a 40. Applivations of Spnerios Micron: spierieal Pmittors have the fo ay is wing y, Coucave mirrors : oy, They ate Hed in search jpn, These are USE as’ paraboloid wl f Is itv an Gi: They are USEd as refecrors, in m cinema y) They are-also-used in solar cookey They are preferred to a pline (vi) erect, virtual and magnified image A concave mirror is used int Gpthalmoscope bas concave mi 2) Convex mirrors: (i) It is used ad fear view mirror i 4 convex mirror al: automobile. It helps the dr s. forms, while tailing self portrait 52; REFRACTION OF LIGHT Wien a ray of ight travels) from/one riediam (o another medinm, either it, bends Joards the normal! or away ‘from normal The process of bending of light ray from: th sralghe path as. ie enters from one medium iY wother medium is called Retraction: of i. Or The change in direction of straight: ine Patt of ray of light when fr travels from one I ' “atin to anether medium is called Teiriction, a ta, Sample, when a ray of light AO fain 2 # Sitface separating’ ai rarer mesitits tnd denser medium (adass), it is deviated impor i dishes They are also used Pesiectars, uy They are'asovused in reMecting tyne ej PE telescopes, 8 ete wit pole a doctor can examine thie eye or fe affected part afier suffering reflect (off) Concave feflestors are used in table lamps (in) They-are-used hy! dental doctors 1 view narrow: dentil cavities vehicles ie aod diminished image of the teatiie behind the Jer tw get wid (i) Some camera’ pliones use convex mirrors to allow the user (iif) Ie can alsoibe used’ as-a refitetor for st ; a : La MAY Applications M5 fon weliches, torches ete Forineceiving ahd! sending rao sbgnas ing because close w the voncave mittor forms an inseone sed! Fiy eye and ear specialists. hole in its centie, By, looking’ throuah) mis av ih a better way. as an from cor fe miner for looking: at the back traffic becuse view of the traffic coming from behind. prrectly, aim the’ cament ct lighting purpose, ‘Normal Refraciaairay oO Madina "a! tcc Pie sit.a travels from denser medium (¢, a — > normal but whee it (eg, path and bends sowands NOT yay from. the normal a6 shown in Fig gf tial medium (air in this case) to rarer ‘AQ is called incident Tay. 00’ is called! refracted tay. lass slab, then y’ is called normal at Q = oe > through other end of gh Similarly, when ray of baht Teav' QO’ is incident ray at O” yy and: KO’K’ is normal at Of 4= ae The angle made O'B is refracted 14} inci y with’ the norma) Angle of Incidence + by the incident ray at the poi incidence is called angle of incidence. ZAON = Zi Z00'K = Zi’ Angle of Refraction = The angle made by the refracted ray with the normal is called ani, of refracdon. ZOION = Zr ZBO'K! = 27 fm 5:2.1. Laws of Refraction. Foi a homogeneous and an isotropic medium, the phenomena of refraction is gover! two Jaws called! laws of refraction: __ 1, First law + ‘The incident ray, the normal to the surface of separation, at the poitt @ incidence and the refracted ray, all lie in the same plane perpendicular to the surface of separsit® 2. Second law : The ratio of sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refractis is @ constant quantity for any two media for the same colour of light. This constant is the refractive index of the second medium with, respect to first medium and is, denoted b) © sin i So, Gare Constant : . =u, = Refractive index Where “1, shows that light is travelling from the medium ‘a’ into the medium fe. “fh, represents the refractive index of medium’ ‘b’ w.rt, medium ‘a? rot, medit @ 5.2.2. Refractive Index the apni dongs ie respect 10 another medium is the ratio of into second medium. igl€ of refraction when light travels from Absolute refractive imdex : When the first medium (a) is vacuum, then sin fh sin r > Hs Bives the absolute refractive index of-a16 —— Relative. Refractive Index ) Le. air to medium 77ers asstne tha light passes from medium 1 (air) is piven by the ea Sis ani ee dium (glass) w.r-t. medium — 1 (31) he telaley, Be <5 UL Hy "2 where {v refractive index of second i = = Velocity of light if tedium - yj, Velocity of light in medium ~ 2 j.