Chapter 1: Complex Numbers

© VTC 2023
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Contents
 What is Complex Numbers?
 Basic Operations (+, -, X, /)
 Graphical Representations
 Rectangular Forms
 Polar Forms
 Euler’s Forms

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Complex Numbers
 What is Complex Numbers?

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 Number System

 Simple Number System (數字系統)

 Integers (整數): 0, 1, 2, 3, … (count things)
 e.g. 3 apples, 5 girls
 Real Numbers (實數): -0.04, , π … (for measurement)
 e.g. 2.7 cm, 8.88 sec, $5.5, -273.5K 2

 Integers and Real Numbers can be represented by a number line (數線)

 Seems that Integers and Real Numbers can fully represent all the
“numbers”. Is it true?
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 Problems in Solving Quadratic
Equations(二次方程式)

 How can we solve for x?

ax2 + bx + c = 0
 By using the following formula:
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a

 Solving x2 - 2x - 1 = 0, we have two possible solutions for x

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 Problems in Solving Quadratic
Equations

 We have: − (−2) ± (−2) 2 − 4(1)(−1)

x =
2(1)
2± 8
=
2
= 1± 2
 The two solutions are Real Numbers
 Either x = 1+ 2 or 1− 2

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 Problems in Solving Quadratic
Equations

 What about solving x2 - 2x + 3 = 0 for x?

 Still using our formula:
− (−2) ± (−2) 2 − 4(1)(3)
x =
2(1)
2± −8
=
2

 But we don’t know what − 8 is.

 Try our best to simplify it as
− 8 = 4 × 2 × −1
= 4 × 2 × −1
= 2 × 2 × −1 7
 Imaginary Numbers

 Still don’t know what − 1 is, as − 1can’t be found in a Number Line.

 − 1 is not a real number should be treated as a new kind of “number” in
another “domain”
 Mathematician use j (or i)* to represent it as a algebraic symbol.

j = −1
 As j is not “real”, we use a term “imaginary” to describe it. j is called
Imaginary Number (虛數)
 * Mathematicians use this i to represent such imaginary entity but since i is also
used to represent AC current in circuit, engineers replace it by j.
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 Imaginary Numbers

 Now 2 × 2 × −1 = 2 × 2 × j

 A imaginary number can be multiplied by any real number

 Let c and d be real numbers.

 An imaginary number can in the form c j or d j (i.e. j x c

or j x d or c x j or d x j )
 E.g. 3.4 j, -5.8 j, 100 j

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Imaginary Numbers
 Simply treat j as a symbol for +, -, x and /
Addition: c j + d j = (c + d) j
Subtraction: c j - d j = (c - d) j
*Multiplication: c j x d j = c x d x -1 ( − 1x − 1 = -1)
*Division: c j / d j = c / d
 E.g. 3 j + 5 j = (5+3) j = 8 j
3 j – 5 j = (3 – 5) j = -2 j
3 j x 5 j = 3 x 5 x -1 = -15
3 j / 5 j = 3/5 = 0.6

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 Complex Numbers

 With imaginary number, solutions to x2 - 2x + 3 = 0 now become

x = 1+ 2 j or 1− 2 j
 X are the mixture of both real number and imaginary numbers.
 If a number X is in the form c = a + b j , we call that X is a Complex
Number (複數).
 For x2 - 2x + 3 = 0, don’t have solution in real number (the solution is not
on a number line)
 If extend from real number system to complex number system, we do have
solutions

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Complex Numbers
 All complex numbers c are written in
c=a+bj
 where a and b are real numbers
 a is called real part (實部) of c
 b is called imaginary part (虛部) of c
 E.g. 6 + 3j, -7.5-4.5j, 1.1-6.2j, -5.9+j, 6.7j
 If a = 0, c is called a pure imaginary number
 If b = 0, c is reduced to a real number

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Complex Numbers
 Basic Operations (+, -, X, /)

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Operations of Complex Number
 Complex Addition:
Let Z1 be a + jb and Z2 be c + jd

Z1 + Z2 = (a + jb) + (c + jd)
= (a + c) + (b + d) j = e + jf
 E.g. Z1 = 3 + 2 j and Z2 = 4 – 5 j

Z1 + Z2 = (3 + 2 j) + (4 – 5 j)
= (3 + 4) + (2 – 5) j
=7–3j
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Operations of Complex Number
 Complex Subtraction:
Let Z1 be a + jb and Z2 be c + jd

Z1 – Z2 = (a + jb) - (c + jd)
= (a - c) + (b - d) j = m + jn
 E.g. Z1 = 3 + 2 j and Z2 = 4 – 5 j

