DESIGN OF

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
Ahmed Alaskar
REQUIREMENTS
▪ Notebook
▪ Pens
▪ Calculators

Textbook
- Structural Concrete: Theory and Design
• 6th Edition
• M. Nadim Hassoun & Akthem Al-Manaseer
- Design of Structures concrete
• 14th Edition
• David Darwin & Charles W. Dolan & Arthur H. Nilson
 INTRODUCTION
▪ This course conduct to analyze and design reinforced concrete structures like continuous
beams; continuous one-way, two-way and Flat slabs. Analyzing and design of stair slabs,
Column under eccentrically loads, and R.C. frames, too. Applying the principles, procedures
and basic theory of pre-stressed concrete in structural design.
 IMPORTANCE OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
▪ Apply Loads that are analyzed.
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
▪ Column
▪ Slab
▪ Beam
▪ Foundation
▪ Stairs
▪ Others
USED UNITS
Force unit
Kn= 1000 N

Length unit
Meter = 100 cm =1000 mm

Stress unit
Mpa = 1000 Kpa = 1000,000 pa
Mpa = n/mm2 Kpa= Kn/m2
▪ Material properties review

Concrete: The main measure of the structural quality of concrete is its compressive strength.

The modulus of elasticity Ec that is, the slope of the

initial straight portion of the stress-strain curve, is
seen to be larger as the strength of the concrete
increases.
Source: concretestructure.net
Concrete in tension and flexure

- Concrete has a low tensile strength of about one-tenth of its

compressive strength

- The modulus of rupture of concrete ranges between 11 and

23% of the compressive strength
 Reinforcing steel

- Reinforcement, usually in the form of steel bars, is placed in

the concrete member, mainly in the
tension zone, to resist the tensile forces resulting from external
load on the member
https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/

* Steel costs more than concrete, but it has a yield strength

about 10 times the compressive strength of concrete

STANDARD KSA BARS

Reinforcing steel strength

Es = 2.0 × 105 MPa

 STRUCTURAL SAFETY

The unified design method (UDM) is based on the strength of

structural members assuming a failure condition, whether due to the
crushing of the concrete or to the yield of the reinforcing steel
bars. Although there is some additional strength in the bars after
yielding.

Source: structuralguide.com
LOAD COMBINATION
LRFD (load and resistance factor design)
LOAD
Ex:

▪ DL (Dead loads)
▪ LL (Live loads)
▪ WL (Wind loads)
▪ EQ (Earthquake load)

DL= 10 Kn LL=7 Kn WL=3 Kn EQ= 3.5 Kn

STRENGTH REDUCTION ⍬
A higher 𝜙 factor is used for tension-controlled sections than for compression-controlled
sections, because the latter sections have less ductility and they are more sensitive to variations in
concrete strength
 CHAPTER 1:
FLEXURAL DESIGN OF
REINFORCED
CONCRETE BEAMS
Behavior of RC beams
Behavior of RC beams
BLOCK PARAMETER
= β1C
Internal nominal bending moment
Given :
1. 𝐹 ′ 𝐶=28 Mpa

2. Fy=420 Mpa
3. As=1530
4. d =430
5. b=300
Solutions:
𝐴 𝐹𝑦
1-𝑎 = 0.85𝐹
5
′𝑏
𝐶

1530∗420
𝑎 = 0.85∗28∗300 = 90𝑚𝑚
2-T = As*Fy
T= 1530*420 = 642600
𝑎 𝑎
3-Mn= C(d- 2 ) or T(d- 2 )
90
Mn=642600(430 - )= 247401000 N.mm >/1000000
2
=247.401kn.m
Limits and requirements for RC beams

Balanced condition

Reinforcement ratio,

As Fy = =ɛy

ɛu = compressive strain limit

ɛs = yield strain
 Limits and requirements for RC beams
The failure criteria yielding of the steel at fs = fy or crushing of
the concrete at u = 0.003.