¢ a = Fig, 5.13. Similarly, the reiractive index of first medium ie. air w.r.t. second medium ie, gles He This means refractive index of medium — 2 (plas) wer.t. medium ~ 1 (air) is reap the fefractive index of medium — 1 (air) w.r.t, medium ~ 2 (glass). This, in turn, is in accordance with the principle of reversibility of light which sales the path of refracted rays of light is reversed it retraces its same path in opposite aireeee » Refraction at the time of Sunrise and Sunset Sun becomes visible about two minutes before the actual sunrise and remains visite minutes even after sunset. Thus, duration of the day. is approximately. increased 8) mates. : i; As the sum rays enter the atmosphere of earth, they travel from rarer 19 dl i.e, from vacuum to air (jt = 1003) and density of git go on increasing towards of earth, hence rays of light when emter earth's athospl i the normal and finally meet at a point (Let say ©) te, ob rays are produced backward from O, then it appears that as if they ate. comT — guuse Know fhe sign conventions. Before deriving. relations we-mtuse.kow Me Bh Sign: convention of lens: > _. : oo vistanwes ane measured From tae optical: centre OF the ens eft side off lens so that the di ‘The object is always placed: ont the zal a : 2 The objec ae ae jeft wo right Ge. rays of Hight are considered jy in : sr the right side. left side and enter the righ . r « meaguret from the optical centre of the Tens to the: right site go. ion ip i ting 3, All distances positive 4. All distances, measul luken as negative. — 5. Tiansverse upward distance from the psincipal ax distance is taken as negative. Assumptions = The lens is suppasedito be thin. Optical’ centre of the lens is taken at origin: Incident. rays. are close to the principal axis of the lens. All riys passing through optical centre of the Jens go undeviated. Lens Formula for Thin Convex Lens (For neal image) red from the optical centre of the Tens 10 the fet side oy yy taken as the positive any yp fh 3 4 Levus consider an object AB situated on the principal axis of a lens. A ray of tight: the object AB along BP goes parallél to the principal axis and get’ refracted) as it falls om fens (as there Is change in medion). After refraction, this tay. Of light passes through foctts (F).off the lens while another ray from the object which passes through optical ceared the Jens along BO moves undeviated Formation of image : Image will! be formed. when the refracted ray from point P alte ray passing through aptical centre of the lens actually meer at i apes : p is ly @ poi (Real image) os 10 be niveting ut e:point (Virtual image), a % : - Let us consider first that if'a real image is formed by, ithe convex fens as shown it Fe %24, Theo, right angled wiangles ABO and A’BO are similar triangles. [Al = 22, ZoaB = zoarR = 99° 33rd angle = 3d= ight angled wiangies OPP and A/B'F are sigular No ee (zorr = 2A'FH f = common ; ZFA'B’ = ZFOP = 90° . 5 Fig. 5.24, So, the ratio of their corresponding sides will be same, oP _ OF_ OF AB’ AF OA’ OF Comparing, eqns. (1) and (2), Since U.H.S. of botb eqns, is-same, hence R\H.S, must also be same On OF ce OA” ~ OA’+0F Applying sign conventions, OA = ~ w, QA’ = - y, OF = +f; 0A + OF =~» +f C), the rays after striking a point Ay Teflected back: inthe medium (1) along ABs as shown. in the ig. 5.28. ‘Enis proces & ‘Toul faterna}) Reflection CTIR), wo in short, we ‘itd Conclude: hat when! a ray. off ight travelling. from 3 Hedium k) ad optically carer meduim is incident a an angle greaver than the angle for the pair of contact, the ra “ _ , IS: ray ¥§ (Otitlly reflected back into dense’ This process is ented Tota) toternal Reflection. ’