QUESTION 1

a. Discuss the construction of single phase induction motor (7marks)

Similar to three phase induction motor, single phase induction motor also has two main parts;

 Stator
 Rotor

Stator: The stator winding is single phase winding instead of three phase winding; the stator core is the
same as the core of the three phase induction motor. In a single phase induction motor there are two
winding used in the stator expect in shaded pole induction motor. Out of these two windings, one winding
is the main winding and the second is auxiliary winding. The stator core is laminated to reduce the eddy
current loss. The single phase is given to the stator winding (main winding).

Rotor: It consists of a cylindrical laminated core with parallel slot for carrying the rotor conductors. It
should be noted clearly, are not wires but consist of heavy bars of copper, aluminum, or alloys. Instead of
rotor winding, rotor bar are used and it is short-circuited at the end by end rings. Hence, it makes a
complete path in the rotor circuit. The rotor bars are permanently short-circuited on themselves, it is not
possible to add any external resistance in series with the rotor circuit for starting purpose.

b. A typical (ATLAS 125-1hp 2850r/min 230v rating and ±10 tolerance) ac motor is a rewindable motor
coil aluminum surface water pump is ideal for water supply from reservoir and wells for domestic use.
Determine the minimum and maximum voltage that could be applied to the motor and what is the running
torque of the ac motor? (6 marks)

Data given:

Vrated = 230v and ±10 percent tolerance, f = 50Hz, S = 2850rpm, P = 1hp, Vmin=? Vmax=? T=?

Solution

Vmin = Vrated - (0.1×vrated)

= 230 – (0.1×230)

= 230 – 23

Vmin = 207v

Vmin = Vrated + (0.1× vrated)

= 230 + (0.1×230)

= 230 +23

Vmax = 253v.

Therefore, the minimum and maximum voltage that could be applied to the motor are 207v and 253v
respectively.
Recall P = TS/5252 and running torque is given as: T = 5252P/S

T = 5252×1/2850, T = 1.8lb-ft

C. where do we require single phase induction motor (2marks)

Single phase induction motor is required where;

 3 phase supply is not available

 Efficiency is of lesser important
 Rating is less than 1 horse power
 Equipment is portable

QUESTION 2

a. What is meant by synchronizing alternator and state the conditions to be satisfied for proper
synchronizing of alternator (5marks)
The process of connecting two or more alternator in parallel for supplying a common load is
called synchronizing. The condition to be satisfied for proper synchronizing of alternator;
 The terminal voltage of the incoming alternator must be the same as bus-bar voltage
 The speed of the incoming alternator must be such that its frequency equal to the bus-bar
frequency
 The phase sequence of the incoming alternator must be the same as that of the other
alternator or bus-bar
b. Determine the efficiency of a motor that delivers 1.7hp while drawing 12A from a 240v supply at
a pf of 0.7 (5marks)

Data given

P = 1.7 hp, I = 12A, V = 240v, P.F = 0.7, find % eff,

Known: %eff = (Pout/Pin) × 100

P = IVCOSØ, COSØ = P.F

Solutions

Pin = 12A × 240v × 0.7 = 2016W

Pout = 1.7hp × (746W/hp) = 1268.2W

%eff = (1268.2/2016) × 100 = 62.9%

The efficiency of the motor is 62.9%

C. state the principle of operation of shaded pole induction motor (5marks)

A shaded pole motor is basically a small single phase squirrel cage motor in which the starting winding
is composed of short circuited copper ring (called shading coil surrounding) one third of each pole. The
effect of the shading coil is to cause a flux to sweep across the pole faces from unshaded to shaded
portion of the pole producing a weak rotating magnetic field. As a result, the rotor is set in motion due to
induction principle

QUESTION 3

Enumerate the advantage of parallel operation of alternator (5marks)

The advantage of parallel operation of alternator

 It ensure continuity of power supply to consumers in case of breakdown of an alternator in an

generating station
 This is economical and improves the efficiency of the generating station
 When the demand of power increases, new alternators can be installed to operate in parallel
 It is not possible to built single large size alternator to meet the requirement

B. list and briefly explain the type of rotor used in alternator (5 marks)

 Cylindrical rotor
 Salient pole rotor

Cylindrical rotor has a uniform air gap because of which its reactance remains the same. However, the
synchronous machine (Alternator) with salient pole has non uniform air gap due to which it reactance
varies with the rotor position. The cylindrical rotor machine possesses one axis of symmetry (pole axis or
direct axis) where as salient pole machine possesses two axes of geometric symmetry;

i. Field pole axis called direct axis or d-axis

ii. Axis passing through the center of the inter space called the quadrature or q axis

C. outline the advantage of three phase motor over single phase motor (5 marks)

The three phase motors are having;

 Higher starting torque

 Improve speed regulation
 Less vibration
 Quicker operation compared to the single phase motors

QUESTION 4

a. What is slip and determine the rated speed of a six pole, 120v 50 Hz motor that has 5 percent slip rate
speed (6marks)

This difference between the speed of rotor and speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator is called
slip, it is unit less.

