TOPIC

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
INDEX

CONTENT PAGE NO.

Certificate 2

Acknowledgement 3

Aim 6

Introduction 7-8

Principle 9

Theory

Observation

Conclusion

Application Of EMF

Precaution

Bibliography
 AIM

TO STUDY THE PHENOMENON OF ELECTROMAGNETIC

INDUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Electro Magnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is
produced by electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the
current is turned off.

Induction:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the
conduct or in a changing magnetic field is called induction.

Electromagnetic induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference
(voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic
field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field causes
molecules in another object to flow. Induction can produce electricity
(in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).
Finally, it is referring to the phenomenon where an emf is
induced when the magnetic flux linking a conductor change.

Magnetic Flux:
It is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and the area
normal to the field through which the field is passing. It is a
scalar quantity and its SI unit is the Weber (Wb).

q≥BA
 PRINCIPLE:

Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a process

where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a
conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field) causes the
production of a voltage across the conductor. This process of
electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical current-it is
said to induce the current

THEORY

INVENTION:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of
induction in1831 though it may have been anticipated by the work of
Francesco Zantedeschiin 1829. Around1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry
made a similar discovery, but did not publish his findings until later.

INDUCED EMF:
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an EMF will be
generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and explained by
Ampere and Faraday between 1825and1831.Faraday discovered that
an EMF could be generated either by,
(a) Moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or

(b) By changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux.

Note that the EMF is only produced while the flux is changing
For example, consider two coils as shown in figure 1

WORKING AND CONSTRUCTION:

Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through a

magnetic field because the magnetic lines of force are applying a
force on the free electrons in the conductor and causing the m to
move. This process of generating current in a conductor by placing
the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction. This is
called induction because there is no physical connection between the
conductor and the magnet. The current is said to be induced in the
conductor by the magnetic field. One requirement for this
electromagnetic induction to take place is that the conductor, which is
often apiece of wire, must be perpendicular to the magnetic lines of
force in order to produce the maximum force on the free electrons.
The direction that the induced current flows is determined by the
direction of the lines of force and by the direction the wire is moving
in the field. In the picture above (page 7) the ammeter (the instrument
used to measure current) indicates when there is current in the
conductor.
 LENZ LAW:

When an EMF is generated by a change in magnetic flux

according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced EMF is
such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes the
change which produces it. The induced magnetic field inside any
loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop
constant. In the examples below, if the B field is increasing, the
induced field acts sin opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the
induced field act sin the direction of the applied field to try to keep
it constant.
 EDDY CURRENTS DUE TO LENZ LAW:

What are eddy currents??

Eddy currents are currents which circulate in conductors like swirling
eddies in a stream. They are induced by changing magnetic fields and
flow in closed loops, perpendicular to the plane of the magnetic field.
They can be created when a conductor is moving through a magnetic
field, or when the magnetic field surrounding a stationary conductor is
varying i.e. anything which results in the conductor experiencing a
change in the intensity or direction of a magnetic field can produce eddy
currents. The size of the eddy current is proportional to the size of the
magnetic field, the area of the loop and the rate of change of magnetic
flux, and inversely proportional to the resistivity of the conductor.

Like any current flowing through a conductor, an eddy current will

produce its own magnetic field. Lenz’s Law states that the direction of
magnetically induced current, like an eddy current, will be such that the
magnetic field produced will oppose the change of magnetic field which
created it. This resistance created by the opposing magnetic fields is
exploited in eddy current braking, which is commonly used as a method
of stopping rotating power tools and roller coasters.

How are they produced??

When a conductor is placed in the changing magnetic field, the induced
current in the conductor is termed as Eddy current. We can define it as:
Eddy currents are loops of electrical current induced within conductors
by a changing magnetic field in the conductor according to Faraday’s law
of induction. Eddy currents flow in closed loops within conductors, in
planes perpendicular to the magnetic field.
Like Lenz’s law, there are lots of experiments done to explain the eddy
currents. The first test showed that inside a solenoid a soft iron core is
introduced and it is connected to the alternating electromotive force.
When the metallic disc is placed over the soft iron core, the circuit is
switched on and when the circuit is turned on the metallic disc is thrown
up away from the iron core. Primarily, eddy currents will be introduced
in the material, when an electrically conductive material is placed in the
coils magnetic field an electromagnetic induction occurs. The magnitude
of the eddy currents produces a large current since the resistance of the
metallic conductor becomes low. They may produce undesirable effects
if the large eddy current is allowed into the core of a choke coil,
transformer, etc. By making use of a laminated core, the eddy currents
produced in the core of a transformer are reduced. In the present day,
electric brakes are provided on the trains in addition to those vacuum
brakes.
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION:

ELECTRIC GENERATOR:

AC generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy. The AC Generator’s input supply is mechanical energy
supplied by steam turbines, gas turbines and combustion engines. The
output is alternating electrical power in the form of alternating voltage
and current.
AC generators work on the principle of Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, which states that electromotive force – EMF
or voltage – is generated in a current-carrying conductor that cuts a
uniform magnetic field. This can either be achieved by rotating a
conducting coil in a static magnetic field or rotating the magnetic field
containing the stationary conductor. The preferred arrangement is to keep
the coil stationary because it is easier to draw induced alternating current
from a stationary armature coil than from a rotating coil.

The generated EMF depends on the number of armature coil turns,

magnetic field strength, and the speed of the rotating field.

AC Generator parts and functions:

The various parts of an AC generator are:

 Field
 Armature
 Prime Mover
  Rotor
 Stator
 Slip Rings
The following are the functions of each of these components of an AC
generator.

