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    Lecture 1 - Introduction To Nutritional Biochemistry - Tagged

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    Biochemistry is the study of life processes at the molecular level, including how diet impacts health and disease. There are two main classes of molecules: biological macromolecules like lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, and metabolites like glucose that are transformed during biological processes. Macromolecules are polymers formed from repeating subunits called monomers through condensation reactions, and are broken down through hydrolysis. Key chemical reactions include oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis, addition and elimination. Atoms form different types of bonds based on electronegativity, including covalent, ionic, polar covalent and hydrogen bonds. Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids all serve important structural and energy storage functions in the

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    Lecture 1 - Introduction To Nutritional Biochemistry - Tagged

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    hashm.f.alamer
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    Biochemistry is the study of life processes at the molecular level, including how diet impacts health and disease. There are two main classes of molecules: biological macromolecules like lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, and metabolites like glucose that are transformed during biological processes. Macromolecules are polymers formed from repeating subunits called monomers through condensation reactions, and are broken down through hydrolysis. Key chemical reactions include oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis, addition and elimination. Atoms form different types of bonds based on electronegativity, including covalent, ionic, polar covalent and hydrogen bonds. Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids all serve important structural and energy storage functions in the

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    Lecture 1 - Introduction to Nutritional Biochemistry - Tagged

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    Biochemistry is the study of life processes at the molecular level, including how diet impacts health and disease. There are two main classes of molecules: biological macromolecules like lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, and metabolites like glucose that are transformed during biological processes. Macromolecules are polymers formed from repeating subunits called monomers through condensation reactions, and are broken down through hydrolysis. Key chemical reactions include oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis, addition and elimination. Atoms form different types of bonds based on electronegativity, including covalent, ionic, polar covalent and hydrogen bonds. Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids all serve important structural and energy storage functions in the

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    34 views20 pages

    Lecture 1 - Introduction To Nutritional Biochemistry - Tagged

    Uploaded by

    hashm.f.alamer
    Biochemistry is the study of life processes at the molecular level, including how diet impacts health and disease. There are two main classes of molecules: biological macromolecules like lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, and metabolites like glucose that are transformed during biological processes. Macromolecules are polymers formed from repeating subunits called monomers through condensation reactions, and are broken down through hydrolysis. Key chemical reactions include oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis, addition and elimination. Atoms form different types of bonds based on electronegativity, including covalent, ionic, polar covalent and hydrogen bonds. Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids all serve important structural and energy storage functions in the

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 20

    Introduction to Nutritional

    Biochemistry
    What is Biochemistry?
    Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of life processes. When
    Biochemistry is linked to diet, health, and disease suscep8bility, it
    comes to be known as nutri8onal biochemistry.

    There are mainly 2 classes of molecules:


    1. Biological macromolecules (Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates and
    Nucleic acids)
    2. Metabolites (Glucose, glycerol): Metabolites are chemically
    transformed in the biological processes.
    General De8nitions
    • Compounds : A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements
    are chemically bonded together
    • Simple organic compounds (monomers): building block for larger molecules (polymers).
    For example, an amino acid acts as the building blocks for proteins.
    • Macromolecules (Polymers): A large molecule made of repea8ng subunits (monomers).
    For example, a carbohydrate is a polymer that is made of repea8ng monosaccharides
    • Monomers Form Polymers through Condensa8on(dehydra8on)
    • Polymers are broken down through hydrolysis

    Macromolecules Monomers
    Carbohydrate Monosaccharide
    Lipids Fatty Acids
    Proteins Amino Acids
    Chemical
    Reactions
    • Start with Reactants and end up with New products

    • The ini8al energy needed to start Chemical reac8on is called ac0va0on


    energy
    Types of Chemical Reac8on
    1. Elimina8on reac8ons:
    Double bond formed when atoms removed
    2. Addi8on reac8ons:
    Two molecules combined to form single product
    Hydra8on reac8on
    3. Isomeriza8on reac8ons
    Involves intramolecular shiT of atoms or groups
    4. Oxida8on-reduc8on (redox) reac8ons
    Transfer of e- from donor to an e acceptor
    5. Hydrolysis reac8ons
    a molecule of water is added to a substance
    Redox Reac8ons
    Redox can involve loss or gain of an electron or a hydrogen (contains an
    electron) C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O
    Carbon loses hydrogen therefore is oxidized.
    Oxygen gains hydrogen therefore is reduced.
    Types of chemical bonds
    • Covalent= shares electrons

    • Polar Covalent= somewhere in


    between.

    • Ionic = swaps electrons

    • Hydrogen bond: Sharing H atom

    • The reality is that most bonds have both


    ionic and covalent characteris8cs= polar.
    Electronega8vity
    Electronega8vity, symbol χ, is the chemical property that describes the ability of an atom (or,
    more rarely, a func8onal group) to a^ract electrons (or electron density) towards itself in a
    covalent bond.
    Covalent Bonds
    Polar Covalent Bonds
    Because Oxygen has an electronega8vity value of
    3.44 and Hydrogen has a value of 2.1, the
    di_erence is signi`cant enough that at any given
    8me the electrons are more likely to be found
    closer to the O.
    • Oxygen is a well known electron thief.
    • While there is no oacial charge on either atom,
    we have a “par8al charge” d  d-
    Ionic Bonds
    Hydrogen Bonds

    • Because Hydrogen has such a low


    electronega8vity value, when it is bonded
    to something with a stronger value the
    polariza8on allows the d charge of the
    H to form a weak bond with the d- charge
    of another polar molecule.

    • Which elements bonded with H will tend to


    form H-bonds?
    Bond Strength

    • While it takes more energy to break ionic bonds in a dry environment, in


    living things molecules are in aqueous environments.

    • Therefore in Biology: Covalent bonds are stronger than Ionic bonds, and
    H-bonds are weaker than both.

    • Keep in mind that in large numbers H-bonds can be strong.


    WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES?

    • Carbohydrates (CHO) are single largest component of diet besides water,


    providing 48% of caloric need.

    • In most CHO, the ra8o of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1 (e.g., Glucose:


    C6H12O6), same as water.

    • They are a group of organic compounds whose carbons are extensively


    hydrated.
    They can also be de`ned as aldehyde or ketone deriva8ve of polyhydric
    alcohols.

    Alcohol to a ketone Alcohol to an aldehyde


    Carbohyd
    rates
    • Most abundant organic molecule in nature
    • Basic units is monosaccharides
    • Monosaccharides can from larger molecule e.g. glycogen, starch or
    cellulose
    • Func8ons: main source of energy, exert a protein sparing ac8on
    • Store energy
    • Provide energy via metabolic pathway
    • Structural components in cells and 8ssue
    Prote
    ins
    • There are 20 di_erent amino acids
    • Contains amino groups and carboxyl groups
    • Amino acids connected by pep8de bonds
    • Func8on: Growth and Maintenance,
    Biochemical Reac8ons, Balances Fluids, etc
    • Transport
    • Structural proteins
    • Enzymes, an8bodies, Cell receptors
    Fa
    ts
    • Basic units is Fa^y Acids
    • Fa^y acids is monocarboxylic acid
    • It is two types either saturated or unsaturated
    • Examples of lipids are triacylglycerol, steroids(Cholestrol, sex
    hormones)
    • Func8on: energy, support cell growth, keep the body warm
    • Storage of energy
    • Membrane structure
    • Synthesis of hormones
    Thank you

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