Brain Computer Interface: Past, Present & Future

Md. Ibrahim Arafat

Abstract BCI allows users to communicate with others by task. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic
using only brain activity without using peripheral nerves and current flows within the neurons of the brain [4]. It is the first
muscles of human body. On BCI research the non-invasive neuroimaging technique. Due to its ease of use,
Electroencephalogram (EEG) is used for recording the cost and high temporal resolution this method is the most
electrical activity along the scalp. EEG is used to measure the widely used one in BCIs nowadays. Besides that
voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and functional Magnetic
the neurons of the brain. A German neuroscientist, Hans Resonance Imaging (fMRI) have both been used successfully
Berger s discovered the electrical activity of human brain by
using EEG in 1924. Hans Berger was the first one who
as non-invasive BCIs [5]. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is
recorded an Alpha Wave from a human brain. In 1970 a technique for mapping brain activity by recording magnetic
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of USA initiated fields produced by electrical currents occurring naturally in the
the program to explore brain communications using EEG. In brain, using arrays of SQUIDs (superconducting quantum
1999 the First International Meeting on BCI was arranged at interference devices). Functional MRI (fMRI) is a type of
New York. The Fourth International BCI Conference was specialized MRI scan used to measure the hemodynamic
held at Asilomar, CA, USA in 2010. In the present year the 5th response (change in blood flow and blood oxygenation) related
International BCI Conference 2011 was held at Austria in to neural activity in the brain [6]. On the other hand the
September. In this paper some indicators and predictions for invasive neuroimaging technique Electrocorticography (ECoG)
the future of BCI is mentioned later. is the practice of using electrodes placed directly on the
Keywords Brain Computer Interface (BCI), Neuron, exposed surface of the brain to record electrical activity from
Electroencephalography (EEG), Electrocortiocogram (ECoG), the cerebral cortex. A surgical incision into the skull is required
Magnetoencephalogram (MEG), Functional Magnetic
to implant the electrode grid in this neuroimaging technique.
Resonance Imaging (fMRI).
Many researcher teams are involved to research on BCI for
I. INTRODUCTION several purposes from since 1970 to at present time using these
neuroimaging techniques. Research on BCI is radically
Brain computer interface (BCI) is a direct communication increased over the last decade. From the last decade the
between computer(s) and the human brain. It is a maximum information transfer rates of BCI was 5-25 bits/min
communication system that facilitates the external device [7] but at present BCI s maximum data transfer rate is 84.7
control by using signals measured from the brain. Brain, bits/min [8]. Nowadays BCI research is going on in a full suing
spinal cord and peripheral ganglia are the main using non-invasive neural imaginary technique mostly the
components of the central nervous system. The central EEG. The future research on BCI will be dependent mostly in
nervous system (brain) is composed of more than 100 nanotechnology.
billion neurons [1]. A neuron is an electrically excitable
cell that processes and transmits information by electrical
and chemical signaling. Chemical signaling occurs via II. BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE
synapse, specialized connections with other neuron cells. Though Brain Computer Interface (BCI) facilitates direct
Neurons are maintaining voltage gradients across their communication between brain and computer or another
membranes by means of metabolically driven ion pumps, device so nowadays it is widely used to enhance the
which combine with ion channels embedded in the membrane possibility of communication for people with severe
to generate intracellular-versus-extracellular concentration
neuromuscular disorders, such as Amyotrophic Lateral
differences of ions such as Na+, K+, Cl- and Ca+ [2]. When
many of these ions are pushed out of many neurons at the same Sclerosis (ALS) or spinal cord injury. Except the medical
time, they can push their neighbors, who push their neighbors, applications BCI is also used for multimedia applications,
and so on, in a wave. When the wave of ions reaches the such as: for making gaming instruments, which becomes
electrodes of EEG on the scalp, they can push or pull electrons possible by decoding information directly from the user s
on the metal on the electrodes. Since metal conducts the push brain, as reflected in electroencephalographic (EEG) signals
and pull of electrons easily, the difference in push, or voltage, which are recorded non-invasively from user s scalp. To
between any two electrodes is measured by a voltmeter. understand the electroencephalographic (EEG) signals
Recording these voltages over time gives us the recording mechanism from the human or animals (such as:
electroencephalography (EEG) [3]. EEG, or apes, bulls, rats, monkeys, cats etc) brain by using
electroencephalogram, is a tool which is used to record electroencephalogram we need to consider two basic things,
electrical activity of the brain while it is performing a cognitive

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 one is neuron and another is neuronal signal recording locations on head was discovered by others (Adrian and
technique such as: Invasive BCI, partially-invasive BCI (such Matthews, 1934; Adrian and Yamagiwa, 1935). That creates
as: ECoG) and non-invasive BCI (such as: EEG). the necessity of standardized positioning of electrodes over
the scalp. From that necessity a committee of the
III. TPYES OF BCI International Federation of Societies for
Invasive It is the brain signal reading process which is Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
applied to the inside of grey matter of brain. recommended a specific system of electrode placement for
Partially Invasive It is another brain signal reading process use in all laboratories under standard conditions. Their
which is applied to the inside the skull but outside the grey recommendation was the system now known as the
matter. Electrocorticography(ECoG) is the example of International 10-20 system. The standard placement
partially invasive BCI. recommended by the American EEG society for use in the
Non Invasive It is the most useful neuron signal International 10-20 system is for 21 electrodes (Figure - 1).
