MARKET SPOTLIGHT RACE TO ZERO JANUARY 2024

EUROPEAN HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE MARKET In the second quarter of 2023, just under 2,500
new zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles were sold
DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY (JANUARY-JUNE 2023) in the EU-27—a 25% increase over the first quarter
of 2023—including 1,100 buses and coaches, 790
EAMONN MULHOLLAND, NICOLE EGERSTROM, AND PIERRE LOUIS RAGON light and medium trucks, and 580 heavy trucks. The
sales share of heavy trucks has increased slightly in
Sales of zero-emission heavy-duty vehicle Sales shares of zero-emission heavy-duty the second quarter of 2023 to 0.8% up from 0.6%
by segment vehicle by Member State
compared to the first quarter of 2023. Shares of
zero-emission light and medium trucks increased
Sales Shares Shares
Shares considerably again, from 4% to 6% over the same
5,000 20% 100% period while zero-emission buses and coaches rose
Light/medium trucks
Heavy trucks Rest of EU-27 from 16% to 17%.
Buses Italy
4,000 16% 80% Denmark 30% of all zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles sales
Portugal occurred in Germany, roughly equivalent to their
Sweden 27% sales share of all heavy-duty vehicles, while 14%
3,000 12% 60% Spain of the sales of zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles
occurred in the Netherlands, compared to that
France
country’s 10% share of all heavy-duty vehicles.
2,000 8% 40%
Netherlands

1,000 4% 20%
Germany

0%
0 0%
2016 2018 2020 2022 2023 2016 2018 2020 2022 2023
Q2 Q2
2017 2019 2021 2023 2017 2019 2021 2023
Q1 Q1
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1. HEAVY TRUCKS FIGURE 1.1 FIGURE 1.2
Sales of heavy trucks by powertrain Sales of zero-emission heavy trucks
Heavy trucks represented 79% of the sales
Sales (bars) Shares (dots)
of all heavy-duty vehicles. Of the 74,000
heavy trucks sold in the second quarter 97% 2% <1% 1,000
Fuel cell electric
1.00%

of 2023, just 580 were zero-emission Diesel Natural gas Battery electric Battery electric
820
vehicles—almost double the entirety of 750 0.75%
580
zero-emission heavy truck sales in 2021.
500
Most of these were rigid body trucks, while 500 0.50%
roughly 30% were tractor trailers (the most
290
popular heavy-duty vehicle segment in 250 0.25%
Europe). Volvo Group, which consists of 80 90
Volvo Trucks and Renault Trucks, produced 0 0.00%
nearly 70% of all zero-emission heavy 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Q1 2023 Q2
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trucks despite accounting for only about THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG

25% of conventional vehicle sales in the

same period. IVECO and DAF combined FIGURE 1.3 FIGURE 1.4
sold just 3% of Europe’s zero-emission Sales of zero-emission heavy trucks by configuration Sales of zero-emission heavy trucks by model and
heavy trucks yet sold 22% of conventional and powertrain battery capacity
heavy trucks. Non-EU manufacturers do 4x2 6x2 Sales
rigid tractor
not have a significant share of the zero- 4x2 trucks trailers 60
emission heavy truck market, unlike their tractor 6x2 Volvo Trucks FH Series
Battery chemistry
trailers rigid Other
share of the more mature zero-emission trucks LFP
50 Volvo Trucks FM Series
NMC
bus market. Conventional Renault Trucks D
vehicles 40
Volvo Trucks FL Series

Mercedes-Benz Actros 6x2

30
Zero-emission Volvo Trucks FH Series
vehicles 20
Volvo Trucks FM Series
Scania L Series Mercedes-Benz unspecified
0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 10
Mercedes-Benz Actros 4x2

MAN TGS/TGX Scania R/S/P/G/T Series

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0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Battery capacity (kWh)
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2 ICCT MARKET SPOTLIGHT | EUROPEAN HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE MARKET DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY (JANUARY-JUNE 2023)
 FIGURE 1.5 FIGURE 1.6
Sales of zero-emission heavy trucks by Member State Shares of heavy trucks by powertrain and manufacturer

50%
Germany France
29% 17%
Zero-emission vehicles
Conventional vehicles

40%

30%

Netherlands Sweden
17% 13%
20%

10%
Rest of EU-27
Denmark
14%
10%

0%
Volvo Trucks M-Benz DAF IVECO
Renault Trucks Scania Hyundai Other
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3 ICCT MARKET SPOTLIGHT | EUROPEAN HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE MARKET DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY (JANUARY-JUNE 2023)
2. LIGHT AND MEDIUM FIGURE 2.1 FIGURE 2.2

TRUCKS Sales of light and medium trucks by powertrain Historic sales of zero-emission light and medium trucks

Sales (bars) Sale shares (dots)

