1. Fungal infection - Human to human.

Ringworm often spreads through

direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person.
- Also called mycoses. - Animal to human. You can contract ringworm by
- Are the most common on your skin or nails touching an animal with ringworm. Ringworm can
spread while petting or grooming dogs or cats with
Where we can find fungal infection?
ringworm. Ringworm is fairly common in kittens,
- Outdoors, for example, in soil and on plants. puppies, cows, goats, pigs and horses.
- Indoors, on surfaces and in the air. - Object to human. It's possible for ringworm to spread
by contact with objects or surfaces that an infected
- On people’s skin and inside the body.
person or animal has recently touched. This includes
TYPES OF MYCOSES items such as clothing, towels, bedding, combs and
brushes.
- Superficial
- Cutaneous Pathogenesis-
- Subcutaneous
- Dermatophytes utilizes mannans (on their cell walls)
- Systemic
to adhere to keratinocytes
Cutaneous fungal infection(tinea capitis) - Mannans also cause some local immuno-supression.
- Dermatophytes release digestive
- Invaded the skin, hair/scalp, and nails. enzymes(keratinases) to penetrate an extend down
- This infection is caused by a group of fungi into hair shaft, causing infection and damage to hair
collectively referred to as dermatophytes. follicles.
- Dermatophytes infection are also called tinea or
WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS?
ringworm. Most commonly found in the environment
and can spread from one person to another through - Visiting areas with hot, humid weather
direct skin contact or, more rarely, through contact
- Playing contact sports.
with an infected animal or soil.
- Not bathing or washing your child frequently.
The three genera that cause these infections are: - Sharing objects and materials such as hats,
hairbrushes and sports equipment
1. Microsporum – infect the hair and nails only. - Living in a tropical environment.
2. Trichopyton – infect the skin, hair, and nails. - Living in close quarters with others.
3. Epidermophyton – infect only the skin and nails. - Having minor scalp injuries
- Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis)
They are classified into three:
- Having a weakened immune system due to
1. Zoophilic – from animals to human. conditions such as HIV/AIDS, cancer and diabetes.
2. Geophilic – from the soil to humans or animals.
3. Anthropophilic – from humans to animals.
Symptoms
Tinea capitis
- Swollen red patches
- Also called scalp or hair ringworm.
- Dry, scaly patches
- The scientific name is tinea tonsurans or herpes
tonsurans. - Severe itchiness
- Can be inflammatory or non-inflammatory. - Patches of hair loss (alopecia)
- Infection of the scalp caused by fungi known as - Flaking scalp that resembles dandruff
dermatophytes. - Low fever
- Swollen lymph nodes
Causative agent:
Treatment
- Tricophyton
- Microsporum - Griseofulvin
- Itraconazole
HOW DOES TINEA CAPITIS TRANSMITTED? - Fluconazole
- Antifungal cream
Shampoo for tinea capitis Medical parasitology- study of parasites that infect human
disease caused by then clinical procedure their diagnosis,
- Selenium sulfide shampoo treatment, and prevention as well as conrols.

If the child has kerion, may prescribed: - It involves drug development epidemiological studies
and study of zoonoses.
- Cortiscosteroid
- Organism that lives on or in a host and gets its food
- Prednisone
or at the expenses of its host. Can cause disease in
Prevention human.

- Avoid sharing personal items such as hats, Enterobius Vermicularis (pinworm)

