Evolution of the Philippine Politics and Governance

Barangay- a settlement of 30 to 100 families ruled by the chieftain called Datu.

Powers of a Datu- He was a chief executive, chief legislator, chief judge, and
commander in military.
Duties of a Datu
✓ It was to rule and govern his people.
✓ Promote welfare and interests.
✓ Chieftain during wars and voyages
Spanish Colonial Government
Centralized Government ruled by the Governor-General.
Real Audencia- Court
Alcalde Mayor- Alcadia (Province)
Gobernadorcillo- Pueblo (Town)
Cabeza de Barangay- Barrio
Biak-na-Bato Constitution

• “Separation of the Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and their

formation into an independent state”.

American Colonization

• Military Government
• Civil Government- Willian Howard Taft Commissioner
• Commonwealth Government- Tydings-Mcduffie Law- Manuel Luis M.
Quezon- 1935 Constitution
Japanese Occupation

• Jose P. Laurel- 3rd President and President of Japanese Sponsored

Government (Puppet Government)
• Sergio Osmeña- 4th President of the Philippines (1944-1946)

Third Republic

• Manuel A. Roxas- 5th President and 1st President of Third Philippine

Republic (1946-1948)
• Elpidio Quirino- 6th President and succeeds in the position after
Manuel Roxas died. (1948-1953)
• Ramon Magsaysay- 7th President, “Idol of the Masses” (1953-1957)
• Carlos P. Garcia- 8th President, “Filipino First Policy” (1957-1961)4
• Diosdado Macapagal- 9th President, founding member of Maphilindo,
through the Manila Accord of 1963.
 • Ferdinand Marcos, Sr.- The last president of the Third Republic of the
Philippines Prior to the events of Martial Law, longest serving
president (1965-1986). - Edsa I
• Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino- 11th president of the Philippines and the
first woman to become president of the country. (1986-1992)
• Fidel V. Ramos- 12th President, Centennial President
• Joseph Estrada- 13th president in 1998 after Ramos finished his
term.
• Gloria Macapagal Arroyo- 14th President, Hello Garci Controversy.
• Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III, a.k.a Noynoy and PNoy, was
proclaimed as the 15th president of the republic on June 30, 2010.
Implements the K12 Curriculum
• Rodrigo Roa Duterte- 16th President and 1st Mindanaoan presidest,
drug war, ejk

Executive Department
Section 1: The executive power shall be vested in the President of the
Philippines.
President
➢ The head of state and head of government
➢ Commander-in-Chief of AFP
➢ Control over executive departments, bureaus, and offices, enforces the
laws
Article VII of the Philippine Constitution: The Executive Department
Section 4. The President and the Vice-President shall be elected by direct vote of
the people for a term of six years which shall begin at noon on the thirtieth
day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of the
same date six years thereafter. The President shall not be eligible for any
reelection. No person who has succeeded as President and has served as such for
more than four years shall be qualified for election to the same office at any time.
Article VII of the Philippine Constitution: The Executive Department
Section 2: President is elected and must be:
✓ Natural-born citizen of the Philippines
✓ Registered voter
✓ Able to read and write.
✓ At least 40 years of age on the day of election
✓ Resident of the Philippines for at least 10 years
Powers of the President- Stated in 1987 Phil Constitution on Article VII Secs. 16-
23
Pardoning, Reprieved, Commutation, Amnesty (Sec. 19)
VETO Power – the president refuses the bill (Article VI Sec 27(1))

Legislative Department
SECTION 1. The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the
Philippines which shall consist of a, except to the extent reserved to the people by
the provision on initiative and referendum Senate and a House of
Representatives.
24 Senators (Art. VI, Sec. 2)
Not more than 250 Representatives (Art. VI, Sec. 5(1)) -Bicameral Congress
Please review the venn diagram in ppt
✓ Regular election
will be held on the 2nd Monday of May (Art. VI, Sec 8)
✓ A bill is a draft of law presented to legislation for the enactment, by the
approval by Congress and the president of the Republic.
✓ Article VI SECTION 27. (1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it
becomes a law, be presented to the President. If he approves the same, he
shall sign it; otherwise, he shall veto it and return the same with his
objections to the House where it originated, which shall enter the objections
at large in its Journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such
reconsideration, , it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other
House by which it shall likewise two-thirds of all the Members of such
House shall agree to pass the bill be reconsidered, and if approved by two-
thirds of all the Members of that House, it shall become a law. In all such
cases, the votes of each House shall be determined by yeas or nays, and the
names of the Members voting for or against shall be entered in its Journal.
The President shall communicate his veto of any bill to the House where it
originated within thirty days after the date of receipt thereof; otherwise, it
shall become a law as if he had signed it.
✓ Resolutions convey principles and sentiments of the Senate or the House of
Representatives.
✓ Non-legislative function
✓ Constituent. (Art. XVII, Sec 1)
✓ Electoral. (Art. VI, Sec. 16(1))(Art. VII, Sec. 4(5))
✓ Executive. (Art. VI, Sec. 29(1) (Art. VII, Sec. 21)
✓ Judicial. (Art. XI, Sec.2) (Art. VI, Sec. 16(3))
✓ Investigative.
Specific Powers of the congress
1. To declare the existence of the state of war (Art. VI, Sec. 23(1))
2. Delegate emergency powers to the President (Art. VI, Sec. 23(2))
 3. Appropriation (Art. VI, Sec. 24-25)
4. Taxation ((Art. VI, Sec. 28(1-2))
5. Concur in treaties through the Senate and the House of Representatives (Art.
VII, Sec. 21)
6. Concur to grant of Amnesty (Art. VII, Sec. 19)
7. Act as Board of Canvassers for Presidential and Vice-Presidential elections
(Art. VII, Sec. 4)