Light and medium trucks represented 14%
of the sales of all heavy-duty vehicles. Of
92% 2% 6% 1500
Fuel cell electric
7.5%
Diesel Natural gas Battery electric
the 13,000 vehicles sold in the second Battery electric
1,100
quarter of 2023, 790 were zero-emission 1000 910 900 5.0%
vehicles; this is a sales share increase from 790
720
4% in the first quarter of 2023 to 6% in the
second quarter of 2023. More than 60% 500
450
2.5%
of zero-emission vehicle sales were vans
(the remainder were trucks); vans only
represented 24% of conventional vehicle
0 0.0%
sales. Ford is the largest supplier of zero- 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2023
Q1 Q2
emission vehicles with a 70% sales share;
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sales are predominantly driven by their
electric Ford Transit model.
FIGURE 2.3 FIGURE 2.4
Sales of zero-emission light and medium trucks by Sales of zero-emission light and medium trucks by
configuration and powertrain model and battery capacity
4x4 Sales
vans
4x2 4x4
rigid 4x2 rigid 700
trucks vans trucks Battery chemistry
600 Unknown
Conventional LFP Ford Transit
Other
vehicles 500 NMC

400
Zero-emission
vehicles 300

200
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Fiat Ducato Iveco Daily
THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG 100
Mercedes-Benz StreetScooter Foton
Sprinter WorkXL Aumark
0
0 25 50 75 100 125
Battery capacity (kWh)

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4 ICCT MARKET SPOTLIGHT | EUROPEAN HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE MARKET DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY (JANUARY-JUNE 2023)
 FIGURE 2.5 FIGURE 2.6
Sales of zero-emission light and medium trucks by Member State Shares of light and medium trucks by powertrain and manufacturer
Shares
Germany Netherlands
70%
47% 32%
Zero-emission vehicles
Conventional vehicles

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%
Rest of EU-27 Spain France
10% 6% 5%

0%
Ford Street- Maxus Iveco
Scooter
Fiat M-Benz Mitsubishi Others
Fuso

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5 ICCT MARKET SPOTLIGHT | EUROPEAN HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE MARKET DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY (JANUARY-JUNE 2023)
3. BUSES AND FIGURE 3.1 FIGURE 3.2

COACHES Sales of city buses by powertrain Historic sales of all zero-emission buses
Sales (bars) Shares (dots)
Buses and coaches represented 7% of the
30% 15% 18% 35% 4,000 20%
Diesel Natural Hybrid Battery THE Fuel cell electric
sales of all heavy-duty vehicles. Of the
gas electric Battery electric 3,400
6,500 vehicles sold in the second quarter
of 2023, 1,100 were zero-emission vehicles 2% 3,000
2,800 15%
(a 17% share). Battery electric city buses Fuel cell
became the most popular powertrain in
electric
the second quarter of 2023, achieving 2,000 10%
a sales share of 35%, compared to the 2% 1,500
1,700

30% share of diesel-fuelled city buses. 97% Natural gas

1,000 1,100
Only zero-emission city buses were Diesel 1,000 5%

sold in six countries (Denmark, Finland,

1%
Ireland, the Netherlands, Portugal, and
Battery 0%
Slovenia) in the second quarter of 2023, 0
electric 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2023
and sales were more than 50% in a further Q1 Q2
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four (Belgium, Lithuania, Romania, and INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG
Sweden). Solaris delivered the largest
number of zero-emission buses of any FIGURE 3.3
manufacturer, representing 14% of all Sales of city buses by Member State and powertrain
zero-emission bus sales, followed by MAN
75%
with a 12% share. Zhongtong, one of the
top five zero-emission bus manufacturers
in China, increased its market presence 60%
in Europe ranking third in the number of
zero-emission buses put on the road in the 45%
second quarter of 2023. The zero-emission Battery electric
vehicle manufacturer sold just 16 buses in
30% Diesel
the EU in 2022 but sold nearly 100 zero-
emission buses in the second quarter of Hybrid
15%
2023, representing a 9% share. More than Natural gas
40% of the zero-emission buses sold in the
EU-27 were produced by manufacturers 0% Fuel cell electric
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2
headquartered outside of the bloc.
2021 2022 2023

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6 ICCT MARKET SPOTLIGHT | EUROPEAN HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE MARKET DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY (JANUARY-JUNE 2023)
 FIGURE 3.4 FIGURE 3.5
Sales of zero-emission city buses by powertrain and Member State Shares of all buses by powertrain and manufacturer