hairbrushes, combs, pillows and helmets.
 the nematode (roundworm) enterobius vermicularis is
- Keep your child scalp clean and dry
widely known as the human pinworm due to the
- Keep children infected w/ tinea capitis away from female long, pointed tail.
healthy children  The egg of E. vermicularis is typically oval flat on one
- Avoid places where your child can pick up the side. The adult worms are small and yellowish white
infection in color.
- Wash pillows, sheets and other bedding frequently  They lives in the colon and rectum of humans.
- Wash your hands after petting, playing w/ or coming  Pinworms eggs can live on hard surfaces and in
into contact w/ pets. clothes and bedding for 2 to 3 wks.
Diagnosis Reservoir – human
- A Wood light examination - is a special type of Portal of entry/exit- direct anus to mouth
ultraviolet (UV) light. Your child’s healthcare provider
will shine a Wood light onto your child’s scalp. They Mode of transmission
may be able to determine the type of fungus causing
the ringworm.  Ingestion of eggs
- KOH stain - Your child’s healthcare provider will  Handling contaminated night clothes of the children.
gently scrape some of the skin from the infected area  Inhalation of air borne eggs present in the dust.
of your child’s scalp. They may also pluck some
hairs. In a lab, a technician will place the samples Organism produce the disease
onto a microscope slide. The slide contains a drop of
 deposition eggs in the anal area incitea
potassium hydroxide (KOH).
hypersensitivity reaction that leads to the prominent
What are the different classifications of the manifestation of the disease anal itchiness.
tinea/ringworm?  Vigorous scratching of the anus can lead to the
development of mucosal breaks in the anus while
1. Tinea pedis also known as athlete’s foot (feet). can become secondary infected.
 May obstruct the appendix leading to the
2. Tinea capitis (scalp) appendicitis.
3. Tinea corpis (body) Symptoms
4. Tinea cruris or jock itch ( groin)  Intense itching, intestinal irritation, mild nausea,
5. Tinea manus ( hands ) nervousness, restlessness, abdominal pain, loss of
appetite, weight loss, and girls may experience
6. Tinea barbae ( beard ) vaginal itching and irritation (vaginitis), if pinworms
are near the vagina.
7. Tinea unguium also known as onychomycosis(nails)
Causes
2. Parasitology – scientific study of parasites, their host and
relationship among them. 1. Heavy infection may cause anorexia
2. Behavioural changes such as sleep disturbance
Father of parasitology – Francesco redi 3. Nausea
4. Nail bite
 5. Grinding teeth at night 3. Characterized factors attract phagocytic cells
4. Phagocytes consume pathogens and cell debris.
Infective stage
Types of inflammation
 At night, the females migrate out of the body and
release eggs. Acute inflammation – is an immediate adaptive response
 People become infected usually unknowingly by with limited specificity caused by several noxious stimuli such
ingesting infective pinworm eggs. as infection and tissue damage (tissue necrosis)

Diagnostic stage Chronic inflammation – is also reffered to as slow long term

inflammation lasting for prolonged periods of several months
 Established by demonstration by the eggs or adult to years. Generally, the extent and effects of chronic
females using the scotch tape method. The small inflammation vary with the cause of the injury and the ability
size of the eggs may make recovery from stool of the body to repair and overcome the body.
difficult. Several samples may be necessary to
confirm the diagnosis. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Microorgansim found- worldwide  COPD is a chronic inflammation lung disease that

causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. Symptoms
Prevention include breathing difficulty, cough, mucus (sputum)
production and wheezing. It’s typically caused by
1. Good personal hygiene long term exposure to irritating gases or particular
2. Clipping of fingernails matter most often home cigarette smoke. People with
3. Through washing of beddings copd are at increased of developing heart
4. Prompt treatment of infected persons contribute to disease,lung cancer and a variety of other conditions.
the control and prevention of the parasite spreading
to other individual Symptoms
5. To avoid ingestion and/or inhalation of the eggs. It is
recommended to thoroughly clean the house using a  Shortness of breath especially during physical act.,
damp mop in area including the floor under the beds, wheezing, chest tightness, a chronic cough that may
windowsills, and overdoors, produce mucus (sputum) that may be clear, white,
yellow, or greenish, lack of energy, unintended
Treatment weight loss( in later stage) and swelling in ankles,
legs or feet.
 Albendazole
 Mebendazole Causes
 Pyrantel
 Household members also undergo treatment as  Smoking and air pollution are the most common
pinworm infection is considered a group infection. cause of COPD. People with COPD are at higher risk
of other health problems. COPD is not curable but
3. Inflammation – a protective response by the body symptoms can improve if one avoids smoking and
exposure to air pollution and gets vaccines to prevent
- Part of the body defense mechanism infections.
- It is the process by which the immune system
recognizes and removes harmful foreign stimuli and Several tests to diagnose COPD
begin the healing process.
Lung function test - this test measures how much air you
Inflammation response can breathe in and out of your lungs, as well as how easily
and fast you can blow the air out of your lungs. Your doctor
- Initiate within hours of infection or wounding may order spirometry if you have wheezing, shortness of
- Characterized by PAIN, HEAT, REDNESS, EDEMA breath or a cough.
AND LOSS OF FUNCTION.
Chest X-Ray- can show emphysema one of the main causes
Inflammatory response of COPD. An x-ray can also rule out other lung problems ot
heart failure.
1. Histamine and prostaglandins released
2. Capillaries dilate, clotting begins
CT scan – a ct scan of your lungs can help detect Portal of exit – the pathogen that causes mumps is virus
emphysema and determine if you might benefit from surgery found only in a human reservoir. It exits its human reservoir
for COPD. CT scan can also be used to screen for lung via mucous when an infected individual cough, sneezes or
cancer. talks. The virus also found in saliva, so cus, and utensils can
be eliminated.
Medications
Mode of transmission
Bronchodilators – are medications that usually come in
inhalers – they relax the muscles around your airways. This  Direct human contact
can help relieve coughing and shortness of breath amd make  Airborne droplets
breathing easier. Depending on the severity of you disease  Coughing or sneezing
you may need a short acting bronchodilator before activities,  When someone touches an infected surface and then
a long bronchodilator that you use everyday or both. touches the eyes, nose or mouth.
Nursing intervention Portal of entry – mumps Is transmitted by contact with virus
containing respiratory secretions including saliva; the portals
 Assess lung sounds at least every 4 hrs.
of entry are the nose and mouth.
 Monitor amount and color and consistency of sputum
 Proper position should be provided (high and semi Medications- there is no specific treatment for mumps. Most
fowlers position to prevent aspiration of secretion) people recover within 3 to 10 day. Steps you can take to aid
 Wheezes and crack in sounds may indicate excess recovery and lessen symptoms include:rest
secretions in airway
 Track purulent sputum indicates infection Pain reliever: pain relivers that you can get w/o prescription
 Helps in breathing such as ibuprofen (advil,motrin IB and others) and
acetaminophen (Tylenol, others)
Steps prevent COPD
Prevention
 Quit smoking
 The best way to prevent mumps is through an MMR
 Avoid second hand smoke
vaccination
 Stay safe from air pollution
 Take safety measures during mining, stone cutting, Prevent the spread of mumps through these steps:
exposure to chemical fumes etc.
 Family history of copd at time increases chances of  Don’t share items that may have saliva on them
copd or early occurrence. (drinks from cups, water bottles)
 Cover your coughs and sneezes
Mumps – is an illness caused by a virus. It usually affects the  Wash your hands often and thoroughly w/ soap and
glands on each side of the face. These glands, called parotid water
glands, make saliva. Swollen glands may be tender or  Clean and disinfect shared surfaces
painful. Mumps usually involves pain and swelling in one or
 Stay home. If you are sick. Contact your provider for
both parotid salivary glands (cheek and jaw area)
treatment.
What causes mumps
Home remedies
Mumps is a viral illness caused by a paramyxovirus, a
1. Consume plenty of fluids, ideally water avoid fruits
member of the rubulavirus family
juice as they stimulate the production of the saliva,
PARAMYXOVIRUS- is a family of single stranded RNA which can be painful
viruses known to cause different types of infections in 2. Place something cold on the swollen area to alleviate
vertebrates. Examples of these infection in humans include the pain
the measles virus, mumps virus, parainfluenza virus,and 3. Eat mushy or liquid food as chewing might be painful
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 4. Get sufficient rest and sleep
5. Gargle warm salt water
Signs and symptoms
Nursing management
 Fever, headache, swollen glands under the ear or
jaw, muscle aches and tiredness 1. The child must rest in bed until the fever goes away
 2. Isolate the child to prevent further spreading the What are the typical symptoms of a severe asthma
diseases to other attack? When you have a severe asthma attack, you get
3. Use analgesics and antipyretic to ease symptoms very wheezy, your chest gets tight, and you have trouble
4. Avoid food that require chewing breathing. You can have trouble speaking because you're out
5. Avoid sour foods that stimulate saliva production of breath. If your symptoms are typically mild, severe
6. Drink plenty of water problems could occasionally appear. Sometimes patients with
7. Use cold compress to ease the pain of swelling typically modest symptoms suddenly acquire severe
glands. symptoms.