Z1 – Z2 = (3 + 2 j) - (4 – 5 j)
= (3 - 4) + (2 – (-5)) j
= -1 +7 j
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Operations of Complex Number
 Complex Multiplication:
Let Z1 be a + jb and Z2 be c + jd
Z1 x Z2 = (a + jb) x (c + jd)
= a x c + c x jb + a x jd + jd x jb
= (a x c) + (c x b x j) + (a x d x j) + (j x j x b x d)
= (ac – bd) + (ad + cb) j

 E.g. Z1 = 3 + 2 j and Z2 = 4 – 5 j
Z1 x Z2 = (3 + 2 j) x (4 – 5 j)
= (3 x 4) + (4 x 2 x j) + (3x(-5)xj) + (j x j x 2 x (-5))
= (12 + 10) + (8 – 15) j = 22 – 7 j
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Operations of Complex Number

 Complex Division:
Let Z1 be a + jb and Z2 be c + jd
Z1 a + jb a + jb c − jd ac + jbc − jad − j 2bd
= = × =
Z 2 c + jd c + jd c − jd cc + jcd − jcd − j 2 dd
(ac + bd ) + (bc − ad ) j
=
c2 + d 2
 E.g. Z1 = 3 + 2 j and Z2 = 4 – 5 j

Z1 (3 × 4 + 2 × (−5)) + (2 × 4 − 3 × (−5)) j 2 + 23 j 2 23
= 2 2
= = + j
Z2 4 + (−5) 41 41 41
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 Complex Conjugate

 Let Z be a + b j
 Complex Conjugate (共軛數) of Z defined as
Z =a–bj
 What is ZZ ?
ZZ = (a + jb) x (a – jb)
ZZ = a2 − jab + jab − j2b2 = a2 + b2
 E.g. Z = 3+4j Z = 3 - 4j
= 3^2 + 4^2 = 25 (real number!)
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Tutorial and Exercise for students
 We will demonstrate the following questions:

 Tutorial 1:
 Question 1 a) to 1 d)
 Question 2 a) to 2 c)
 Question 3 a) to 3 b)

 The remaining questions in the tutorial should be done by

students

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Complex Number
 Graphical Representations

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Argand Diagram
 A Real Number can be graphically represented by a
point on Number Line.
 Complex number can only be represented graphically by
so called Argand Diagram (阿根圖).
 Argand Diagram is a 2-dimensional presentation of a
complex number.
 Consists of two perpendicular (垂直) axis, real axis (實
軸) and imaginary axis (虛軸)

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Argand Diagram

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Argand Diagram
 The complex number A = 3+2 j is represented by

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 Argand Diagram
Im

Complex numbers can be

shown Geometrically on an
Argand diagram
The real part of the number is
represented on the x-axis and
Re
the imaginary part on the y.
-3
-4j
3 + 2j
2 – 2j
Argand Diagram
 Point A represents the complex number 2 + 3j and is obtained by plotting the
coordinates (2, 3) on Argand plane
 An arrow is drawn from the origin to the point as shown

 Point A, B, C and D represent the complex numbers 2+3j, 3 −j , − 2 +2j and

− 4 −3j respectively.

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Argand Diagram
 The addition of complex numbers can be shown in a Argand diagram
 P=3+2j
 Q=2–4j
 P + Q = R1
 R1 = (3+2) + (2 - 4) j
=5–2j
 Addition can be done by drawing a parallelogram(平行四邊形) and the sum is
the diagonal of the parallelogram

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Argand Diagram
 The subtraction of complex numbers can also be shown in a Argand diagram
 P=3+2j
 Q=2–4j
 Q’ = -1xQ = = -2 + 4 j
 P - Q = P + Q’ = R2
 drawing a parallelogram and the sum is the diagonal of the parallelogram
 R1 = (3 + (-2)) + (2 + 4) j
=1+6j

Turn 180 deg

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 Modulus and Argument

 The modulus (模數) of a

complex number
z = x + y j is given by

| z |= r = x 2 + y 2

 The modulus is represented on

the Argand diagram by the
distance OZ.

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 Modulus and Argument
 Argument of z is the angle θ
turned from the positive axis to
line OZ.
 θ = Arg(z)
 tan θ = y/x
θ = arctan(y/x)
 The principal value of θ is
confined to the range
in radians −π ≤ θ ≤ π
in degrees − 180o ≤ θ ≤ 180o 29
 Radians to Degrees

o
 2π (radians) =360 (degrees)

 X (radians) = ? (degrees)

X
 X (radians) = × 3600 (degrees)
2π

 E.g. π (radians) = π × 360 0 = 180 0 (degrees)

2π

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Degrees to Radians

 2π (radians) = 360o (degree)

X o (degree) = ? (radians)

0
X o (degree) =
X
0
× 2π (radians)
360
o 1350 3
 E.g.135 (degrees) = 0
× 2π = π = 2.36 (radians)
360 4

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 Example on Modulus and
Argument