imaging method which is applied to the outside of the skull, The International 10-20 system avoids both eyeball
just applied on the scalp. Electroencephalography (EEG) is placement and considers some constant distances by using
the most studied in the last decade and in the recent time specific anatomic landmarks from which the measurement
most of the researches are based on EEG. Besides the EEG would be made and then uses 10% or 20% of that specified
there are some non-invasive neuron signal imagings or distance as the electrode interval. Often the earlobe electrodes
reading techniques, such as: Magnetoencephalography called A1 and A2 (Figure - 3), connected respectively to the
(MEG), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional left and right earlobes, are used as the reference electrodes.
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
Electroencephalography (EEG)
EEG is the first non-invasive neuroimaging
technique discovered which is used for measuring the
electrical activity of the brain. Due to its ease of use, cost
and high temporal resolution this method is the most widely
used one in BCIs nowadays.
As stated earlier the discoverer of the existence
of human EEG signals was Hens Berger (1873-1941).
He began his study of human EEGs in 1920. Berger
started working with a string galvanometer in 1910, and
then migrated to a smaller Edelmann model, and after 1924,
to a larger Edelmann model. In 1926, Berger started to use
the more powerful Siemens double coil galvanometer
(attaining a sensitivity of 130 V/cm). His first report of
human EEG recordings of one to three minutes duration on
photographic paper was in 1929. In his recording he only
used a one-channel bipolar method with fronto-occipital
Figure: 1. International 10-20 system placement and letter-number-
leads. Recording of the EEG became popular in 1924. The designation. Odd numbers on the left hemisphere, even number on the
first report of 1929 by Berger included the alpha rhythm as right hemisphere, and Z, or zero, in the midline.(Source:
the major component of the EEG signal. During the 1930s http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:21_electrodes_of_International_10-
the first EEG recording of sleep spindles was undertaken by 20_system_for_EEG.svg, accessed on 14th September, 2011.)
Berger.
The human head consists of different layers From figure-1 we observe that each site of the 10-20
including the scalp, skull, brain and many other thin layers system has letter to identify the lobe and a number to identify
in between. The skull resistivity is nearly 177 micro ohm the hemisphere. The letters F, T, C, P and O stand for
and the outer part of skull is scalp which resistivity is 2.22 Frontal, Temporal, Central, Parietal, and Occipital,
micro ohm and the most inner part is brain, its restivity is respectively. Note that there exists no central lobe; the "C"
nearly 2.22 micro ohm. letter is only used for identification purposes only. A "z"
(zero) refers to an electrode placed on the midline. Even
IV. EEG SIGNAL RECORDING METHOD & CONVENTIONAL numbers (2, 4, 6, 8) refer to electrode positions on the right
ELECTRODE POSITIONING hemisphere, whereas odd numbers (1, 3, 5, 7) refer to those
In the EEG system electrodes ware placed on the on the left hemisphere. Nowadays the density arrays
front and back of the head during the first successfully EEG (typically via cap or net) are used to record EEG which can
signaling by Hans Berger. Berger continued that method for contain up to 256 electrodes more-or-less evenly spaced
a number of years but the EEG activity varied in different around the scalp.

