Sensor II

More sensors
Sensor
• A sensor is a device that detects and
responds to some type of input from
the physical environment.
• The specific input could be light, heat,
motion, moisture, pressure, or any one
of a great number of other
environmental phenomena.
• The output is generally a electrical
signal that can be measured by
certain instruments and circuits.
Analog Input: Potentiometer
 Light Dependent Sensor/Photoresistor
(Resistance changed by light)
• Photoresistor gives a high resistance in darkness. When it
is exposed in light, its resistance drops and become a
good conductor.
Pressure sensor and Bend sensor
• Works in similar way

Pressure sensor
Bend sensor
Its resistance changes in
different pressing forces Its resistance changes in
different bending forces
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
• It detects the distance of the closest object in front of the sensor (up
to 3m).
• It works by sending out a burst of ultrasound and listening for the
echo when it bounces off of an object.

GND
Accelerometer
• Accelerometers are devices that measure acceleration, which is the
rate of change of the velocity of an object.
• They measure in meters per second squared (m/s2) or in G-forces (g).
• A single G-force for us here on planet Earth is equivalent to 9.8 m/s2, but this
does vary slightly with elevation (and will be a different value on different
planets due to variations in gravitational pull).
• Accelerometers are useful for sensing vibrations in systems or for orientation
applications.
Analog Temperature Sensor (TMP36)
• A chip that tells you what
the ambient temperature
is.
• It uses the fact as
temperature increases, the
voltage across a diode
increases at a known rate.
• By precisely amplifying the
voltage change, it is easy to
generate an analog signal
that is directly proportional
to temperature.
https://learn.adafruit.com/tmp36-temperature-
sensor/overview
The good news is all that complex calculation is
done inside the chip - it just spits out the temperature,
ready for you to use!
Technical Characteristics of TMP36

•Size: TO-92 package (about 0.2" x 0.2" x 0.2") with three leads
•Price: $1.50 at the Adafruit shop
•Temperature range: -40°C to 150°C / -40°F to 302°F
•Output range: 0.1V (-40°C) to 2.0V (150°C) but accuracy decreases
after 125°C
•Power supply: 2.7V to 5.5V only, 0.05 mA current draw
•Datasheet
Linear Mapping from Signal to Temperature

Temp in °C = [(Vout in mV) - 500] / 10

Testing TMP36
https://www.tinkercad.com/things/f6mYEXg0T0d
Gas Sensor (MQ-2 and MQ5)

The MQ-2 is suitable for detecting

LPG, i-butane, propane, methane,
hydrogen and even smoke.

The MQ-5 detects LPG, natural gas

and town gas.
TinkerCAD Simulation

https://www.tinkercad.com/things/8vftG2rpJgn
Actual sensor with Arduino: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIf_mpnsZvY
http://youtube.com/watch?v=04xlye1b_d8
Sound Sensor (Microphone?)
Air Moisture/Humidity Sensor (DHT11)
For measuring humidity they use the humidity sensing
component which has two electrodes with moisture
holding substrate between them. So as the humidity
changes, the conductivity of the substrate changes or the
resistance between these electrodes changes. This
change in resistance is measured and processed by the
IC which makes it ready to be read by a microcontroller.
https://www.circuitbasics.com/how-to-set-up-the-dht11-
humidity-sensor-on-an-arduino/
Soil Moisture Sensor The Soil Moisture Sensor uses capacitance to
measure dielectric permittivity of the surrounding
medium. In soil, dielectric permittivity is a function of
the water content.

The sensor creates a voltage proportional to the

dielectric permittivity, and therefore the water
content of the soil. The sensor averages the water
content over the entire length of the sensor. There is
a 2 cm zone of influence with respect to the flat
surface of the sensor, but it has little or no sensitivity
at the extreme edges.

The Soil Moisture Sensor is used to measure the loss

of moisture over time due to evaporation and plant
uptake,evaluate optimum soil moisture contents for
various species of plants,monitor soil moisture
content to control irrigation in greenhouses and
enhance bottle biology experiments.
Example: Grow It Yourself (GIY)

http://archive.fabacademy.org/archives/2017/fablabkamplintfo
rt/students/396/final.html
Example: Mushrogram

https://cindy948243.wixsite.com/mysite-3
Hall (Magnetic Field) Sensor (A1104)

A Hall Effect Sensor is a magnetically

activated switch with non-contact trigger.

It’s a digital trigger like a button (On or

Off), but triggered by a magnet

https://www.electronicshub.org/hall-effect-sensor-with-arduino/
A1104
What is the Hall Effect?
If electric current flows through a conductor,
a magnetic field is employed perpendicular
to the current direction. This magnetic field
exerts a diagonal force on the moving
charge carriers which tends to push them to
one side of the conductor. Because there is
a potential difference due to the pushed
outwards charge carries a measurable
voltage between the two sides of the
conductor is produced, the so called Hall
voltage. This effect is called the Hall Effect
after E. H. Hall who discovered it in 1879.
The effect is depending on the thickness of
the conductor. Therefore the conductor
should be very thin.

https://diyi0t.com/hall-sensor-tutorial-for-
arduino-and-esp8266/
Directly wiring with Arduino
• Working like a button
• On or Off
Wiring through a breakout board
http://www.cmlab.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~howieliang/HCIProjects/projectGauss.html
Biomedical Signal Sensing
BITalino: Biomedical Signal Sensing
BITALINO (R)EVOLUTION
https://bitalino.com/en/board-kit-bt
• Electromyography (EMG)
• Muscle
• Electrocardiography (ECG)
• Heart Rate
• Electrodermal Activity (EDA)
• Skin Conductivity – Emotion/Nerve
• Electroencephalography (EEG)
• Brain
Software

https://bitalino.com/en/software
https://bitalino.com/en/learn/get-started
Demo
 Before the final PROJECT, we will create a PROPOSAL.
The PROPOSAL is the combination of our critical
Next Tuesday investigations into materials and technologies. The
PROPOSAL will need to visualize, using 3D modeling and
visualization software discussed in classes, a fully
• Proposal visualized proposal of your PROJECT. The proposal will
need to have a scientific and artistic background and
Presentation sufficient references to allow it to be articulated in the
context of the topics. Criteria for the quality of the
• Individual or PROPOSAL are clarity, artistic and scientific background
Group Project in a critical context, relation to the chosen category, quality
(Maximum 2 of rendered and images, 3D complexity and use and
persons per projected use of CAD/CAM and Material potentials.
group) * In the presentation and the written proposal, you
need to show your preliminary research to
support/motivate your idea.
* The preliminary research can be purely theoretical
literature survey, or actual experiments with materials.
The actual experiments with materials is not
compulsory, but highly recommended and may result
in bonus point reward.
Present the project on Tuesday 17th March, 9AM - 12PM.
Please hand in the document afterward using Canvas
Hong Kong Productivity Council InnoSpace
You need to prepare the materials by yourself.
Apply for Using Equipments in HKPC

https://innospace.hkpc.org/membership

We can reimburse your membership fee up to HKD200.

Where to buy laser-cut materials

To buy Acrylic sheets:

1) In Square Company
346 Reclamation Street, Mong Kok, Kowlooon
形方膠片, 九龍旺角新填地街346號

2) The Sun International Supplies Limited

G/F, 311-313 Reclamation Street, Kowloon
大信國際供應有限公司, 九龍旺角新填地街311-313號地下

To buy plywood sheets:

3) 黃河木行
旺角塘尾道 85-95 號