LESSON 10.

2
TRIGONOMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to
• solve for the equation of the tangents and normals to given trigonometric
functions;
• determine the maxima and minima of given trigonometric functions; and
• analyze optimization and other related problems.

The trigonometric functions can be graphed efficiently through the use of the
concept of derivatives

Example

Find the extrema of 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.

𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2 cos 3𝑥. 3
𝑦 ′ = 6 cos 3𝑥
0 = 6 cos 3𝑥
cos 3𝑥 = 0
3𝑥 = arccos(0)
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
3𝑥 = 2 , 2 , 2
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥 = 6,2, 6

𝜋 𝜋 𝝅
If 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 2 sin 3 (6 ) = 2 𝑪𝑷𝟏( 𝟔 , 𝟐)
6

𝜋 𝜋 𝝅
If 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 2 sin 3 (2 ) = 2 𝑪𝑷𝟏( 𝟐 , − 𝟐)
2

5𝜋 5𝜋 𝟓𝝅
If 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 2 sin 3 ( 6 ) = 2 𝑪𝑷𝟏( 𝟔 , 𝟐)
6

Using SDT
𝑦 ′ = 6 cos 3𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = −6 sin 3𝑥. 3 = −18 sin 3𝑥
 𝝅 𝝅
𝑪𝑷𝟏 ( 𝟔 , 𝟐) 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟔
′′ 𝝅
𝑦 = −18 sin 3 ( 𝟔 ) = −18 < 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑

𝝅 𝝅
𝑪𝑷𝟏( 𝟐 , − 𝟐) 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐
′′ 𝝅
𝑦 = −18 sin 3 ( 𝟐 ) = 18 > 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑

𝟓𝝅 𝟓𝝅
𝑪𝑷𝟏( 𝟔 , 𝟐) 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟔
′′ 𝟓𝝅
𝑦 = −18 sin 3 ( 𝟔 ) = −18 < 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑

Point of Inflection
𝑦 ′′ = −18 sin 3𝑥
0 = −18 sin 3𝑥
18 sin 3𝑥 = 0
sin 3𝑥 = 0
3𝑥 = arcsin (0)
3𝑥 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, 3𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋
𝑥 = 0 , 3, 3 , 𝜋

If 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 2 sin 3(0) = 0 𝑰𝑷𝟏( 𝟎 , 𝟎)

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
If 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = 2 sin 3 (3 ) = 0 𝑰𝑷𝟐( 3 , 𝟎)
If 𝑥 = 𝜋 , 𝑦 = 2 sin 3(𝜋) = 0 𝑰𝑷𝟑( 𝜋 , 𝟎)

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝟓𝝅
0 𝜋
6 3 2 3 𝟔

Example:

Give the equation of the normal line and tangent line to the curve
𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 3 .

Solution:
𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 If 𝑥 = 3 .
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = sin 3 + cos 3

√3 1 √3+1 𝜋 √3+1
𝑦= +2= P (3 , )
2 2 2
 𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑦 ′ = cos 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 1 √3 1−√3
𝑚 𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 = 2 − =
2 2

Equation of Tangent Line

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
√3+1 1−√3 𝜋
𝑦− = (𝑥 − 3 )
2 2
2𝑦−√3−1 1−√3 𝜋
= (𝑥 − 3 )
2 2
3𝑥−𝜋
2𝑦 − √3 − 1 = (1 − √3) ( )
3
6𝑦 − 3√3 − 3 = 3𝑥 − 3√3𝑥 − 𝜋 + √3𝜋
(3√3 − 3)𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 3(√3 + 1) − 𝜋(√3 − 1) = 0

Equation of Normal Line

1
𝑚𝑇 = 𝑚
𝑛
1 2 𝜋 √3+1
𝑚𝑁 = − 𝑚 = − 1−√3 P (3 , )
𝑇 2

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
√3+1 2 𝜋
𝑦− =− (𝑥 − )
2 1−√3 3
4𝜋
2(1 − √3)𝑦 − (√3 + 1)(1 − √3) = −4𝑥 + 3
4𝜋
2(1 − √3)𝑦 − (1 − 3) = −4𝑥 + 3
6(1 − √3)𝑦 + 6 = −12𝑥 + 4𝜋
12𝑥 + 6(1 − √3)𝑦 + 6 − 4𝜋 = 0

Examples:
1) Find the shape of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a circle.

