CP ecm ae ets Simple Micre scope, Compound Mi E TOW pues eseerterre ont inceeer een ue SECC OMC ieee eee ate 9.8.4 Simple microscope A simple micros jt ee a Baptene) are small angles] fing ass ust a convex les ofshort focal length hldeleete. "aan Bare small angles ‘he eye. Itincreases the visual angle to see an object clearly. (oWoing when heal imapeieree ae distance of distinct vision. When Between the focus Fand optical cette Sota cere a virtual, erect and magnified image A’ B is formed on the same side of the lens as the object. The position of the lens. is so adjusted that the final image is formed at the distance Dfrom the lens, as shown in Fig, 9.145, least Fig. 9.145 A simple microscope with the eye focussed at the near point. Magnifying power. The magnifying power of a simple microscope is defined as the ratio ofthe angles subtended by the image and the object at the eye, when both are at the least distance of distinct vision from the eye. ‘Thus ‘Angle subtended by the image at the least distance of distinct vision ‘Angle subtended by the object at the least distance of distinct vision Magnifying power =AB/OB _ AB/OB “2B OB AB/OB or OB == Let f be the focal length of the lens. As the image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision from the lens, so v=-D [e ATE = AB) or m=— x or ‘Thus shorter the focal length of the convex lens, the greater is its magnifying power. (8) Working when the final image is formed at infinity. imple microscope is just a convex lens of short focal length. Here the object is placed at the focus of the convex lens, so that parallel rays enter the eye, as shown in Fig. 9.146(2). The image is formed at infinity, which is more suitable and comfortable for viewing by the relaxed eye. Magnifying power. It is defined as the ratio of the angle {formed by the image (when situated at infinity) at the eye to the ‘angle formed by the object at the eye, when situated at the least distance of distinct vision.t - = iy 9.246 (a) With object at image eat Inf () Objet tthe near pent. From Fig. 9146(0), “This magnification is one less than the magnification ‘when the image is atthe near point, but the viewing is more comfortable 9.82 Compound microscope A compound microscope an opis device wed to ee magnified images of ny objec Construction, It consists of two convex lenses of short focal length, arranged co-avaly atthe ends ofr sliding metal tubes 4, Objective It is a convex lens of very short focal “2. Eyepicce or ocular Iisa conver lens of compara tively larger focal length J, and larger aperture “than the objective (j,> fy), positioned near the ee. “ay Working when the final image is formed the east "distance of distinc vision. The abject AB to be viewed is “placed at distance ny, slighty larger than the fcal length fy the objective O. The objective forms areal inverted ahd magnified image 4'B, of the object AB on the other “Side of the lens as shown in Fig, 9147. The separation Detween the objective Cand the eyepiece Fis so adjusted that the image A'E lies within the focal length f, of the eyepiece. The image A'E act as an object for the eyepiece which essentially acts ikea simple microscope OO virtual and magnified fina in, Eton clearly, the final image 4"pr6e AR 1.9307 Magnifying power. The maging poser of compound swicmepe dened ws the ratio ofthe age subleed atthe ty he fal rt imag tthe angle subtended athe ee by Te cijet when oth are atthe est distance of distinct visi from the ee ® Here mM ie ) i Aste object AB spliced clon tothe foc of the jective therefore, % Also image 48 is formed coe to the eycens whose focal eng shot heretore state ed rea ee the datance between the fro lenses is ( 12} hd fo {For final image at DY (@ Working when the final image i formed a infty When the image 4’ les atthe focus F ofthe eye pies {the final image AB is formed at infinity, as how" in Fig 9.188,Cuupren 4 RAY OPNCS ANO OPTCAL INSTRUMENTS a 9308 ‘When the nal image is frmed tiny, 2 Sa nossa PP tort mages Obviously, maging. power of th et of the. compound ‘microscope is large when both f, and fae small 943 Telescope A telcpe i a opal dei wh ‘enables us to see distant objects clearly, a Dire pe of lecopes (0 Retactng lescopen, Tee al se oflenes eo tanec Tse a hen pes (0) Astro! ice te wad 6 we heey objec ike th st plant The al Ing formed is reed one 0) Teresita se tant bets igs ore (id Reflecting telescopes. These make use of conversing ‘mirrors to view the distant objects. For example, Newtonian and Cassegrain telescopes. 