationary points = (0, 0), ln ,− , ln ,−
2 2 2 2

3
1.4 Sketch the curve

4
2 Question 2
2.1 Prove cosh 2u = 1 + 2 sinh2 u

cosh 2u = 1 + 2 sinh2 u

2
 
1 2u 1 u
e + e−2u = 1 + 2 e − e−u


=⇒
2 2
1 u
2
=1+2· e − e−u
4
1 2u
e + e−2u − 2


=1+
2
1 2u
e + e−2u


=1−1+
2
1 2u
e + e−2u


=
2
= cosh 2u
√
Prove cosh−1 (x) = ln x +


2.2 x2 − 1

cosh u = x ⇐⇒ u = cosh−1 x
1 u
e + e−u = x


=⇒
2
=⇒ eu + e−u = 2x
=⇒ e2u − 2xeu + 1 = 0
2
=⇒ (eu − x) − x2 + 1 = 0
2
=⇒ (eu − x) = x2 − 1
p
=⇒ eu − x = x2 − 1
p
=⇒ eu = x + x2 − 1
 p 
=⇒ u = ln x + x2 − 1

5
 R ln 5
2.3 Show that 0
sinh2 udu = 78
25
− 12 ln 5

Z ln 5
I= sinh2 udu
0
ln 5
cosh 2u − 1
Z
= du
0 2
Z ln 5
1
= cosh 2u − 1du
2 0
 ln 5
1 1
= sinh u − u
2 2 0
   
1 1 2 ln 5 −2 ln 5

1
= e −e − ln 5 ignore lower limit since sinh u = 0
4 2 2
 
1 1 1
= 52 − 2 − ln 5
8 5 2
78 1
= − ln 5 (as required)
25 2
R 1.3
2.4 Show that √ 1 dx = 12 (ln 5 − ln 2)
0.625 4x2 −1

Z 1.3
1
I= √ dx
0.625 4x2 − 1
Z 1.3
1
= q dx
0.625 2 x2 − 14
Z 1.3
1 1
= q dx
2 0.625 x2 − 1
4
1 1.3
= cosh−1 2x 0.625
2
1h  p   p i
= ln 2 · 1.3 + (2 · 1.3)2 − 1 − ln 2 · 0.625 + (2 · 0.625)2 − 1
2
1
= (ln 5 − ln 2) (as required)
2
R 1.3 √
2.5 Find 0.5
4x2 − 1dx
Z 1.3 p
I= 4x2 − 1dx
0.5
sinh u
cosh u = 2x =⇒ sinh udu = 2dx =⇒ dx = du
2

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Since we are letting 2x = cosh u, we need to change the limits accordingly,
Z cosh−1 (2·1.3) p sinh u
∴I= cosh2 u − 1 · du
cosh−1 (2·0.5) 2
ln 5
sinh2 u
Z
= du
ln 1 2
1 ln 5
Z
= sinh2 udu
2 0
 
1 78 1
= − ln 5 (from 2.3)
2 25 2
39 1
= − ln 5
25 4

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3 Question 3
f (x) = 2 sinh2 x − 5 cosh x

3.1 Solve f (x) = 10

2 sinh2 x − 5 cosh x − 10 = 0
=⇒ 2 cosh2 x − 1 − 5 cosh x − 10 = 0

=⇒ 2 cosh2 x − 5 cosh x − 12 = 0
=⇒ (2 cosh x + 3) (cosh x − 4) = 0
3
∴ cosh x = − , cosh x = 4
2
cosh−1 x is only defined for x ≥ 1, so using the definitions gives

x = cosh−1 (4)
 p 
= ln 4 ± 42 − 1
 √ 
= ln 4 ± 15

3.2 Find the coordinates of the stationary points

f (x) = 2 sinh2 x − 5 cosh x

=⇒ f ′ (x) = 4 cosh x sinh x − 5 sinh x

Stationary points ⇐⇒ f (x) = 0,

=⇒ 4 cosh x sinh x − 5 sinh x = 0

=⇒ (sinh x)(4 cosh x − 5) = 0
5
∴ sinh x = 0, cosh x =
4
Using the definitions of sinh−1 and cosh−1 ,
 