Netherlands Shares

Denmark 80%

Ireland Zero-emission vehicles

Conventional vehicles
Finland
70%
Portugal

Slovenia

Sweden
60%
Belgium

Lithuania

Romania 50%

Spain

Germany
40%
Italy

Poland

France 30%

Luxembourg

Hungary
20%
Czechia

Austria

10%
Fuel cell
electric
Battery electric Hybrid Natural gas Diesel
0%
EU-27 Solaris Zhongtong BYD Karsan Other
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Heuliez Bus Volvo Trucks
MAN Ebusco
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7 ICCT MARKET SPOTLIGHT | EUROPEAN HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE MARKET DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY (JANUARY-JUNE 2023)
4. SPOTLIGHT CHARGING
FIGURE 4.1

The deployment of charging infrastructure must Number of public heavy-duty charging points deployed and planned for deployment in Europe
keep pace with the growth in battery-electric
Number of heavy-duty chargers Number of heavy-duty chargers Number of heavy-duty chargers
truck sales. Through public announcements and currently deployed planned for deployment by 2025 planned for deployment by 2030
stakeholder discussions, we identified 160 truck-
specific public charging points currently deployed
in the EU-27 + Norway, Switzerland, and the UK. 200 400 2,000
Voltempo UK

Petrol station operators Circle K and Shell are Aral Germany

positioning themselves as leading heavy-duty

Van Dijk Trucks Finland Iberdrola† Spain†
charging point operators (CPOs). Circle K operates Nimbnet France
Engie
a network of 50 public heavy-duty charging points Nimbnet
Milence Fastcharge/ Norway
throughout Sweden, and plans to deploy another Denmark ST1
150 300 1,500
56 by 2024. Shell has deployed 12 charging points Aral Norway Belgium
between the Netherlands and Germany, with plans Plugit Switzerland Milence
E.ON Drive
to deploy another 72 across the Netherlands. Recharge Germany
GOFAST
Sweden
Energy companies E.ON, Iberdrola, and Engie Circle K
Shell
are also investing in public truck charging. Most
notably, Iberdrola plans to deploy 160 charging
100 Netherlands 200 1,000 Split
points of 1.3 MW each across Spain. The timeframe RIFIL*
between
is unknown, however. Milence DE, FR,
Shell Netherlands NL, BE,
NO, ES,
Finally, new CPOs are investing in truck fast and SE

ultra-fast charging, which will be crucial to enable TSG

long-haul trucking. TSG opened a charging plaza

with 36 charging points for trucks and off-highway 50 100 500
vehicles in the Netherlands. Milence, a joint venture
Sweden
between Daimler Trucks, Traton Group, and the GRIDSERVE UK
Volvo Group, has a major investment plan of 500
Circle K
million euros to build 1,700 public charging points
by 2027, including megawatt chargers, spread out
across Germany, the Netherlands, France, Belgium,
Spain, Sweden, and Norway. Milence opened its 0 0 0

first 4 charging points in October 2023. By CPO By country By CPO By country By CPO By country
*Private depot chargers open to †The deployment plans of
public during the day
Iberdrola have no defined year

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8 ICCT MARKET SPOTLIGHT | EUROPEAN HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE MARKET DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY (JANUARY-JUNE 2023)
DEFINITIONS, DATA SOURCES, METHODOLOGY, AND ASSUMPTIONS
City bus: A passenger vehicle with a gross vehicle All data on the sheets for heavy trucks and light and
weight above 3.5 tons that is used exclusively in medium trucks and any figures with the heading
urban environments. “all zero-emission buses” in the buses and coaches
sheet are supplied by IHS Markit; Copyright © IHS
Coach: A passenger vehicle with a gross vehicle Markit, 2023. The exception is the battery size
weight above 3.5 tons that is used exclusively in and chemistries in Figures 1.4 and 2.4 which were
regional environments. derived from manufacturer websites and press
Heavy-duty vehicle: A commercial vehicle, intended releases. Any figure with the heading “city buses”
for the transport of passengers or freight, with a was sourced from Chatrou CME Solutions. All
gross vehicle weight above 3.5 tons. countries from the EU-27 Member States, except
Bulgaria, are covered here. Data related to city
Heavy truck: A truck with a gross vehicle weight buses excludes Bulgaria, Slovakia, Croatia, Malta,
above 12 tons. and Cyprus. Data for the market focus on charging
points was derived from public announcements,
Interurban bus: A passenger vehicle with a gross
press releases, and discussions with stakeholders
vehicle weight above 3.5 tons that is used in both
and charge point operators.
urban and regional environments.

Light and medium truck: A truck or van with a gross

vehicle weight between 3.5 tons and 12 tons.

Zero-emission vehicle: Any vehicle whose propulsion

system produces zero combustion emissions, such
as a dedicated battery-electric, fuel cell-electric, or
other motor that is not driven by combustion.

9 ICCT MARKET SPOTLIGHT | EUROPEAN HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE MARKET DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY (JANUARY-JUNE 2023)
 © 2024 INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION (ID 70)

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