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    Lec 3

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    Kashif Subhan
    The lecture discusses key aspects of power systems including: 1) Papers in the field are divided into journal and conference papers, with important journals and conferences mentioned. 2) A typical process for reading papers is outlined involving examining the title, abstract, summary, results, and introduction. 3) The weekly schedule provides an overview of topics to be covered in the course like transmission lines, transformers, generators, faults, and artificial intelligence applications.

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    Lec 3

    Uploaded by

    Kashif Subhan
    12 views18 pages
    The lecture discusses key aspects of power systems including: 1) Papers in the field are divided into journal and conference papers, with important journals and conferences mentioned. 2) A typical process for reading papers is outlined involving examining the title, abstract, summary, results, and introduction. 3) The weekly schedule provides an overview of topics to be covered in the course like transmission lines, transformers, generators, faults, and artificial intelligence applications.

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    Power system Analysis lecture

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    The lecture discusses key aspects of power systems including: 1) Papers in the field are divided into journal and conference papers, with important journals and conferences mentioned. 2) A typical process for reading papers is outlined involving examining the title, abstract, summary, results, and introduction. 3) The weekly schedule provides an overview of topics to be covered in the course like transmission lines, transformers, generators, faults, and artificial intelligence applications.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    12 views18 pages

    Lec 3

    Uploaded by

    Kashif Subhan
    The lecture discusses key aspects of power systems including: 1) Papers in the field are divided into journal and conference papers, with important journals and conferences mentioned. 2) A typical process for reading papers is outlined involving examining the title, abstract, summary, results, and introduction. 3) The weekly schedule provides an overview of topics to be covered in the course like transmission lines, transformers, generators, faults, and artificial intelligence applications.

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    Lecture 3

    Dr. Sohail Khan


    Administrator,
    Senior Faculty/Associate Professor, SPCAI

    Sino-Pak Center for Artificial Intelligence (SPCAI)


    Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology (PAF-IAST)
    Start Reading!
    • As a graduate student you should get in the habit of reading many
    technical papers, including all the ones mentioned in these notes
    • Papers are divided into 1) journal papers and 2) conference
    papers, with journal papers usually undergoing more review and
    of high quality
    • There are LOTs of exceptions
    • Key journals in our area are from IEEE Power and Energy Society
    (PES); PSCC is a top conference
    • I read papers by looking at 1) title, 2) abstract, 3) summary, 4)
    results, 5) intro, 6) the rest; many papers never make it beyond
    step 1 or 2.
    2
    Contents
    • Power in single phase AC circuit
    • Complex power
    • Power factor concept and improvement
    • Complex power flow
    • Balanced three phase circuits

    3
    Weekly Schedule
    Week 1 Introduction to the electric power system, review of phasors and three-phase power
    Week 2 Models for transformers, generators, and loads
    Week 3 Per unit system of calculations: Selection of base and change in the base of per unit quantities, node equations, one-
    line diagram and Problem Solution
    Week 4 Bus admittance matrix: Importance and formulation
    Week 5 Bus admittance matrix: Problem solution
    Week 6 Load Flow Analysis: Importance, Static load flow equations, Gauss-Seidel Method
    Week 7 Load Flow Analysis: Application of Gauss-Seidel Method for load flow studies and Problem Solution using GS method
    Week 8 Load Flow Analysis: Newton Raphson Method, Application of Newton Raphson Method for Load Flow Studies

    Week 9 Load Flow Analysis: Problem Solution using NR method


    Week 10 Introduction to faults in power system, Type of Faults, Symmetrical/ Balanced faults
    Week 11 Methods for the analysis of Symmetrical Fault: First order method
    Week 12 Methods for the analysis of Symmetrical Fault: Bus Impedance Matrix method
    Week 13 Symmetrical Components: Introduction and mathematical computation
    Week 14 Unbalanced fault analysis: L-G, L-L, L-L-G faults
    Week 15 Optimal Power Flow: Economic Dispatch, Energy Conservation
    Week 16 Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Power System

    4
    Synchronous Generator Model
    • Field winding and armature winding have same number of poles
    • Field winding excitation typically requires 0.2% to 3% of generator
    rated output power
    • Field winding is placed on the rotor while armature winding on stator
    • Field winding is either excited by a DC generator (exciters) or AC
    generator (brushless excitation)
    • The generator excitation system on the field winding control the
    reactive power flow.
    • Rotor type can be cylindrical or salient. 70% of generators have
    cylindrical rotors. Typical rating is 150 MVA to 1500 MVA.
    5
    Synchronous Generator Model
    • Two pole three phase
    generator is shown below
    • Stator (armature) winding
    contain three coils aa’, bb’, cc’
    displaced by 120 degree
    • Rotor (field) winding is rr’
    • Rotor is excited to produce
    airgap flux f per pole
    revolving at constant angular
    velocity 
    • Flux linkage with coil aa’ is

    6
    Synchronous Generator Model – Voltage Induced
    • The induced voltage in aa’ is

    • Adding winding factor

    • Kw is about 0.85 to 0.95


    7
    Synchronous Generator Model – Frequency
    • The frequency of voltage
    induced in aa’ is

    • n is synchronous speed [rpm]


    • P are number of poles

    • In normal conditions
    generator operates
    synchronous with power grid
    8
    Synchronous Generator Model – Currents
    • Due to synchronization with
    grid, three phase balanced
    currents are in armature

    9
    Synchronous Generator Model

    • Excitation voltage
    • Armature resistance
    • Synchronous
    Reactance

    Skip Sections 3.3


    and 3.4

    10
    Transformer Model
    The voltage E1 across
    the primary of ideal
    trafo represents the
    rms voltage induced in
    the primary winding by
    the mutual flux f

    R1 and R2 are primary and secondary winding resistances


    X1 and X2 are primary and secondary leakage reactance
    Ic is the core loss current, Rc1 is the core loss resistance
    (eddy current and hysteresis losses)
    Xm is magnetizing reactance
    11
    Transformer Model

    12
    Transformer Model

    3.7, 3.8 and example 3.4 is


    13
    home assignment
    Voltage Control of Transformers
    • Tap Changing Transformer
    • Off-load tap changing transformers
    • Tap changing under load (TCUL or OLTC) transformers

    V1’ is the supply phase voltage referred to the high voltage side
    V2’ is the load phase voltage referred to the high voltage side

    Assume
    14
    Voltage Control of Transformers, Example 3.6
    A three-phase transmission line is feeding
    from a 23 / 230-kV transformer at its
    sending end . The line is supplying a 150-
    MVA , 0.8 power factor load through a step-
    down transformer of 230 / 23 kV . The
    impedance of the line and transformers at
    230 kV is 18 + j60 Ohm. The sending end
    transformer is energized from a 23-kV
    supply . Determine the tap setting for each
    transformer to maintain the voltage at the
    load at 23 kV

    15
    Per-Unit System
    1. Procedure is very similar to 1f except we use a 3f
    2. VA base, and use line to line voltage bases
    a. Pick a 3f VA base for the entire system,
    b. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level, VB. Voltages are line
    to line.
    c. Calculate the impedance base
    VB2, LL ( 3 VB, LN ) 2 VB2, LN
    ZB   
    S B3f 3S 1Bf S 1Bf

    d. Exactly the same impedance bases as with single phase!

    16
    Per-Unit System
    4. Calculate the current base, IB

    S B3f 3 S1Bf S 1Bf


    I3Bf     I1Bf
    3 VB , LL 3 3 VB , LN VB , LN

    Exactly the same current bases as with single-phase!

    5. Convert actual values to per unit

    17
    Thank you!

    SPCAI where Science Meets Business!

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