What is the modulus and Argument of z

= -3+4 j ?
| z |= r = (−3) 2 + 4 2 z

=5

θ turned from the positive axis to line o

OZ.
only know θ' = arctan(4/3) = 53o 8‘
θ = 180o - θ' = 126 o 52'
Arg(z) = θ = 126 o 52'
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 Polar Form

 A complex number z = a + bj can be represented by its modulus |z|

and argument ∠θ .
Polar Form
z = a + bj = |z|∠θ

Where | z |= a 2 + b 2 and ∠θ = arctan(b/a)

 From previous example z = -3+4 j, its polar form should be

z = -3+4 j = 5 ∠ 126 o 52'

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Polar to Rectangular
Given z = |z|∠θ, where |z| = r

by trigonometric identity we have

 x = r cos θ = |z| cos θ
 y = r sin θ = |z| sin θ
Polar Form

Allow us to change from |z|∠θ -> x + yj

E.g. z = 5 ∠ 126 o 52’ Rectangular form

x = 5 cos 126 o 52’ = -3
y = 5 sin 126 o 52’ = 4
z = -3 + 4 j

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Why Polar form?
 Polar form can greatly simplify complex multiplication and
division.
 given Z1 = r1 ∠θ1 and Z2 = r2 ∠θ2

Z1 x Z2 = r1 x r2 ∠(θ1 + θ2 )

E.g. Z1 = 3 ∠ 25 o and Z2 = 2 ∠ 32 o
Z1 x Z1 = 3 x 2 ∠ (25 o + 32 o ) = 6 ∠ 57 o

 θ can be in radians or degrees

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 Why Polar form?

 complex division
given Z1 = r1 ∠θ1 and Z2 = r2 ∠θ2

Z1 r1 Z1 3
= ∠(θ1 − θ 2 ) = ∠(250 − 320 ) = 1.5 ∠ − 7 0
Z2 2
Z 2 r2

E.g. Z1 = 3 ∠ 25 o and Z2 = 2 ∠ 32 o
θ can be in radians or
degrees
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The Polar form of a complex
number
 So far we have plotted the position of a complex number on the
Argand diagram by going horizontally on the real axis and
vertically on the imaginary.
 This is just like plotting co-ordinates on an x,y axis
 However it is also possible to locate the position of a complex
number by the distance travelled from the origin (pole), and the
angle turned through from the positive x-axis.
 These are called “Polar coordinates”
 The Polar form of a complex
number
(x,y) r is the The
MODULUS ARGUMENT
(r, θ)
REAL IMAGINARY cosθ = x/r, sinθ = y/r
part
Part x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ,
The picture can't be displayed.

Im Im

r
y
θ
x Re Re
 Converting from Cartesian to Polar
 2 −1 y 
( x=
, y ) ( r=
, θ )  x + y , tan
2

 x
 Convert the following from Cartesian to Polar

Im
 i) (1,1) = (√2,π/4)

 ii) (-√3,1) = (2, 5π/6)

r
y
 iii) (-4,-4√3) = (8, -2π/3)
θ
x Re
 Converting from Polar to Cartesian
( r ,θ ) = ( x, y )( r cos θ , r sin θ )
 Convert the following from Polar to Cartesian

 i) (4, π/3) = (2, 2√3)
Im

 ii) (3√2, -π/4) = (3, -3)

r
 iii) (6√2, 3π/4) = (-6, 6) y
θ
x Re
 Euler’s formula
 In mathematics, there is a special number called Napier’s
constant e.
 e = 2.7182182…
 ex can be written as an infinite sum of terms:
x x 2 x3 x 4 x5
e = 1+ x + + + + +
2! 3! 4! 5!

 Similarly, cos x and sin x can also be expressed as infinite sum

x2 x4 x6
cos x = 1 − + − +  x must be in radians
2! 4! 6! not in degrees
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 Euler’s formula
x3 x5 x7
sin x = x − + − +  x must be in radians
3! 5! 7! not in degrees
 Substitute x by j θ

( j θ ) 2 ( jθ ) 3 ( jθ ) 4 ( jθ ) 5
e jθ = 1 + jθ + + + + +
2! 3! 4! 5!
θ2 θ3 θ4 θ5
= 1 + jθ − −j + +j +
2! 3! 4! 5!
θ2 θ4  θ3 θ5 
=1 − + −  + j θ − + − 
2! 4!  3! 5! 
= cos θ + j sin θ θ must be in radians
not in degrees 42
 Euler’s formula

 Recall that: z = x + yj = |z|∠θ

 Modulus: |z| = r
 z = r cos θ + j r sin θ
θ must be in radians
= r (cos θ + j sin θ) not in degrees
= r e jθ
 This is called Euler form or Exponential form of a complex
number