Field
The field consists of coils of conductors that receive a voltage from the
source and produce magnetic flux. The magnetic flux in the field cuts the
armature to produce a voltage. This voltage is the output voltage of the
AC generator.
Armature
The part of an AC generator in which the voltage is produced is known
as an armature. This component primarily consists of coils of wire that
are large enough to carry the full-load current of the generator.

Prime Mover
The component used to drive the AC generator is known as a prime
mover. The prime mover could either be a diesel engine, a steam turbine,
or a motor.

Rotor
The rotating component of the generator is known as a rotor. The
generator’s prime mover drives the rotor.

Stator
The stator is the stationary part of an AC generator. The stator core
comprises a lamination of steel alloys or magnetic iron to minimize
the eddy current losses.
Slip Rings
Slip rings are electrical connections used to transfer power to and fro
from the rotor of an AC generator. They are typically designed to
conduct the flow of current from a stationary device to a rotating one.

Advantages of AC Generators over DC Generators

Following are a few advantages of AC generators over DC generators:

 AC generators can be easily stepped up and stepped down through

transformers.
 The transmission link size in AC Generators is thinner because of
the step-up feature.
 Losses in AC generators are relatively lesser than in DC machines

 The size of an AC generator is smaller than a DC generator

Most of us begin our study with Direct Current, but eventually, we learn
that direct current is not the only type of current we come across.

There are sources of electricity that produce voltages and currents which
are alternating in nature. This type of current is called an alternating
current or an AC.

Working of An Electric Generator

Now let us understand what is the working of the generator. A
rectangular coil is placed between the two magnets. Let us assume that
we are rotating the coil in a clockwise direction with the help of axles
connected to the rings.

On rotating the coil in a clockwise direction AB arm will move upwards

and the CD arm will move downwards. We can apply Fleming’s Right-
hand rule to the AB arm and the current flows from A to B. Similarly, we
use Fleming’s Left-hand rule to the CD arm and we note that current
flows from C to D. Hence the current will flow from B2 to B1.
Now after half rotation we see that CD will be on the left side and AB
arm on the right side. Now, applying Fleming’s right-hand rule to the CD
arm, results in the current flowing from C to D, and using Fleming’s left-
hand rule for the AB arm, the resulting current flows from A to B. Hence
the current will enter B1 and flow through B2.

Thus the direction of current changes after every rotation resulting in

producing the altering current. Hence the electric generator generally is
also known as the AC generator. If we want to produce DC, we will
place a commutator between the rings.

This is the explanation for the construction and working of an electric

generator. The above concept explains the electric generator in detail.
If the question demands the construction of an AC electric generator we
can give the same explanation.
Did You Know?

 In 1831 Michael Faraday first discovered that electricity is

generated when a magnet is moved in or out of a coil wire.

 Faraday discovered that magnetic force pushes the free electrons in

the conducting coil to create voltage and current.

 Faraday's invention came at a time when the Industrial Revolution

was escalating. There was increasing demand for safe, efficient

power for factories.

 Many inventors improved on Faraday's original design to generate

more power efficiently. At first, generators were built where the

power was needed, since there was no energy companies operating

a power grid.

 Today, the original electromagnetic generator design concept is still

used today. Improvements have been made on the size and

efficiency of the generators.

 Nuclear power plants, coal burning power plants and oil and natural

gas power plants all work by heating water which turns to steam.

The steam then turns a turbine, which creates electromagnetic

forces to convert the mechanical movement into electricity.

 Today's wind power uses blades to catch energy from the wind,

resulting in a rotation movement. The turning blades are directly

 connected to a turbine, which converts the motion into electricity

(electromagnetic generator).

 Hydroelectric generators use the fall of water through gravity to

turn turbines which generate electricity.

 There are generators that produce direct current (DC) electric and

generators that produce alternating current (AC).

 A DC generator is an efficient form of a DC motor working in

reverse.

 An AC generator is also known as an alternator.

 The largest known single generator in the world is a 1750 MW

generator which was installed in a nuclear power plant in Taishan,

which is a coastal area in China.

 The largest combined electricity generating station is also in China.

The Three Gorges Dam hydroelectric plant, which was completed

in 2012, is capable of producing a sustainable 22,500 MW.

 OBSERVATION:

■ Magnet is moved at certain rate and certain voltage is

produced.

■ Magnet is moved at faster rate and creating a greater

induced voltage.

■ Magnet is moved at same speed through coil that has greater

number of turn and greater voltage is induced.
 CONCLUSION:

Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and

published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electro-magnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday's is
not hard to grasp: it relates an induced electric potential or voltage to
a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many far-reaching
ramifications that touch our lives in many ways: from the shining of
the sun, to the convenience of mobile communications, to electricity
to power our homes. We can all appreciate the profound impact
Faraday's Law has on us.
 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMGNETIC
INDUCTION IN REAL LIFE:

The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many

devices and systems, including:

 Electrical generators

 Induction motors

 Induction sealing

 Inductive charging

 Transformers

 Wireless energy transfer

 Wireless charger
 PRECAUTIONS:

 Do all the connection carefully

 Do not scratch insulated copper wire while making loop

 Do not use digital voltmeter for above demonstration

 Do not use very thick or thin copper wire

 Use only insulated copper wire

 Keep yourself safe from high voltage

 Before doing any experiment please consult to your

subject teacher or lab assistance
 BIBLOGRAPHY:

i. NCERT TEXTBOOK FOR PHYSICS PART ONE

ii. https://en.wikipedia.org/
iii. https://pcmbnotes4u.com/
iv. https://www.toppr.com/
v. https://www.vedantu.com/physics/electric-generator
vi. https://www.cbse.gov.in/