Entrepreneur
Entrepreneur
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LEARNING MODULE
FOR
IT 112: PRODUCTIVITY TOOLS
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WEEK 5
COURSE OUTLINE
Internet
Internet Tools and Services
Objectives:
General Objective
Each chapter in this module contains a major lesson involving the basics of Web page coding and HTML editing
tool. The units are characterized by continuity, and are arranged in such a manner that the present unit is related to
the next unit. For this reason, you are advised to read this module. After each unit, there are exercises to be given.
Submission of task given will be every Monday during your scheduled class hour.
What is the Internet?
- The Internet is a global network of computer networks utilizing a suite of protocols called TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) that supports interconnection of a number of
different computer networks
- The Internet covers large, international Wide Area Networks (WAN’s) as well as smaller Local Area
Networks (LAN’s) and individual computers connected to the Internet worldwide
- The Internet supports communication and sharing of data, and offers vast amount of information
through a variety of services and tools
Newsgroups
- Service dedicated to discussions on a particular topic through posted articles
- Accessible through newsreaders
- Names signify to users the topic of discussion
ex. alt.library.automation
Telnet
- Service that allows one computer to access another computer
- Enables the user to exchange data and issue commands on the other computer, the Telnet host
- Mainly used by libraries to allow access to information stored in their computers
• The Internet grew from ARPANET the first computer network designed for the Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) of the U.S Department of Defense
• ARPA sponsored research on interconnecting geographically remote computers to allow communication and
sharing of data and resources
• The goal was to create a communications network that could exist even if parts of it was incapacitated
• One of the early developments that proved significant to the success of ARPANET (which later on becomes
the Internet) were “packet switching” and “TCP/IP”
• Packet switching involves digital systems that transmit data in small packets that use the best current path
to their destination
• TCP/IP is the core Internet protocol that allows computers to communicate with each other
• Realizing the value of interconnected computers the academic community started with its own research
network
• The NSFNet, created and named for the National Science Foundation, linked academic networks that
connected universities and research organizations around North America.
• Networks from Europe and other countries were connected to NSFNet making it the backbone of the
Internet.
• ARPANET was decommissioned and the management of the Internet was passed on to the NSFNET
• Restriction on commercial use was lifted
• The emergence of World Wide Web, and Mosaic brought an unprecedented growth to the Internet
• NSFNET reverts back to a research project, leaving the Internet in commercial hands and its management to
independent organizations
Summary:
The Internet started as a military network called ARPANET, which was involved in networking
research
The Internet later expanded to include universities, businesses and individuals
Today, the Internet is also referred to as the Net, Information Superhighway, and Cyberspace
Protocols
– standardized rules that define how computers communicate and exchange data
IP address
– Unique number used to identify computers on the Internet
Domain name
– structured naming system to locate computers on the Internet
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
– Uniform naming scheme that specifies unique addresses of Internet resources
Client and server
– computing architecture used by most Internet services
The Internet is a packet-switching network that uses TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol) as its core protocol
TCP/IP is a suite of protocols that govern network addresses and the organization and packaging of the
information to be sent over the Internet
o TCP – flow control and recovery of packets
o IP – addressing and forwarding of individual packets
Internet Protocols
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Protocol) - for accessing and transmitting World Wide Web documents
FTP (File Transfer Protocol Protocol) - for transferring files from one computer to another
Gopher Protocol - for accessing documents via Gopher menus (no longer widely used)
Telnet Protocol - allows users to logon to a remote computer
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - for sending and managing electronic mails (e-mail)
IP Address
IP address is a unique address assigned to each computer connected to the Internet
It is used by TCP/IP to route packets of information from a sender to a location on the Internet
IP address consist of four sets of numbers ranging from 0 to 255 Ex. 249.7.13.53
249.7.13.53
o The first two number sets designate the network
o The third number set identifies the local network
o The fourth number set identifies the particular machine
Domain Name
Domain names are the alias or English language equivalent of a computer’s IP addresses
Domain Name System (DNS) allows the use of easier to remember domain names instead of IP addresses to
locate computers on the Internet
Domain Name Resolvers scattered across the Internet translate domain names into IP addresses
Domain names have two parts:
o First part names the host computer
o Second part identifies the top level domain
Top level domains(TLD) – identifies the type of host
o Generic top level domains
o Country Code Top Level Domains
Domain names are used in URLs and e-mail addresses
http://www.amazon.com/books/children.html
- "http“
o transfer protocol
- "www"
o server name
- “amazon"
o second-level domain name
- “com"
o top-level domain name
- "books"
o directory name
- “children"
o file name
- "html"
o file type
Client Server
- The client server model is the distributed computing architecture used by most Internet services, generally
classifying hosts on the Internet as clients and servers
- Client programs are used to access Internet services provided by host computers running server programs
that provide the information or service needed. For example web browsers are client programs used to
access information hosted by web servers
Ways to find Information on the Internet
Browsers
- Programs used to access the World Wide Web
- Allows a user to access resources on a server
- Displays the contents of the web in multimedia format
o Examples
Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer, America Online, Opera, Firefox, google Chrome, etc.