Data given:
Rated Speed =? No. of poles = 6, voltage = 120v, f = 50Hz, %S = 5

Recall, %S = [(Ns-N)/Ns] × 100

But Ns = 120f/P

Ns = 1000r/min

5 = [(1000 – N)/1000] ×100

N = 950r/min

Therefore the rated speed is 950r/min

b. A certain mechanical system normally require 0.7 hp but under adverse condition may require 0.9 hp
can a 3/4hp motor with a service factor of 1.25 be used to power the system (5marks)

Data given

Prated =0.7hp, S.F = 1.25, Pload = 0.9hp

Find: Pmax

Pmax = 0.75hp × 1.25 = 0.9375 hp

Therefore, A 3/4 hp motor with S.F = 1.25 will sufficient because Pmax is greater than Pload

C. why are resistance split phase induction motors most popular (4marks)

These motors are most popular due to their low cost. They are used where moderate starting torque is
required and where the starting periods are not frequent. They drive fans, pumps, washing machines,
small machine tool etc. They have power rating between 60watts and 250watts.

QUESTION 5

a. Explain in details the construction of synchronous generator (7marks)

Synchronous generator is also known as alternator. This machine consists of two main parts;

i. Field winding (rotor winding) – winding that produce the main magnetic field in the machine
ii. Armature winding (stator winding) - winding where the main voltage is induced.

Main construction;

Stator

It has a 3 phase distributed winding (AC supply) similar to induction machine. The stator winding
is sometime called the armature winding.

Rotor
 It has a winding (DC winding) called field winding. Field winding is normally fed from an
external dc source through slip rings and brushes. Rotor can be dividing into two groups;

Salient pole rotor: Magnetic poles stick out from the surface of the rotor

 It rotor pole projecting out from the rotor core

 It use for low speed hydroelectric generator
 It has non uniform air gap

Cylindrical rotor:

 It rotor is in cylindrical form with dc field winding embedded in the rotor slots
 It has a uniform air gap and provide greater mechanical strength
 It is use in high speed turbo generator

B. Give the rate rotation of the magnetic field in the synchronous machine (2marks)

The rate rotation of the magnetic field in the synchronous machine is given as;

NS = (120fe)/P

Where, NS = rated rotation of synchronous machine’s magnetic field (rpm)

fe = Electrical frequency or frequency supply (Hz)

P = Number of pole in the machine

C. state, draw the circuit and phasor diagram of the three types of load for synchronous machine
(6marks)

The load for synchronous machine may be of three types;

 Pure resistive load (unity power factor)

 Inductive load (lagging power factor)
 Capacitive load (leading power factor)

Pure resistive load (unity power factor)

EG
QUESTION 6

a. If a single phase motor is driven in any direction by any means it starts running in that direction.
Explain why? (5marks)

If a single phase motor is driven in any direction by any means it starts running in that direction because
actually a pulsating torque has two components which are equal in magnitude and rotate in opposite
direction with synchronous speed at unity slip. Now if the motor rotates in any direction, the slip decrease
and the torque component in this direction increases than the other component increases than the other
component and hence motor runs in that direction.

B. a 3phase Y-connected synchronous generator supplied a load of 10Mw at power factor 0.85 lagging
and the terminal voltage is 11Kv. The synchronous reactance of 0.66 ohm/phase. Calculate the armature
voltage and voltage regulation. Draw the phasor diagram (10 marks)

Data given

Power factor = 0.85(lagging)

Ø = cos -1 PF

cos -1 0.85 = 31.79̊, Pout = 10Mw, IL = IA = Pout/√3VL cos Ø → IL = IA = 10M/√3×11K×0.85 =617.5A

EA = VØ ∟ 0̊ + (IA ∟- Ø) (RA+jXs)

= (11K/√3) ∟ 0̊ + (IA ∟ - 31.79̊) (0.1 +J 0.66)

= 6624.07 ∟ 2.72̊ V