Reinforcement ratio,

Under-reinforcement (fail by yielding)

Tension-controlled beam (recommended)

Minimum steel ratio

MAXIMUM FLEXURAL
REINFORCEMENT RATIO
 𝑐
TENSILE STRAIN AND RATIOS
𝑑𝑡
FLEXURAL RESISTANCE FACTOR, R
𝜌&R
SBC CONCRETE COVER
Minimum Spacing Between Bars

Maximum Spacing Between Bars

SPACING ON REINFORCEMENT AND COVER
Example 3.4

Calculate the nominal strength of the beam Mn and design moment capacity ∅Mn if b = 250
mm, d = 600, h = 650 mm and is reinforced with three No. 25 bars so that As = 1472.7 mm2.
The concrete cylinder strength f’c= 28 Mpa, the tensile strength in bending fy = 420 Mpa,
and 𝛽1= 0.85.
Example 3.4
Solution:
1.
A 1472.7
ρ = 𝑏𝑑s = = 0.0098 | ρ0.005 = 0.0181 (from table A.4)
250×600
0.0181>0.0098 => Tension controlled
or
ρ fy d 0.0098×420×600
𝑐= = = 122.62 (α from table 3.1)
α 𝑓′𝑐 0.72×28
𝐶 𝐶 122.62
𝑑
= 0.375 (from figure 3.10) | 𝑑
= 600
= 0.20 => 0.20<0.375 => Tension controlled
2.
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 1472.7×420
𝑎 = 0.85 f’c b = 0.85×28×250 = 103.9𝑚𝑚
𝑎 103.9
3- 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ቀ𝑑 − 2 ቁ => 𝑀𝑛 = 1472.7 × 420 ቀ600 − ቁ = 338987558.7𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
2
338987558.7
𝑀𝑁 = = 338.99𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
1000000
4.
∅Mn = 0.9 × 338.99 = 305.09KN. m
Example 3.10

Concrete dimension and steel area to resist a given moment. Find the cross section of concrete and the
area of steel required for the beam b = 250 mm, making use of design aids of appendix A. Mu = 186.3 Kn-m,
f’c= 28 Mpa, and fy = 420 Mpa. Use a reinforcement ration 𝜌 =0.6𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
FROM THE EXAMPLE:
B = 250MM
Mᵤ =186.3 KN.M
Mᵤ =186.3X10⁶
F’C = 28 MPA
FY = 420 MPA
Ꝓ = 0.6 Ρ MAX
SOLUTION:

1- Ρ MAX = 0.0206 (FROM TABLE A.4)

Ꝓ = 0.6 ( 0.0206) = 0.01236 > 0.0124 AFTER

𝑀𝑛 𝑀ᵤ
R= → R=
𝑏𝑑² 𝑏𝑑²

𝑦2−𝑦1 𝑦2−𝑦1
R=( ) =( )
𝑥2−𝑥1 𝑥2−𝑥1

0.0125 − 0.0120 0.0124 − 0.0120

=
(4.67 − 4.51) (𝑥 − 4.51)
R = 4.64

𝑀ᵤ 186.3𝑥106 2
6
BD²= = = 44.612 ∗ 10 𝑚𝑚
Ø𝑅 0.9∗4.64
44.612∗10⁶𝑚𝑚³
D =√ = 422,43𝑚𝑚
250𝑚𝑚

H = D+65 = 422.43+65 = 487.43 = 500MM

2-
𝑀ᵤ 186.3∗106
R= = = 4.375 = 4.34
Ø𝑏𝑑2 250∗ 435 2 ∗0.9

FROM TABLE A.5A

Ꝓ= 0.0115

AS = B*D*Ꝓ = 250*435*0.0115 = 1250.62MM²

USE Ø22 AB=380.1MM²
1250.6
NO = = 3.29 = 4
380.1
AS = 4 * 380.1 = 1520.4 MM²
.BMIN = N * D +(N – 1) S + 2 ( STRAIN + 2 COVER)
.N = 4 D= 22MM S= 25MM STRAIN P = 10MM C= 40MM

BMIN = 4(22) – (4-1)25+2(10)+2(40)=263MM>250

NOT OK

USE Ø25

AB = 490.9 MM²
1250.62𝑚𝑚2
NO = = 2.54 = 3
490.9𝑚𝑚2

.BMIN = 3 (25)+(3-1)25+2(10)+2(40)= 225MM <250MM

OK
Concrete dimension and steel area to resist a given moment. Find the cross section of concrete and the
area of steel required for the beam b = 250 mm L = 5 m simple span beam, making use of design aids of
appendix A. Wd =15 Kn/m, WL = 20 Kn/m, f’c= 28 Mpa, and fy = 420 Mpa. Use a reinforcement ration 𝜌
=0.6𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
GIVEN: b = 250 mm, L = 5m , Wd = 15KN/M , WL = 20 KN/m
𝒇′𝒄 = 28 MPa , 𝒇𝒚 = 420 MPa