44 Astronomical telescope It isa reacting type tesape sed to see heaenly Bodies like stars, planets, satelite, ee 609 Construction. It consists of two converging lenses mounted coraxilly atthe outer ends of twosliding tubes (0 Objet eis a convex ent of large foal length and ' rmuch larger aperture, It faces the distant object. W Eyepiece His a convex lens of small focal length and small aperture. It faces the eye. (0 Working when the final image is formed atthe last Aistance of distinct vision As shown in Fig. 9.149, the pralel bear of light coming from the distant object falls on the objective at some angle a. The objective focuses the ‘beam in its focal plane and forms a real, inverted and diminished image A’, This image A’ acts as an object for the eyepiece. The distance ofthe eyepiece is so adjusted that the image A's’ lies within its focal length. The ‘eyepiece magnifies this image 0 that final image A” is ‘magnified and inverted with respect fo the object. The final image is seen distinctly bythe eye atthe least distance of distin vision Magnifying power. The magnifying power of telescopes fined as the ratio of he angle subtended at the eye by the final image formed a he least distance of distinc vision to te angle subtended a the eye by the objec a fit twhen sen directly. ‘As the objects very far off, the angle subtended by it at the eveis practically equal othe angle «subtended by itat the objective. Tus 2408 =a Also let 2A'EB'=B Magnifying power, tang a tna A BIBE OB 708” BE According to the new Cartesian sign convention, (OB =+ f,=focal length of the objective BE=-u, = distance of 4'F from the eyepiece ‘acting ab an objec for it «are smal Fig 9148 Astonomic elecoe focused fr ear tance of tine ven,Hence m=—0 (a4) LV Clearly fr lage magnifying, power, fo>> fy. The -negative sign forthe magitying power indicates tha the final image formed is rea and incre. (@) Working of an astronomical telescope in normal ‘adjustment As shown in Fig 9.150, when a parallel beam flights incident onthe objective, forms areal inverted and diminished image A i ts focal plane. The eyepiece {is 0 adjusted thatthe image A’ exactly is a fous ‘Therefore, the final image is formed at infty, and is highly magniied and inverted with respect to the object. ere Fig, 9.150 Astronomll telescope in normal ajustinent Magnifying power in normal adjustment. i defined 5 the rato of the angle sublended at the eye by the fnal image as sen trough te telescope tothe angle subtended atthe eye by the objet sen diety, when both the image ad the objet iat infty ‘As the objects very fr off, the angle subtencle by it at the eye is practically equal tothe angle a subtended by itat the objective. Thus = AOR =a andlet ATER = Magnifying power, B_ tend _A'R/BE_oB a tana “ABTOB™ we © Pare small angles] Applying new Cartesian ign convention, (OB =+ f, Distance of A' from the objective along the incident ight BE~~ f, =Distance of A’ from the eyepiece agnnst the incident light Mave swam rice fe Clearly for arge magnifying power, fo >> f The negating sign for indicates that the image is rex! and cert 5 Cossegrain reflecting telescope Fig. 9.151 shows CCassegrain type reflecting telescope. It consists of large ‘concave paraboloidal (primary) mieror having a hole ty entre. There isa small convex (Secondary) mirror nea the focus of the primary mirror. The eyepiece is placed onthe axis ofthe telescope near the hole ofthe primary mirror Parbooia = Eepiee ig, 9.351 Casseprain reflecting telescope. ‘Working, The parallel rays from the distant objec are reflected by the large concave mirror. Before these rays come to focus at F they ae reflected by the small convex rirror and are converged toa point [just outside the hole, The final image formed at I is viewed through the eyepiece. As the fist image at Fis inverted with respect to the distant object and the second image I is erect with respect tothe fist image F, hence the final image is inverted with respect to the object. Let f be the focal length ofthe objective and f, that of the eyepiece Fr the final image formed at the least distance of ditne on fre #4) For the fina image formed int, We ia 9.8.6 Advontoges of roflciing type telescope over & refracting type telescope () No chromatic aberration, bese mirror is uss (i) Spherical aberration gets removed by using & paraboloid mirror. (i) The image is bright, because there is no loss of light due to reflection and absorption by objective. (io) Higher resolution can be obtained by using a mirror of large aperture, (©) A mirror provides an easier mechanical suppor ‘over its entire back surface, (6 Tis difficult and expensive to make large ses! Jens tre fom chromatic aberration ar distortions