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 V. MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (MEG) behavior. This was critical in proving that we can actually
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is another non- "signal" to the brain. [9]
invasive neuroimaging technique which is used for mapping 1970s: DARPA super BCI Research
brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by 1972: Birth of Bionic Ear: In 1972, Robin Michelson, M.D.
convinced the scientific community that meaningful sound
electrical currents occurring naturally in the brain during this
could be conveyed to the brain by electrical stimulation of
time superconducting quantum interface devices (SQUIDs)
the auditory nerve. As of April 2009, approximately 188,000
arrays are used. David Cohen, the physicist of University of
people worldwide had received cochlear implants; in the
Illinois first measure the MEG signal in 1968. He used a
United States, about 30,000 adults and over 30,000 children
copper induction coil as detector before the availability of the are recipients.
SQUID. MEG was measured in a magnetically shielded room 1976: First Evidence that BCI can be used for
due to reduce the magnetic background noise. communication: Jaceques J. Vidal, the professor who coined
After that Cohen built a better shielded room at the term BCI, from UCLA's Brain Computer Interface
MIT, and used one of the first SQUID detectors which were Laboratory provided evidence that single trial visual evoked
developed by James E. Zimmerman who was a researcher at potentials could be used as a communication channel
Ford Motor Company. effective enough to control a cursor through a two
At first, a single SQUID detector was used to dimensional maze. This presented the first official proof that
successively measure the magnetic field at a number of we can use brain to signal and interface with outside devices.
points around the subject s head. Present-day MEG arrays are 1978: First BCI to Aid the Blind: Dr William Dobelle's
set in helmet-shaped that typically contain 300 sensors, Dobelle Institute first prototype was implanted into "Jerry", a
covering most of the head. man blinded in adulthood. Jerry was able to walk around
safely and read large letters. The artificial vision system
VI. FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (FMRI) works by taking an image from miniature camera and
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or distance information from an ultrasound sensor, each of
functional MRI (fMRI) is a type of specialized MRI scan which is mounted on one lens of a pair of sunglasses. These
used to measure the hemodynamic response (change in signals are processed by a 5 kg portable computer and then a
blood flow) related to neural activity in the brain or spinal new signal is sent to 68 platinum electrodes implanted in the
cord of humans or other animals. It is one of the most person's brain. The electrodes are on the surface of the brain's
recently developed forms of neuroimaging. Since the early visual cortex and stimulate the person to visualize the
1990s, fMRI has come to dominate the brain mapping field phosphenes, specks of lights that show the edges of objects.
due to its relatively low invasiveness, absence of radiation 1980s: Recorded EEG in Macaque Monkey.
exposure, and relatively wide availability. 1998: First Implant in Human Brain that Produce High
Quality Signals.
VII. ELECTROCORTICOGRAPHY (ECOG) 1999: Decode Cat s Brain Signals [10]
BCI Used to Aid Quadriplegic: Researchers at Case
ECoG is the most popular Invasive neuroimaging
Western Reserve University led by Hunter Peckham, used
technique in BCI. In this technique electrodes are placed
64-electrode EEG skullcap to return limited hand movements
directly on the exposed surface of the brain to record
to quadriplegic Jim Jatich. Jatich has been a human
electrical activity from the cerebral cortex. ECoG may be experiment for scientists striving to conquer paralysis. He has
performed either in the operating room during surgery endured almost 20 years of torture in which long electrodes
(intraoperative ECoG) or outside of surgery (extraoperative and needles have been placed into his hands, arms and
ECoG). Because a craniotomy (a surgical incision into the shoulders to see where muscles can be shocked so they can
skull) is required to implant the electrode grid, ECoG is an move. He now uses his computer to do his old job,
invasive procedure. ECoG is currently considered to be the engineering drafting.
gold standard for defining epileptogenic zones in clinical 2000: BCI Experiments with Owl Monkey.
practice. 2002: Monkeys Trained to Control Computer Cursor: In
2002, implanted monkeys were trained to move a cursor on a
VIII. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE: PAST, PRESENT computer screen by researchers at Brown University, led by
1929: First Record of EEG. John Donoghue. Around 100 micro-electrodes were use to
1950s: First Wet-Brain Implants: In 1950s, Jose Delgado tap up to 30 neurons, but because the electrodes targeted
became infamous for implanting electrodes into the brains of neurons that controlled movement, only three minutes of data
live animals (and later humans) and stimulating them using a were needed to create a model that could interpret the brain
stimoceiver, a radio receiver, planted underneath the skull. signals as specific movements. The monkeys were trained to
Using signals sent through the electrodes in a technique play a pinball game where they were rewarded by quickly
called ESB electronic stimulation of the brain Delgado and accurately moving the cursor to meet a red target dot.