Solution:
1- Load calculation

❖ 1.4D=1.4(15) =21KN/M
1.2D+1.6L=1.2(15) +1.6(20) =50KN/M controls
 2-TORQUE CALCULATION
𝑵𝑳𝟐 𝟓𝟎 𝟓 𝟐
MU = = = 156.25KN.M = 156.25X⁶N.MM
𝟖 𝟖
3- R, allocution

ρ = 0.6 ρmax (From table A.4) ρ > ρmin OK

ρmax = 0.0.0206 ρ = 0.6 (0.0206) = 0.0124 ρ < ρ 0.005 OK

𝛒∗𝒇𝒚 0.0124 ×420

R= 𝛒fy 𝟏 − 𝒐. 𝟓𝟖𝟖 ∗ = 0.0124(420) 1 − 𝑜. 588 = 4.63
𝒇′𝒄 28

Mu =∅Rbd²

𝑴𝒖 156.25×10⁶
d= = = 387.28mm
∅𝒃𝑹 0.9×250×4.63

h= 387.28+65 = 452 mm ≈ 500 mm

d= 500-65 = 435 mm
 𝑴𝒖 156.25×10⁶
R=∅𝐛𝐝² = 0.9×250×(435)² = 3.66 MPA
FROM TABLE A.5
Ρ = 0.0095
AS = 𝛒𝐛𝐝 = 0.0095×250×435 = 1033.13 MM²
USE ∅22
𝑨 1033.12
NO. = 𝑨 𝒔 = = 2.71 ≈ 3
𝒃 380.1

𝒃𝒎𝒊𝒏 = ND +(N-1) S+100

𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 3(22) +(3-1) (25)+100 = 216 MM < B = 250 MM OK

250 mm

435 mm
500 mm

𝟑∅𝟐𝟐
T-Beams

T-shaped beams, commonly employed in structures, come in two main types:

T-beams directly cast and delivered as standalone units, particularly in bridges.

T-shaped beams formed through the interaction of slabs with beams, often used in
building slabs (monolithic ).
The primary benefit of T-beams is their ability to minimize the amount of
unnecessary tensile concrete
 Effective flange width of T-beams

The ACI Code, Section 6.3.2.1, prescribes the following limitations on the effective flange
width be, considering that the span of the beam is equal to L:
1. be = L/4
2. be = 16t + b𝑤
3. be = b, where b is the distance between centerlines of adjacent slabs

SBC CODE:
- effective width

- beam width
Depth of the stress block
Example

Determine the design moment of the T- beam shown in the figure. f’c = 30 MPa and fy =420 MPa.The beam
with 9 m span is casted integrally and tributary width of 1.5 m

GIVEN:
𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟑𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑳 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎

𝒇𝒚 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑳=𝟗𝒎

As=3696
 𝟏 − 𝑫𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉

𝑳 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
= = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝒃𝒆 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟒 𝟒
𝟏𝟔𝒕 + 𝒃𝒘 = 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟐𝟓𝟎 = 𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝒃 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝟐 − 𝑫𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒇 𝒕 > 𝒂
𝑨𝒂 𝒇𝒚 𝟑𝟔𝟗𝟓 × 𝟒𝟐𝟎
𝒂= = = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝒎
𝟎, 𝟖𝟓 𝒇′ 𝒄 𝒃𝒆 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 × 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎

𝟑𝟎 − 𝟐𝟖
𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 (𝟑. 𝟏) 𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 → 𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
𝟕
𝒂 𝟒𝟎. 𝟓𝟕
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑 → 𝒄 = = = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟕 𝒎𝒎
𝜷𝟏 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑
𝟑 − 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒇𝒐𝒓 ∅

𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑
∈𝒕 = − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 = − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 > 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓
𝒄/𝒅 𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟕
𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒅 ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗
 𝟒 − 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒊𝒇 𝝆 > 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑨𝒔 𝟑𝟔𝟗𝟓
𝛒= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏
𝒃𝒆 𝒅 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 × 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝛒𝒎𝒊𝒏𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑
𝝆 > 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑶𝑲
𝛒𝒎𝒊𝒏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑

5-𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝒂
∅ 𝑴𝒏 = ∅𝑨𝒂 𝒇𝒚 𝒅−
𝟐
𝟒𝟎. 𝟓𝟕
∅ 𝑴𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟗 × 𝟑𝟔𝟗𝟓 × 𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎 − = 𝟖𝟎𝟗. 𝟔 𝑲𝑵. 𝒎
𝟐
Example