5
x = sinh−1 (0) x = cosh−1
4
 s  
2
5 5
=⇒ x = 0 =⇒ x = ln  + − 1
4 4

= ln 2

Since sinh x is odd, and cosh x is even, the solutions are,

x = 0, − ln 2, ln 2

Using x = 0,

f (0) = 2 sinh2 (0) − 5 cosh(0)

= −5

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Using x = ln 2,

f (ln 2) = 2 sinh2 (ln 2) − 5 cosh (ln 2)

41
=−
8
Using x = − ln 2,

f (− ln 2) = 2 sinh2 (− ln 2) − 5 cosh (− ln 2)
41
=−
8
   
41 41
∴ stationary points = (0, −5), ln 2, − , − ln 2, −
8 8

R ln 10 99
3.3 Show that 0
f (x)dx = 400
− ln 10

Z ln 10
I= 2 sinh2 x − 5 cosh xdx
0
ln 10
2 · cosh 2x − 1
Z
= − 5 cosh xdx
0 2
Z ln 10
= cosh 2x − 5 cosh x − 1dx
0
 ln 10
1
= sinh 2x − 5 sinh x − x ignore lower limit since sinh u = 0
2 0
 
1 1 2 ln 10 5  ln 10−e− ln 10 
− e−2 ln 10 −


= e e − ln 10
2 2 2
   
1 1 5 1
= 102 − 2 − 10 − − ln 10
4 10 2 10
99
= − ln 10 (as required)
400

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4 Question 4
R2
4.1 Find √ 1 dx
0 4x2 +9

Z 2
1
I= √ dx
0 4x2 + 9
Z 2
1
= p dx
(2x) 2 + 32
0
  2
2x
= sinh−1 ignore lower limit since sinh u = 0
3 0
 
4
= sinh−1
3
 s  
2
4 4
= ln  + + 1
3 3

= ln 3

Given f (x) = sinh−1 4

+ x , find f ′ (x) and f ′′ (x)


4.2 3
 
−1 4
f (x) = sinh +x
3
1
=⇒ f ′ (x) = 1 · q
2
4
3 +x +1
3
=√
9x2 + 24x + 25

− 1
f ′ (x) = 3 9x2 + 24x + 25 2
 
1
− 3
=⇒ f ′′ (x) = 3 − 9x2 + 24x + 25 2 · (18x + 24)
2
−3(18x + 24)
= 3
2(9x2 + 24x + 25) 2
−9(3x + 4)
= 3
(9x2 + 24x + 25) 2
3 −9(3x + 4)
∴ f ′ (x) = √ , f ′′ (x) = 3
9x2 + 24x + 25 (9x2 + 24x + 25) 2

4.3 Find the macluarin series of f (x) as far as x2

f ′′ (0) 2
f (x) ≈ f (0) + f ′ (0)x + x
 2! 
  s  2 !  
4 4 1 −9(3(0) + 4)
≈ ln  +0 + + 0 + 1 + p x+ 3 x2
3 3 9(0)2 + 24(0) + 25 (9(0)2 + 24(0) + 25) 2
3 18 2
≈ ln 3 + x − x
5 125

10
 Rh
x sinh−1 4
+ x ≈ 25 h3


4.4 Hence show that when h is small, −h 3

Z h  
3 18 2
I≈ x ln 3 + x − x dx
−h 5 125
Z h
3 18 3
≈ x ln 3 + x2 − x dx
−h 5 125
 h
ln 3 2 1 3 9 4
≈ x + x − x
2 5 250 −h
   
ln 3 2 1 3 9 4 ln 3 2 1 3 9 4
≈ h + h − h − (−h) + (−h) − (−h)
2 5 250 2 5 250
 
ln 3 2 ln 3 2 1 3 1 3 9 4 9
≈ h − h + h + h − h − − (−h)4
2 2 5 5 250 250
2
≈ h3 (as required)
5

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