4. Asthma - Asthma is a condition in which your airways What causes asthma? Asthma symptoms are brought on by
narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. This can airway inflammation, which can be brought on by various
make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling factors in different people. The muscles surrounding the
sound (wheezing) when you breathe out and shortness of airways constrict (squeeze) due to the inflammation. The
breath. airways narrow as a result of this. Air entering and exiting the
lungs is then more challenging. Wheezing and shortness of
Symptoms of asthma breath result from this. Additionally, the excess mucus that
the inflammation induces in the airway lining leads to
 Coughing and wheezing are typical asthma
coughing and further airflow obstruction.
symptoms
 Shortness of breath Things that may trigger asthma symptoms
 Chest tightness or pain
 Infections - particularly colds, coughs and chest
- Different persons and different periods in the same person infections.
may experience mild to severe asthma symptoms. The  Pollens and molds- asthma is often worse in the hay
duration of each bout of asthma symptoms might range from fever season.
an hour or so to days or weeks if untreated.  Exercise - getting asthma symptoms when you
exercise often means your asthma is undertreated. If
What are the typical symptoms if you have mild
it happens, it may mean you need to step up your
untreated asthma?
usual preventer treatment (see below). Sport and
 For instance, if you have a cold or a chest infection, exercise are good for you if you have asthma. If
you can start to cough and wheeze mildly. necessary, you can use an inhaler before exercise to
prevent symptoms from developing.
 You can get slight effects when you exercise or
during the hay fever season.  Certain medications - for example, about 1 in 50
people with asthma are allergic to aspirin, which can
 You may not experience any asthma symptoms for
trigger symptoms. Other medicines that may cause
the majority of the time. A youngster with mild
asthma symptoms include: Anti-inflammatory
asthma could cough irritatingly every night, but they
painkillers such as ibuprofen (for
usually feel well throughout the day.
example, Nurofen®), diclofenac, etc. Beta-blockers
What are the typical symptoms if you have moderate such as propranolol, atenolol, or timolol. This
untreated asthma? includes beta-blocker eye drops used to treat
glaucoma.
 You occasionally get wheezing and coughing  Smoking and cigarette - if you smoke and have
 You occasionally run out of breath. Spells, often very asthma, you should make every effort to stop. See a
long spells, are possible without any symptoms. pharmacist or practice nurse for help if you find it
 On most days, however, you likely to have some difficult. Passive smoking can make asthma worse
wheezing. The morning or the evening hours are too. Even where adults smoke away from children,
frequently when symptoms are at their worst. Some smoke on clothes, hair, etc., may make asthma
nights, you can wake up hacking or with a tight chest. worse. All children deserve to live in a smoke-free
 Young children might not display the usual home - in particular, children with asthma.
symptoms. In young children, it could be challenging  Emotions - asthma is not due to 'nerves'; however,
to distinguish between asthma and recurrent chest such things as stress, emotional upset, or laughing
infections. may trigger symptoms.
 Allergies to animals- for example, pet cats and dogs,
and horses. Some people notice that their symptoms
become worse when close to certain animals.
  House dust and mites- this is a tiny creature which GP may be able to provide this test, or you may be referred
lives in mattresses and other fabrics around the to a local clinic.
home. If you are allergic to it, it may make symptoms
worse. It is impossible to get rid of house dust mite Diagnosing asthma in children under 5 years old
completely. To greatly reduce their number takes a
Children under 5 often can't do the tests above accurately.
lot of time and effort and involves taking various
So guidelines recommend that if your doctor suspects your
measures. For example, using special mattress