Compute the design moment for the shown T-beam with all dimensions in mm

AS= 6433.6

6433.6∗420
1. a = 0.85∗30∗750 =141.28 mm

stress block lees in the web

calculating Asf and Asw

0.85∗30∗100∗(750−350)
2- Asf = 420
=2428.6 mm2

3- Asw = As -Asf

6433.6– 2428.6 = 4005 mm2

4-calculating a

𝑎 = 𝐴𝑠𝑤∗𝑓𝑦
0.85∗𝑓`𝑐∗𝑏𝑤

4005∗420
𝑎 = 0.85∗30∗350 = 188.47 mm

5. B1 = 0.85- 0.05*𝑓`𝑐−28
7

30−28
B1= 0.85-0.05* = 0.83
7

𝑎
6- C = 𝐵1 = 188.47
0.83
= 227.07 mm

7. ε =
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑
𝒄 - 0.003 = 0.0069
𝒅

0.0069> 0.005 Φ = 0.90

(FIGURE 3.9)
tension controlled.
 𝑡
8. Mn = Asf* fy (d- ) + Asw * fy (d- 𝑎2)
2

100 188.47
2428.6*420(750- )+4005*420(750- (
2 2
= 1817.07 KN.m

9. ΦMn= 0.90* 1817.07 = 1635.36 kN.m

RECTANGULAR SECTIONS WITH COMPRESSION
REINFORCEMENT

-Compression reinforcement is used when a section is limited to specific dimensions due

to architectural reasons

- Another advantage of compression reinforcement is that long-time deflection is reduced.

- A third use of bars in the compression zone is to hold stirrups

Rectangular beam with tension and compression reinforcements

- Both compression and tension reinforcements has yielded

Rectangular beam with tension and compression reinforcements

- Strain limits

If ɛ’s > ɛy compression reinforcement yielded

Where:
As= 4825.2mm

A’s=981.8mm

F’c=35mpa

Fy=420mpa
𝑎
2- c =
𝐵1

𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑆 ′ ∗ 𝐹𝑦
𝑎= B1=0.80
0.85 ∗ 𝑓’𝑐 ∗ 𝑏

4825.2−981.8 ∗420 180.86

1. a = =180.86 mm c= =226.07 mm
0.85∗35∗300 0.80
 ′
′
𝟑 . 𝜺 𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ∗ (𝒄−𝒅 )
𝒄

226.07−65 𝑓𝑦 420
=0.003( ) =0.00214 > 𝜀yy= = =0.0021
226.07 𝐸 200000

Compression steel has yielded

′
4 . εs𝑠 = 0.003(𝑐−𝑑 )
𝑐

600−226.07
=0.003( ) =0.0049 < 0.005 𝜙 = 0.89
226.07

𝑎
5. 𝜙𝑚𝑛 = 𝜙 ∗A’s*FY*(d-d’)+(As-As’)FY(D- )
2

180.86
=0.89*981.8*420(600-65)+(4825.2-981.8)*420*(600- )=1018.90 KN.m
2
Rectangular beam with tension and compression reinforcements

When compression reinforcement hasn’t yielded

Calculating c
Analyze a section 300 x 600 mm with six 20-mm bars in two layers as tension steel and three 20-mm bars as
compression reinforcement. dt=540 mm
Given :
F'y = 420Mpa A's= 942.66 𝑚𝑚2 F'c = 25 Mpa As=
1885.2𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠−𝐴′ 𝑠 𝐹𝑦
a=
0.85∗𝐹 ′ 𝑐∗𝐵
1885.2942.6 ∗420
a= = 62.1 mm
0.85∗25∗300
(β1 From table 3.1 )
𝑎 62.1
c= = = 73.05 𝑚𝑚
𝐵1 0.85
73.05−60
E's = 0.003*( ) = 0.00053
73.05
Fy 420
Ey = = = 0.0021
E 200000
E's < Ey Not yielded
∈ ′𝑆 < ∈𝑦 Not yielded
∈𝑦 > ∈ ′𝑆 ‫بما ان‬
Fy ‫لم يصل فإن حديد التسليح العلوي‬
Calcuating C
[ 0.85 F's B1b] 𝑐 2 +[ A's Es (0.003)-As Fy ] C- [ A's Es (0.003) d] = 0
[ 0.85 * F'c * β1 b]
0.85*25*0.85*300= 5418.75