Judicial Department
➢ The judicial branch of the government is the primary agency that handles
matters concerning the settlement of issues regarding the rights and
interpretation of law.
Article VIII Judicial Department
Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such
lower courts as may be established by law.
Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual
controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to
determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to
lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the
Government.
Supreme Court

- Highest court
- It is the final court that decides in any and all judicial issues.
- It can review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm, final judgments and
orders of the lower court. (Art. VIII, Sec. 5(2))
- It is composed of a Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices (Art. VII,
Sec 4(1))
- The Philippine President appoints members of the judiciary from a
list submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council which is under the
supervision of the Supreme Court. (Art. VIII, Sec. 9)
- Chief Justice Alexander G. Gesmundo- current Chief Justice
Qualifications
The following are the requirements to be appointed to the Supreme Court:

- Natural-born citizen of the Philippines

- At least 50 years old at the time of appointment
- Must have been a judge of a lower court or engaged in the practice of
law in the country for 15 years or more.
- Must be a person of proven competence, integrity, probity and
independence.

Regional Trial Court

- Highest trial court

 - called second level courts and are divided into thirteen (13) judicial
regions (further subdivided into several branches). RTCs are called
appellate courts because these courts hear appeals and review the
decisions of lower courts.

Type of courts (read PPG 9 module)

Shari’a Court-Muslim court
Regional Trial Court

- Highest trial court

- called second level courts and are divided into thirteen (13) judicial
regions (further subdivided into several branches). RTCs are called
appellate courts because these courts hear appeals and review the
decisions of lower courts.

Sandiganbayan
This is a special court that has exclusive jurisdiction on committed violations of
anti-graft and corruption laws by public officials and employees in relation to their
position and office.

Court of Appeals
Court of Appeals has jurisdiction over appeals from the decision of the Regional
Trial Courts.
Metropolitan Trial Courts and Municipal Trial Courts in Cities
Municipal trial courts inside the Metropolitan Area are called Metropolitan trial
courts. Municipal trial courts in cities outside Metropolitan Manila are called
Municipal trial courts in cities.

Decentralization and Local Government

Barangay is the basic unit of government. It is made up of at least two thousand

(2000) inhabitants certified by Philippine Statistics Authority.

4 Local Government Units

1. Provincial

2. Municipality
Basic Functions of Cities and Municipalities
1. Ensure the delivery of basic services.
2. Enact policies and laws, enforce them, and govern their
jurisdiction.
3. Exercise regulatory powers within their jurisdictional areas to
ensure that private enterprise does not impede the good and welfare of
the public.
4. Issue permits and licenses and to revoke or taking back the same if
necessary for local business, land use and construction, both for
industrial and private purposes.
 3. City. A municipality or a cluster ofBarangays may be converted into
acomponent city if it has an average annual income, as certified by the
Department of Finance, of at least Twenty million pesos
(Php20,000,000.00) for the last two (2) consecutive years based on
1991 constant prices

4. Barangay
Basic Functions of Barangay
1. Ensure the delivery of basic services.
2. Enforce laws and regulation relating to the protection of the
environment.
3. Adopt measures to prevent and eradicate drug abuse, child abuse
and juvenile
delinquency.
4. Serves a forum where people’s interests and opinions on local and
national issues are articulated

Republic act 7160 otherwise known as the Local Government Code of the
Philippines in 1991 to provide for a more responsive and accountable local
government instituted through a system of decentralization, self-reliant
communities and active partners in nation building by giving the local governments
more powers, authority, responsibilities, and resources.