under 5-year-old has asthma, they offer treatment based on
covers, removing carpets and removing or treating
their symptoms. However, once they reach the age of 5, they
soft toys. However, if symptoms are difficult to control
should have one or more of the tests below if they still have
with treatment and you are confirmed to be allergic to
symptoms.
house dust mite, it may be worth considering trying to
reduce their number. See the separate leaflet called Diagnosing asthma in 5- to 16-year-olds
House Dust Mite and Pet Allergy for more details.
 Some foods - this is uncommon. Food is not thought The European Respiratory Society (ERS) has suggested the
to be a trigger in most cases. main tests that should be used to diagnose asthma in young
people. These include:
- Some people only experience the symptoms of asthma
when they are exposed to a specific trigger, such as • Spirometry.
exercise-induced asthma. As was already noted, for many
asthmatics, exercise might exacerbate symptoms. However, • FeNO (see above).
some people only experience symptoms when they exercise;
• Using a 'reliever' inhaler to compare peak flow within
otherwise, they are well. Another illustration is the fact that
a few minutes compared to before using it.
some people only experience symptoms after being exposed
to certain toxins. • Some other specialist tests if the tests above don't
give a diagnosis either way.
HOW ASTHMA IS DIAGNOSED
• It does not recommend the following for diagnosis in
Spirometry is a test which measures how much air you can
5- to 16-year-olds:
blow out into a machine called a spirometer. Two results are
important: • Making a diagnosis based on symptoms alone,
without doing tests.
- The amount of air you can blow out in one second -
called forced expiratory volume in one second • Relying on a single abnormal test.
(FEV1).
- The total amount you can blow out in one breath - • A peak flow diary, looking at how peak flow varies.
called forced vital capacity (FVC). Your age, height
Treatments for asthma
and sex affect your lung volume. So, your results are
compared with a graph showing the average Inhalers- Most people with asthma are treated with inhalers.
predicted for your age, height and sex. Inhalers deliver a small dose of medicine directly to the
airways. The dose is enough to treat the airways. However,
A value is calculated from the amount of air that you can blow
the amount of medicine that gets into the rest of your body is
out in one second divided by the total amount of air that you
small so side-effects are unlikely, or minor. There are various
blow out in one breath (called FEV1:FVC ratio). A low value
inhaler devices made by different companies. Different ones
indicates that you have narrowed airways which are typical in
suit different people. A doctor or nurse will advise on the
asthma (but a low value can occur in other conditions too).
different types. Medicines delivered by inhalers can be
Therefore, spirometry may be repeated after treatment with a
grouped into relievers, preventers and long-acting
reliever inhaler. An improvement in the value after treatment
bronchodilators (medicines that keep the airway open for a
to open up the airways, is typical of asthma.
longer time):
FENO TEST - The National Institute for Health and Care
• A reliever inhaler is taken as needed to ease
Excellence (NICE) issued guidance in 2017 that most
symptoms. The medicine in a reliever inhaler relaxes
patients suspected of having asthma should have a fractional
the muscle in the airways. This makes the airways
exhaled nitrous oxide (FeNO) test. A FeNO test measures
open wider and symptoms usually quickly ease.
the levels of nitric oxide in the breath. Increased levels are
These medicines are also called bronchodilators, as
thought to be related to lung inflammation and asthma. Your
they widen (dilate) the bronchi and airways
 (bronchioles). There are several different reliever • Dupilumab (Dupixent®).
medicines - for example, salbutamol (Ventolin®)and
terbutaline. These come in various brands made by WHAT ARE THE DOSAGES OF TREATMENT?
different companies. If you only have symptoms
- Everyone is different. The correct dose of a preventer
every now and then, the occasional use of a reliever