Using a Browser
- You need to be familiar with the features of your web browser and know how to use it
o enter a URL in the location or address bar to visit a particular web site
o open, resize, close a browser window
o locate and use the navigation tools on your browser ie., back, reload/refresh, home, print
o identify and use hyperlinks to get around the web
o download documents and files
o use plug-ins like Adobe Acrobat or Macromedia Shockwave
What are the ethical, legal and other issues involved in Internet use?
Netiquettes - ethics governing Internet - acceptable behavior on the Net, mostly related to use of e-mail
and relay chat
o For Example:
Be brief, keep paragraphs short
Try to use mixed upper and lowercase
Use CAPITALS & special characters for emphasis only
Do not SPAM or send junk e-mail
Refrain from flaming (sending hate messages)
Follow acceptable standards of politeness as used in all kinds of communication
Be wary of virus hoaxes, urban legends and chain letters
Intellectual Property Rights
o Plagiarism – using somebody else’s work and claiming it as your own
o Copyright Law – protection of the author’s original work
o Fair Use – reproduction of materials for educational and research purpose
o Software piracy – theft and illegal reproduction of software
o File swapping – exchange of digital materials like audio and video over the Net without the owner’s
permission
Civil liberties – issues regarding the rights of an individual
o Freedom of speech – ability to express oneself on the Internet
o Personal privacy and records confidentiality– handling of personal information, e-mail and other
electronic correspondence
in the USA the FBI uses a software named “Carnivore” to spy on e-mail passing through ISPs
collection of user’s data i.e. personal information and browsing habits by some software
(spyware), and using it directly or selling it for a profit
o Censorship – regulation or control of content
for example: use of blocking or filtering software
Cybercrimes (Computer facilitated crimes)
o Hacking / Cracking – breaking-in to computer systems with or without malicious intent
o Dissemination of Viruses, Worms, Trojan Horses, and other similar destructive software
o Denial of service and other attacks
o Internet Fraud – false advertisement and malpractices of individuals and companies
o Spamming – sending unsolicited e-mail
o Flaming – sending of hate messages
o Pornography – proliferation of obscene and indecent materials
o Social and economic issues
o Provisions for the handicapped and marginalized
Accessibility issues with regards to the physically handicapped
The widening “digital divide” between the information rich and information poor
o Multilingualism
o Charging for information – fee based information resources and services
Technological limitations
o Slow download due to small bandwidth and increasing number of users
o Lack of standards with regards to software and interface design
Other limitations
o Not all the information you may need is available on the Internet
o Information on the Internet is not permanent; it may be revised, edited, deleted, moved to a new
directory, or filename changed
o Commercialization and high cost of information services
Internet Trends
Continuous expansion of the Internet
Increase in bandwidth connections
o Internet 2
o Next Generation Internet
More business transactions on the Internet: E-commerce, B2B
Increase in computational power of next generation computer systems – quantum and molecular computers
Active role of Internet in education and research – e-learning, virtual libraries etc.
Unprecedented increase of storage space
Ubiquitous connections, wireless handheld and wearable devices, Internet appliance etc.
Proliferation of dynamic and multimedia services
Enhanced human interface: voice activation and sensory capabilities
Virtual environments, communities and services
Increasing proportion of web pages in languages other than English (though absolute dominance of English
likely to continue)
.