was able to produce basic behavioral effects in human and
animal subject, such as calming or producing aggressive

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2003: First BCI Game Exposed to the Public Brain-Computer Interface Allows Person-to-person
BrainGate Developed: BrainGate, a brain implant system, Communication through Power of Thought. Dr. Chris James
was developed by the bio-tech company Cyberkinetics in experiment had one person using BCI to transmit thoughts,
conjunction with the Department of Neuroscience at Brown translated as a series of binary digits, over the internet to
University. another person whose computer receives the digits and
2005: First Tetraplegic BrainGate BCI Implementation: transmits them to the second user s brain through flashing
Tetraplegic Matt Nagle became the first person to control an an LED lamp.
artificial hand using a BCI in 2005 as part of the first nine- Device that let Blind See with their Tongues:
month human trial of Cyberkinetics Neurotechnology s BrainPort, the device being developed by neuroscientists at
BrainGate chip-implant. Implanted in Nagle s right Middleton, Wisc. based Wicab, Inc. (a company co-
precentral gyrus (area of the motor cortex for arm founded by the late Back-y-Rita), allows user to see with
movement), the 96-electrode BrainGate implant allowed their tongues. Visual data are collected through a small
Nagle to control a robotic arm by thinking about moving his
digital video camera about 1.5 centimeters in diameter that
hand as well as a computer cursor, lights and TV.
sits in the center of a pair of sunglasses worn by the user.
Experiment: Monkey Brain Controlled Robotic Arm: A
BCI allows Person to Tweet by Thought: University of
work presented at the annual meeting of American
Wisconsin Department of Biomedical Engineering created a
Association of the Advancement of Science (AAAS) showed
a monkey feeding itself using a robotic arm electronically system that allows a person to tweet with only a thought.
linked to its brain. The monkey s real arms are restrained in Honda Asimo Robot Controlled by Thought: Honda
plastic tubes. To control the robotic arm, 96 electrodes each enabled its famous Asimo robot to be controlled by the
thinner than a human hair are attached to the monkey s thoughts of a nearby human.
motor cortex, a region of the brain responsible for voluntary Pentagon Funds Silent Talk BCI Research.
movement. Pentagon Funds 'Silent Talk' Brain-Wave Research.
IBM Blue Brain Project Launched: IBM Blue Brain DARPA typically backs offbeat or high-risk research that
launched by the EPFL in 2005. The Blue Brain Project is an sounds ripped straight out of science fiction, and the latest
attempt to reverse-engineer the brain. The researchers of the example is no exception $4 million for a program called
Swiss-based Blue Brain Project have created a virtual pack of Silent Talk that would allow soldiers to communicate via
neurons that acts just like the real thing, and hope to get an e- brain waves. The project has three major goals, according to
brain up and running. Darpa. First, try to map a person s EEG patterns to his or
2008: First Consumer off-the-shelf, Mass Market Game her individual words. Then, see if those patterns are
Input Device. High Accuracy BCI Wheelchair Developed in generalizable if everyone has similar patterns. Last,
Japan. construct a fieldable pre-prototype that would decode the
Numenta Founded to Replicate Human Neocortex ability. signal and transmit over a limited range.
Reconstruct Images Form Brain to Computer: Research 2010: BCI X-Prize Development Started: X PRIZE is a
developed in the Advanced Telecommunications Research $10 million+ award given to the first team to achieve a
(ATR) Computational Neuroscience Laboratories in Kyoto, specific goal, set by the X PRIZE Foundation, which has the
Japan allowed the scientists to reconstruct images directly potential to benefit humanity. In 2004, SpaceShipOne won
from the brain and display them on a computer. the $10M Ansari X PRIZE for spaceflight. Virgin Galactic
Voiceless Phone Calls The Audeo: Ambient, at a TI and Scaled Composites recently rolled out SpaceShipTwo.
developers conference in early 2008, demoed a product they The latest X PRIZE announced in 2010 is about the "inner
have in development call The Audeo. The Audeo is being
space". The Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) X PRIZE will
developed to create a human computer interface for
reward nothing less than a team that provides vision to the
communication without the need of physical motor control or
blind, new bodies to disabled people, and perhaps even a
speech production. Using signal processing, unpronounced
geographical sixth sense akin to a GPS iPhone app in the
speech representing the thought of the mind can be translated
from intercepted neurological signals. brain.