inhaler is the lowest dose that prevents symptoms. A doctor
inhaler may be all that you need. However, if you
may prescribe a high dose of a preventer inhaler at first, to
need a reliever inhaler three times a week or more to
'get on top of symptoms' quickly. When symptoms have
ease symptoms, a preventer inhaler is usually
gone, the dose may then be reduced by a little every few
advised.
weeks. The aim is to find the lowest regular dose that keeps
• A preventer inhaler is taken every day to prevent symptoms away. Some people with asthma put up with
symptoms from developing. The medicine commonly symptoms. They may think that it is normal still to have some
used in preventer inhalers is a steroid. There are symptoms even when they are on treatment. A common
various brands. Steroids work by reducing the example is a night-time cough which can cause disturbed
inflammation in the airways. When the inflammation sleep. But, if this occurs and your symptoms are not fully
has gone, the airways are much less likely to become controlled, tell your doctor or nurse. Symptoms can often be
narrow and cause symptoms. It takes 7-14 days for prevented - for example, by adjusting the dose of your
the steroid in a preventer inhaler to build up its effect. preventer inhaler, or by adding in a long-acting
Therefore, it will not give any immediate relief of bronchodilator.
symptoms. However, after a week or so of treatment,
A typical treatment plan for asthma
the symptoms have often gone, or are much
reduced. It can take up to six weeks for maximum • Some people may need to add in an LTRA and/or a
benefit. You should then continue with the preventer long-acting bronchodilator if symptoms are not
inhaler every day even when your symptoms have controlled with the above.
gone - this is to prevent symptoms from coming back.
You should then not need to use a reliever inhaler • At first, adjusting doses of inhalers is usually done on
very often (if at all). the advice of a doctor or nurse. In time, you may
agree an asthma action plan with your doctor or
Tablets to open up the airways nurse.
Most people do not need tablets, as inhalers usually work What is an asthma action plan?
well. However, in some cases a tablet (or medicine in liquid
form for children) is prescribed in addition to inhalers if An asthma action plan is a plan agreed by you with your
symptoms are not fully eased by inhalers alone. Various doctor or nurse. The plan enables you to make changes to
tablets may be used which aim to open up the airways. Some the dose of your inhalers, depending on your symptoms
young children use liquid medication instead of inhalers. and/or peak flow readings. The plan is tailored to you. It is
Biologic therapies for keeping airways open Monoclonal written down, usually on a standard form, so you know what
antibodies are biologic treatments used for treating many to do at any time.
diseases. They work by targeting specific cells and proteins
to make the disease better. In asthma, they work by Your plan should include:
interfering with the immune system to reduce inflammation in
• What to do when you are unwell - for example, with a
the airways. These are medicines that are only used in a
cold - and when to seek help
small number of people who have severe persistent allergic
asthma that have not been controlled by other treatments. • What to do if your symptoms become worse with hay
So, it is not a common treatment. They are most commonly fever or exercise.
given by injection. These treatments can only be started by a
specialist. A discussion on ways to reduce your exposure to air pollution
around you, both indoors and outdoors. If your asthma is
• Mepolizumab (Nucala). triggered by household sprays, air fresheners or aerosols,
you should try to avoid using them or use non-spray
• Reslizumab (Cinqaero®) - this one is given through
alternatives instead. Mould and house dust mites in the home
your vein as a drip.
can also make asthma worse. If you have problems with
• Benralizumab (Fasenra®). mould in your home, speak with your GP - they sometimes
can help you request a housing assessment from the local
• Omalizumab (Xolair®). authority.
Does asthma go away? Signs and symptoms