[ A's * ∈𝑠 (0.003) – As * Fy ]
942.6 * 200000 * 0.003 * - 1885.2 * 420 = -226224

-942.6 * 200000 * 0.003 * 60 = -33933600

C1 = 102.71
C2= -60.69

𝑐−𝑑
∈ ′𝑆 = 0.003* 𝑐
102.71−60
∈ ′𝑆 = 0.003 = 0.00124 < 𝐸𝑦 = 0.0021
102.71
540−102.71
∈𝑆 = 0.003 = 0.012 > 0.005
102.71
Tension controlled Ø= 0.9
a= β1 * C
a= 0.85*102.71
= 87.3

Cc + C's = T
Cc = 0.85 * 25 * 87.3 * 300 = 556537.5 N
C's = A's Fs = A's Es ∈𝑆
= 942.6 * 200000 * 0.00124 = 233764.8 N

𝑎
ØMn= Ø [ Cc * ( d-2 ) + C's * ( d – d' ) ]
87.3
ØMn = 0.9 [ 556537.5 * ( 540 - )+ 233764.8 ( 540 – 60 ) ]
2
= 36082. KN.m
 CHAPTER 2:
FLEXURAL DESIGN OF
REINFORCED
CONCRETE SLAB
TYPES OF SLABS
▪ One-way Slab
L/S≥2
▪ Two-way Slabs
L/S<2

Ex:
L=20 m S=7 m
L=20 m S=10 m
L=20 m S=13 m
LOAD DIRECTIONS

Deformation of One way Slab Deformation of two way Slab

 EFFECTIVE DEPTH AND 𝜌 MIN (MINIMUM RATIOS)

d = h – concrete cover - half of the rebar diameter.

Concrete cover for slab = 20 mm

Figure 9.1 Effective depth of

one-way slabs.
MINIMUM H FOR ONE-WAY SLABS SBC
 SELF-WEIGHT OF CONCRETE
▪ S. 𝑊 = 𝛾. h

𝛾 = Unit weight of concrete(24 Kn/m3)

h = thickness

𝐴𝑏 (𝑚𝑚2 )
𝐴𝑠 = = 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
𝑆 (𝑚)
STANDARD KSA BARS
MAXIMUM FLEXURAL
REINFORCEMENT RATIO

* Design one
𝜌&R
Example

One-way slab design. A reinforced concrete slab is built integrally with its supports and consist of two equal spans,
each with a clear span of 4 m. the servise live load is 4.8 Kn/m2.Design the slab if material strength are f’c= 28 Mpa,
and fyt = 420 Mpa.
1) Determiane h
One – end conti. (Table 13.1)
𝑳 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
h= 𝟐𝟒= = 166.66 mm = 170 mm
𝟐𝟒
2)-Calcuate Wu
α=24 KN/ M3
DL= α*h = 24*0.17= 4.08 KN/M2
Wu= 1.2*DL+1.6*LL= (1.2*4.08)+(1.6*4.8)=12.58 KN/M2
3)Calculate Mu
𝒘𝑳𝟐 𝟏𝟐.𝟓𝟖(𝟒)𝟐
- At exterior support Mu= - =- = -8.38 KN.M/M
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒
𝒘𝑳𝟐 𝟏𝟐.𝟓𝟖(𝟒)𝟐
- At midspan Mu= = = 14.38 KN.M/M
𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒
𝑾𝑳𝟐 𝟏𝟐.𝟓𝟖∗(𝟒)𝟐
- At interior Mu= - =- = - 22.36 KN.M/M
𝟗 𝟗
4) Calculate d
Pmax = 0.0181 (From table A.4) ∅ = 0.9 , B = 1 m = 1000 mm

𝑴𝑼 𝟐𝟐.𝟑𝟔∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
dmin = 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎 =
∅∗𝑷∗𝒇𝒚∗𝒃(𝟏−𝟎.𝟓𝟗∗𝒑 𝟎.𝟗∗𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟏∗𝟒𝟐𝟎∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏−𝟎.𝟓𝟗∗𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟏
𝒇,𝒄 𝟐𝟖

62.38 mm
d=h-25= 170-25 = 145 mm > 62.38 mm OK

5) calculatz As
Assume a= 25 mm
𝑴𝑼 𝟐𝟐.𝟑𝟔∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
As = 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟐𝟓 =446.4 mm2/m
∅ 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅− 𝟐 ) 𝟎.𝟗∗𝟒𝟐𝟎(𝟏𝟒𝟓− 𝟐 )