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 Rectangular form to Euler form

 z = -3 + 4 j
z
 Modulus: |z| = r= (−3) 2 + 4 2 = 5

 θ’= arctan(4/3) = 53o 8’

 θ = 180o - θ' = 126 o 52’
 Change to radians:
θ= 126052' = 2.21 (radians)
× 2π
3600

j 2.21
 z=r e
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Polar Form of a complex number
 Every complex number has a Cartesian form and a polar
form. e Cartesian form a + bi is the form
 you are probably most familiar with, but we can convert this
form to polar form r e jθ using the same formulas we saw
 z = r cos θ + j r sin θ
= r (cos θ + j sin θ)
= r e jθ

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48
Summary of forms of complex
numbers

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Using calculator for complex number
 For Casio FX-3650P / FX-3950P,
FX-50FH / FX-50F
 Press MODE 2 into CMPLX mode
。
 Remember to press MODE 1 return
to COMP mode when you have
finished the calculations。

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Complex number keys for input value :
e.g. 5 ∠ 20 ; 3 + 4i

∠ 按 SHIFT (-) 用來輸入 Polar form 的

Angle 5 ∠ 20
i 按 ENG 鍵 3 + 4i
Re←→Im 按 SHIFT EXE (用來交代替顯示: Real
or j part ; Magnitude or Angle)
r∠θ 按 SHIFT + 用來轉換成 Polar form
a+bi 按 SHIFT – 用來轉換成 Rectangular
form

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例一：將 5 ∠ 20 轉為 Rectangular Form :
按 5 SHIFT (-) 20 SHIFT – EXE. 顯示 4.698 ( 實數部份 Real Part 的
數值 ). 再按 Re←→Im 顯示 1.710 ( 虛數部份 Imaginary Part 的數
值 ).
亦即是說 5 ∠ 20 = 4.698 + 1.710 i

例二：將 3 + 4i 轉為Polar Form :

按 3 + 4 i SHIFT + EXE. 顯示 5 ( Modulus Value 的數值 ). 再按
Re←→Im 顯示 53.130 ( Angle )
亦即是說 3 + 4i = 5 ∠ 53.1
例三：計算 (3 + 4i) + (2 – i) :
按 3 + 4 i + 2 – i 顯示 5 ( 實數部份 Real Part 的數值 ). 再按
Re←→Im 顯示 3 ( 虛數部份 Imaginary Part 的數值 )
亦即是說 (3 + 4i) + (2 – i) = 5 + 3i 52
 計算減、乘和除的按法和例三按法類似( 當然要適當
加入括號 )。

例四：計算 (3 + 4i) + 5 ∠ 53.1

按 (3 + 4 i) + (5 ∠ 53.1) 顯示 6 ( Real Part 的數值 )
再按 Re←→Im 顯示 7.998 ( Imaginary Part 的數值 ) 亦
即是說 (3 + 4i) + 5 ∠ 53.1 = 6 + 8 i

例五： 將以上 Ans 即刻 轉成 Polar form :

按 Ans r∠θ EXE 顯示 9.999 (Absolute value)
再按 Re←→Im 顯示 53.1 ( Angle )

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例六： 計算 3 + 4i x 5 ∠ 20 ( Ans. is 7.25 + 23.9 i or
25∠ 73.1 )
按 (3 + 4 i) x (5 ∠ 20) EXE 一定要加括弧

例七： 3 + 4 i ÷ 2 ∠ 15 ( Ans. is 1.967 + 1.544 i

or 2.5∠ 38.13 )
按 (3 + 4i) ÷ (2 ∠ 15) EXE 一定要加括弧

例八： 5 ∠ 20 x 2 ∠ 15 ( Ans. is 8.19+ 5.73 i or 10∠

35 )
按 (5 ∠ 20) x (2 ∠ 15) EXE 一定要加括弧

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Tutorial and Exercise for students
 We will demonstrate the following questions:

 Tutorial 2:
 Question 1 a) to 1 c)
 Question 2 a) to 2 b)
 Question 3
 Question 4
 The remaining questions in the tutorial should be done by
students

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Application of complex number to solve
RLC circuits
Total impedance

Total current

Pd across Z1 and Z2

By Kirchhoff’s voltage law

The power to the circuit Power factor

where θT is the phase angle between E and I. 56

Example 1

Find total impedance ZT

Total current

Impedance diagram 57
Voltage across resistor, inductor and capacitor

Phasor diagram 58
The total power in watts delivered to the circuit is
PT = EI cos θT = 50 x 10 x cos 53.13°
= (500)(0.6)
= 300 W

The power factor of the circuit is

Fp = cos θT = cos 53.13°
= 0.6 lagging

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Tutorial and Exercise for students
 We will demonstrate the following questions:

 Tutorial 3:
 Question 1
 Question 2
 Question 5
 Question 6

 The remaining questions in the tutorial should be done by

students

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