There is no once-and-for-all cure. However, about half of the - Restlessness, anxious, irritability, edema, skin
children who develop asthma grow out of it by the time they flushed, and dry, dry mouth, fatigue, increased thirst
are adults.For many adults, asthma is variable with some (polydipsia)
good spells and some spells that are not so good. Some
people are worse in the winter months and some are worse in Hyponatremia (135mEq/L)
the hay fever season. Although not curable, asthma is
- Headache, nausea, abdominal pain, lethargy
treatable. Stepping up the treatment for a while during bad
(fatigue) , restlessness
spells will often control symptoms.
Dietary source of sodium.
Don't underestimate asthma!!!?

Because modern management is so effective, many people - Green leafy vegetables, dried fuits, carrot and
with asthma are well controlled. However, this has led to the raddish
belief that asthma is a mild and even trivial condition. - Animals food like; milk, egg white, fish and meat

5. Electrolyte imbalance Potassium- plays a vital role in cell metabolism. Keeps blood
pressure levels stable, regulates heart contraction. Normal
Electrolytes – are nutrients that are important for a variety of value (3.5-5 mEq/L)
essential functions in your body including brain, nerve,
muscle function, and hydrate the body.. Imbalance of potassium can result to;

 Fluids in your body contain electrolytes gained from Hyperkalemia (5 mEq/L)

the food and liquids you consume
Signs and symptoms
 When electrolytes dissolve in your body fluid; it
allows them to conduct electricity and sends. - Muscle cramps, twitching, ascending paralysis,
Electrical signal throughout your body to support nausea
bodily functions to keep you alive and healthy.
Hypokalemia (3.5 mEq/L)
Electrolytes include:
Signs and symptoms
 Sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium,
phosphorous - Thread, weak, constipation, dysrhythmias, lots of
urine (polyuria)
Electrolyte imbalance- an electrolyte occurs when you have
too much or not enough of certain minerals in your body. Dietary source of potassium .

Main causes of an electrolyte imbalance - Banana peaches, potato, orange, pineapple

- Organ meat (liver) are good sources of potassium.
 Fluid loss from heavy exercise or physical activity Coconut water has a very high content of potassium.
 Sweating
 Vomiting and diarrhea
 Poor diet low in essential nutrients
Magnesium – helps to maintain normal nerve and muscle
 Malabsorption of essential nutrients
function and supports a healthy immune system. Normal
 Medications including antibiotics, diuretics, and
value (1.5-2.5 mEq/L). important component of bone (50%)
chemotheraphy drugs
 Major disease and medical conditions Imbalance magnsesium can result t:

Sodium – plays a critical role in helping the right balance of Hypermagnesemia (2.5 md/dL)
fluid. Normal values( 135-145mEq/L). most abundant
electrolyte in your body. Signs and symptoms (low everything aka sedated)

Imbalance sodium can result to; - Low HR (bradycardia), Low bp (hypotension) low rr
( bradypnea
Hypernatremia (145 mEq/L)
Hypomagnesemia (1.5 md/dL)
Signs and symptoms ( high everything aka not sedated) - A variety of foods naturally contain phosphorus and
the richest sources are diary, red meat, poultry,
- High HR (tachycardia. High BP (hypertension), seafood, legumes, and nuts. Phosphorus from these
seizures, irritability is called organic phosphorus.
- Milk, pork, organ meats, chicken and turkey
Dietary source of magnesium.
(roasted), salmon,scallops, tilapia, sunflower and
- Avocado, pumpkin seeds, some fatty such as salmon pumpkin seeds, peanuts, green peas, cauliflower,
and mackerel, cacao, sesame seeds, broccoli, okra cabbage (green or red) carrots.

Calcium – helps make bone and teeth strong. Helps your

body with muscle contractions, muscle movement, and blood
clotting. Normal value ( 9-11 mg/dL)

Imbalance of calcium can result to;

Hypercalcemia (11 mg/dL)

Signs and symptoms

- Bone pain, arrthymias , cardiac arrest (bounding

pulse), kidney stones, muscle weakness, excessive
urination

Hypocalcemia (9 mg/dL)

Signs and symptoms

- Convulsions, spasms and stridor, numbness in

fingers, face and limbs

Dietary source of calcium.

- Dairy foods like; milk, yogurt, cheese

- Leafy green leaves, nuts and seeds, sardine

Phosphorus – the main function of phosphorus is in the

formation of bone and teeth. It plays an important role in how
the body uses carbohydrates and fats. Normal value (2.5-4.5
mg/dL)

Imbalance of phosphorus can result to;

Hyperphosphatemia (4.5 mg/dL)

Signs and symptoms

- Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, poor

appetite, bone and joint pain, muscle cramps

Hypophosphatemia (2.5 mg/dL)

Signs and symptoms

- Confusion, muscle weakness, feeling tired and upset,

tooth decay, or late baby teeth.

Dietary source of phosphorus