Solution:

a y
a y
x
𝛳
x
 x = a cos ϴ , y = a sinϴ

A = 4xy
= 4 (a cos ϴ)(a sin ϴ)
= 4a2 cosϴ sinϴ
= 2a22 cosϴ sinϴ
= 2a2sin2ϴ

𝑑𝑢
Let u = 2ϴ, =2
𝑑ϴ

𝑑𝐴
= 2a2 cos2ϴ (2)
𝑑ϴ

0 = 4a2 cos2ϴ

= cos2ϴ
= cos2ϴ – sin2ϴ
Sin 2ϴ = cos 2ϴ
Therefore, x = y, It is a square!

2) A wall 10 ft. high is 8 ft. from a house. Find the length of the shortest ladder that will
reach the house when one end of the ladder rests on the outside the wall.

L2
Ladder house
L1
10ft
8ft

Solution:

L = L1 + L2
For L1: for L2:
 10 8
sinϴ = 𝐿1 cos ϴ = 𝐿2

10 8
L1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳 = 10 cscϴ L2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳 = 8 secϴ

L = 10 csc ϴ + 8 sec ϴ
Find the derivative and equate to zero.

dL
= 10 (-cscϴ cotϴ) + 8(secϴ tanϴ)
dϴ
- 10 cscϴ cotϴ + 8secϴ tanϴ = 0
10 cscϴ cotϴ = 8secϴ tanϴ

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳
10 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛳 = 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛳
10 = 8 tan3ϴ

3 4
tanϴ = √5

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛳
L = 10 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛳 + 8 secϴ

10 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛳+8 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛳𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛳
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛳

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛳 (10+8 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛳)

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛳

√𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛳+1
= (10 + 8 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛳)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛳

3 4
√ +1 3 4
5
= 3 4
(10 + 8 √5 )
√
5

L = 22.835 ft.

3) Find the volume of the right circular cone of maximum volume inscribed in a sphere of
radius 6 inches.

Solution:

h
 y 6in
x

y 6in
𝛳
𝑦
x
sin 𝜃 = ; 𝑦 = 6 sin 𝜃
6
𝑥
cos 𝜃 = ; 𝑥 = 6 cos 𝜃
6

h=y+6

1
V = 3 Bh
1 1
= (𝜋𝑥 2 )(ℎ) = 𝜋(6 cos 𝜃)2 (𝑦 + 6)
3 3
= 12𝜋cos2 𝜃(6 sin 𝜃 + 6)
= 72𝜋cos2 𝜃(sin 𝜃 + 1)
V = 72𝜋(cos 2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃)
𝑑𝑉
= 72𝜋{[(cos2 𝜃(cos 𝜃) + sin 𝜃 (2 cos 𝜃)(− sin 𝜃)] + (2 cos 𝜃)(− sin 𝜃)}
𝑑𝜃

= 72𝜋[cos 𝜃 (cos2 𝜃 − 2sin2 𝜃 − 2 sin 𝜃)]

0 = (1 − sin2 𝜃) − 2sin2 𝜃 − 2 sin 𝜃
0 = 3sin2 𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃 − 1

By factoring:
(3 sin 𝛳 − 1)(sin 𝛳 + 1) = 0
𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜭 = ; sin 𝛳 = −1 (𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑑)
𝟑

V = 72𝜋cos 2 𝜃(sin 𝜃 + 1) = 72𝜋(1 − sin2 𝜃)(sin 𝜃 + 1)

 1 2 1
= 72𝜋 [1 − (3) ] (3 + 1)

𝟐𝟓𝟔𝝅
V= 𝒄𝒖𝒃𝒊𝒄 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔
𝟑