6) Calcate a with the new As

𝑨𝑺∗𝒇𝒚 𝟒𝟒𝟔.𝟒∗𝟒𝟐𝟎
a= 𝟎.𝟖𝟓∗𝒇,𝒄∗𝒃 = 𝟎.𝟖𝟓∗𝟐𝟖∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 7.88 mm
7) Calcate Mu
𝑴𝑼 𝟖.𝟑𝟖∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
- At exterior support As = 𝒂 = 𝟕.𝟖𝟖 = 157 mm2/m
∅𝒇𝒚 (𝒅− ) 𝟎.𝟗∗𝟒𝟐𝟎(𝟏𝟒𝟓− )
𝟐 𝟐

𝑴𝑼 𝟏𝟒.𝟑𝟖∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
- At midspan As = 𝒂 = 𝟕.𝟖𝟖 = 269.2 mm2/m
∅𝒇𝒚 (𝒅− ) 𝟎.𝟗∗𝟒𝟐𝟎(𝟏𝟒𝟓− )
𝟐 𝟐

𝑴𝑼 𝟐𝟐.𝟑𝟔∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
- At interior As = 𝒂 = 𝟕.𝟖𝟖 = 419.35 mm2/m
∅𝒇𝒚 (𝒅− 𝟐) 𝟎.𝟗∗𝟒𝟐𝟎(𝟏𝟒𝟓− 𝟐 )

8) Calcate As
Asmin =Pmin b*d = 0.0033(1000)(145)=478.5 mm2/m
Use ∅16 Ab = 201.1 mm2
𝑨𝒃 𝟐𝟎𝟏.𝟏
S= 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟒𝟕𝟖.𝟓 = 0.42 m
Use ∅16@420 mm
9) Shrinkage
Asish = psh*b*h = 0.00181(1000)(170) = 307mm2/m
Use ∅12 Ab= 113.1 mm2
𝑨𝒃 𝟏𝟏𝟑.𝟏
S= 𝑨𝒔 = = 0.37 m
𝟑𝟎𝟕
Use ∅12@370 mm

10) Check shear

∅= 0.75 λ= 1
𝟎.𝟕𝟓∗𝟎.𝟏𝟕∗𝟏∗ 𝟐𝟖∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟒𝟓
∅Vc= ∅0.17λ 𝒇, 𝒄 𝒃 ∗ 𝒅 = = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟖 𝑲𝑵
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑾𝑳 𝟏𝟐.𝟓𝟖(𝟒)
Vu=Cv – Wd = 1.15 – 12.58*0.145 = 27.1 KN
𝟐 𝟐
Vu < ∅Vc Shear reinforcement is not required
MOMENT & SHEAR COEFFICIENT

Ln = Clear Span

𝑀𝑢
𝑑=
𝑓𝑦
∅𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑏(1 − 0.59𝜌 ′ )
𝑓𝑐
Example 1

Design Moment Strength. Calculate the design moment strength of one-way solid slab that has a total depth of
h = 150 mm and reinforced with ∅18 spaced at 200 mm. Material strength are f’c= 28 Mpa, and fyt = 420 Mpa.

Given:
𝒉 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎. ,, 𝝓𝟏𝟖 ,, 𝑺 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎.
𝒇′ 𝒄 = 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒑𝒂 ,, 𝒇𝒚𝒕 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒑𝒂

𝟏
1) 𝒅 = 𝒉-concrete cover- 𝝓𝟏𝟖
𝟐

𝟏𝟖
= 𝟏𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎 − = 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝒎𝒎
𝟐
2)
𝑨𝒃
𝑨𝒔 =
𝒔
𝟐𝟓𝟒.𝟓
= 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟐.𝟓 𝒎𝒎/𝒎=
𝟎.𝟐
 𝑨
3) 𝒇 = 𝒃𝒅𝒔

𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟐. 𝟓
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟐𝟏

4) 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0033 𝜌𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 0.0181

𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 < 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 ⟹ tension controlled 𝜙 = 𝟎. 𝟗

𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚
5) 𝒂 = 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒃
𝒄

𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟐. 𝟓(𝟒𝟐𝟎)
= = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 × 𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒂
𝜙𝒎𝒏 = ∅𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 −
𝟐

𝟐𝟐.𝟒𝟓
= 𝟎. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟏 − =52.80 Kn.m
𝟐
SHEAR (WEB) REINFORCEMENT FOR BEAMS
- Shear force causes shear stress and shear design is performed independently

-Shear failure is brittle

-Shear is resisted by concrete and steel stirrups