2009: Wireless BCI Developed: A Spanish Company, 2011: January 02: The First Thought-Controlled Social
Starlab, developed a wireless 4-channel system called Media Network is utilized by the Neurosky.
ENOBIO. Designed for research purposes the system February 01: Ray Lee, technical director of the Princeton
provides a platform for application development. Neuroscience Institute, has developed the world s first dual-
First Research Paper on Wireless BCI: A research paper headed fMRI scanner. The new design allows an MRI
was submitted by Lisa Zyga in December 21 that details a machine to scan two brains at once, potentially paving the
system that can turns brain waves into FM radio signals and way to future research on how different brains respond to
decodes them as sound is the first totally wireless brain- stimuli and to each other. [11]
computer interface. A Wireless Brain-Machine Interface February 09: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration
for Real-Time Speech Synthesis. (FDA) proposed the Innovation Pathway, a priority review
program for new, breakthrough medical devices and
BCI Communication between 2 people over the Internet:
announced the first submission: a brain-controlled, upper-

4
 extremity prosthetic that will serve as a pilot for the the next five years, technology innovations will dramatically
program. A brand new wireless brain-reading headset change people s lives. The Next 5 in 5 of 2011 enlists a couple
debuts at the Medical Design and Manufacturing conference of optimistic predictions like the elimination of passwords,
and exhibition in Anaheim, California. and batteries that breathe air to power our devices, and most
March 23: Paralyzed People Compose Music with importantly for us, mind-reading applications.
Brainwaves. [48]. Indian Scientists working on Brain-
Controlled Robot to help disabled people. IBM scientists are among those researching how to link your
April 10: fMRI Feedback Improves ability to control brain to your devices, such as a computer or a smartphone. If
thoughts. you just need to think about calling someone, it happens. Or
you can control the cursor on a computer screen just by
April 13: Rabbi says Driving Thought-controlled Car is
thinking about where you want to move it. [15]
allowed on the Sabbath.
April 28: Nick Johnston, a Grade 10 Semiahmoo Secondary January 13: Complications occur with every second
student will soon present the project he created to explore child receiving invasive electroencephalography (EEG) for
the communication of word and letter combinations using severe epilepsy; however, the events typically do not cause
brainwaves, essentially allowing people to communicate permanent damage, whereas the benefits of the EEG can be
without speaking. profound, a new study shows. The analysis of invasive EEG
June 26: A thought-controlled wheelchair system from the recordings in 95 children at Great Ormond Street Hospital in
University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), has been awarded London, showed adverse events such as infection and
III. Place in the Australian Innovation Award Anthill cerebrospinal fluid leaks in about 49% of cases. Although
SMART 100 Index. 30% of the events were severe enough to prolong the hospital
June 28: Minimally Invasive BioBolt Brain Implant stay, none were fatal or caused permanent neurological
converts thoughts into movement. damage, according to Thomas Blauwblomme, MD, from the
July 26: MyndPlay showcases mind controlled movies at University Paris V, René Descartes, France, and the
7th annual Topanga Film Festival in California. This is the Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street
world s first mind controlled video and movie platform, Hospital. [16]
about which you could read on Neurogadget.com first in
March 2011. MyndPlay allows the viewer to control movies IX. INDICATORS AND PREDICTIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF BCI
using nothing but their emotions and will. Android OS gets 2015-2018: By 2018, most of us will be controlling our
Mobile Brainwave measurement system. computers or gaming devices with some form of natural
August 25: UK teen Chole Holmes is the Youngest input such as speech, touch, sight, brain waves, etc. This
European with Bionic hand. first wave of natural input devices will include brain signals
September 22-24: 5th International Brain Computer control, a major first step towards social awareness of BCI
Interface Conference 2011 took place. and encourages development in BCI.
September 26: China-based Haier Electronics presented at 2020-2025: The advancement of nanotechnology will may
this month s IFA Expo the world s first brain-computer help us to create smaller and far superior chips. In around
interface technology Smart TV. The TV is manufactured 2020 to 2025, we will start seeing the first batch of
by Haier and powered by NeuroSky ThinkGear technology. researchers using computers to simulate human brains. If
The device is called Haier Cloud Smart TV and features the quantum computing arrives, we may see this happening
ability to let users interact with apps using NeuroSky s even faster.
biofeedback headset. [12] 2025-2030: Physically disabled people already getting help
October 30: Dr. Bin He of the University of Minnesota and from BCI technology. This trend is increasing very rapidly.
his team report a promising experiment that 85% accuracy Bionic ears implants are already very popular. Bionic eyes
in steering a virtual helicopter with thoughts. have been experimented for a few years and the resolution
November 16: the world s first video of the female brain of the bionic eyes are getting better each year. Nowadays
during orgasm captured by fMRI. [13] user can control artificial arms and legs by using their
December 16: A small American company, Advancer thoughts. By 2030, scientist can transplant Human brain to
Technologies has developed a plug-in-play USB videogame the robots.
controller that harnesses the power of electromyography 2045: By around 2045, we can hope to unlock the
(EMG), a technique for evaluating and recording the complexity of our brain to fully understand how our brain
electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles, to allow works and decode our thoughts.
players to directly control computer games with their
2060: Human dreams can easily be visualized as video
muscles. [14]
movie in the computer monitor.
2012: January 09: In December 2011 IBM unveiled its fifth 2070: By 2070, we can expect that human can easily
annual Next Five in Five a list of innovations that have the communicate wireless through thoughts with devices around
potential to change the way people work. According to IBM in us. We can call it e-meditation.

5
 2080: By 2080, human brain s processing power and [7] Jonathan R.Wolpaw (Guest Editor), Niels Birbaumer,William J.
Heetderks, Dennis J. McFarland, P. Hunter Peckham, Gerwin Schalk,
computer processor s power can process several Emanuel Donchin, Louis A. Quatrano, Charles J. Robinson, and Theresa
mathematical or any other problems simultaneously. M. Vaughan (Guest Editor) (2000) Brain-Computer Interface
2090: By 2090, Dead Human brain s thinking capability or Technology : A Review of the First International Meeting , IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON REHABILITATION ENGINEERING, VOL. 8,
thinking pattern can be transferred to the computer and NO. 2, pp. 164-173.
computer can process and can continue this thinking pattern [8] Peter Meinicke, Matthias Kaper, Florian Hoppe, Manfred Heumann and
and can give result as Human. It may give Human brain Helge Ritter (2003) Improving Transfer Rates in Brain Computer
immortality. Interfacing: A Case Study , pp. 1(Abstract).
[9] http://www.wireheading.com/delgado/brainchips.pdf [1 December
CONCLUSION 2011]..
[10] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/471786.stm [1 December
In the end my vision is to inform what BCI is and what its 2011].
very near history is. I also demonstrate the present research [11] http://neurogadget.com/2011/02/09/brain-controlled-prosthetic-arm-
first-to-pass-speedy-approval-process/891 [2 December 2011].
condition of BCI and I give some predictions about BCI
[12] http://neurogadget.com/2011/09/26/brain-controlled-tv-available-in-
from myself. Nowadays BCI is the most popular research china-this-october/2649 [3 December 2011].
field in the world and it is becoming the best solution for [13] http://neurogadget.com/2011/11/16/female-brain-during-orgasm-
recovering the motor disabled people of the world. BCI will captured-by-fmri/3287 [3 December 2011].
be best solution for the treatment of lunatic people and to [14] http://neurogadget.com/2011/12/16/video-play-super-mario-via-the-
signals-generated-by-your-muscles/3408 [17 December 2011].
develop the Intelligent Robot with human brain capability.
[15] http://neurogadget.com/2012/01/09/ibms-next-5-in-5-predicts-smaller-
So, we can say that the research on this field is very mind-reading-devices-by-2017/3416 [10 January 2012].
important for the human kind. [16] http://neurogadget.com/2012/01/13/study-says-49-of-childrens-invasive-
eeg-surgery-result-in-adverse-events-none-of-them-fatal/3478 [10
January 2012]
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