z

PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION

 PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION
STAKING-OUT
z THE BUILDING

Before staking-out, it is advisable to go through the process of relocating the point of boundaries
and property line of the site where the building is to be constructed. Staking-out is the driving
of stakes for batter boards to locate the corners and foundations of a building for
excavation.

1. Measure the required setback from the front corner monuments. Drive two stakes and stretch
a string between them to represent the front building line.

2. Measure the required side setback from one of the side lot lines along the front building line.
Drive stake A which will represent the first corner of the building. From Stake A, measure the
width of the building and mark with stake B to obtain the other front corner.

3. Estimate right angles from stakes A and B and measure the length of the building. In those
two points, drive two temporary stakes C and D which will mark the rear corners of the building.
C-D should be equal to A-B.

4. Draw lines along the diagonals A-D and B-C and ensure that these are equal.

5. Transfer the building lines to batter boards.

Stakes – are wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one end driven into
the ground to serve as boundaries or supports of the batter boards.
Strings – are either plastic cords or galvanized wires strung across batter
boards and used to indicate the outline of the building wall and foundation.
 LAYING THE BATTERBOARDS
z
BATTER BOARDS
• horizontal boards
• establishes height of the footing trenches and foundations
• establishes height of finish floor levels

LEVELING
• done with a line level or carpenter’s level, or with a transit
• height of the batter boards may be level with or a little higher
that the top of the finished foundation.

Batter Boards – wood sticks or boards nailed horizontally at the stake which serve as the horizontal plane where the reference point of the building
measurements are established.
 z
Notes:

Spirit Level – an instrument or tool capable of vertical

and horizontal line
check.

Plumb Bob – a weight attached to a string, used for

vertical line check.

Plastic Hose Filled With Water – a method of leveling

horizontally batter boards without transit.
PLUMB BOB

3-4-5 Multiples With the Use of Steel Tape Measure

– a manual method of squaring the corners of building
lines in staking.
FORMWORK AND SHORING
z
Formwork - used to shape and support fresh concrete until cured and able to support itself.
Shoring - temporary supports designed to carry forms for beams and slabs.

FORMS FOR CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. Materials used for

form construction are:

1. LUMBER FORMS
• should only be partially seasoned.

2. PLYWOOD FORMS.
• used where a smooth surface is required
• should be waterproof, Grade “A” and at least ½” thick.

3. STEEL FORMS
• may be in the form of pans for concrete joist construction or
steel decking or corrugated steel for concrete slabs and slab-
and-joist construction.

4. FIBER BOARDS

5. PHENOLIC BOARDS
Phenolic resin or phenol-formaldehyde resin –
is a thermosetting, waterproof, low-cost, mold-resistant, high
strength synthetic resin made from phenol and formaldehyde;
has good resistance to aging; used extensively in the
manufacture of adhesives, exterior and marine plywood,
laminated products, and molded articles.
z
TWO MAJOR MATERIALS USED FOR FORMS AND SHORING CONSTRUCTION ARE:
z
(1) LUMBER
(2) STEEL.

1.3.1 Lumber Forms and Shoring

• partially seasoned and to some extent slightly wet in • crude oil and petroline are used to prevent concrete
order to prevent swelling and distortion of the forms; from adhering to the wood and preserve the forms
against damage by alternate wetting and drying; on
• dressed at least one side and both edges even for forms against surfaces which are to be plastered,
non-exposed surfaces; wetting with water will be sufficient since oiling prevents
adhesion of the plaster;
• joints in forms for columns, beams, and girders made
tight by dressing the lumber true to edge, forming square • wire ties or bolts and rods are used to hold wall
or butt joints; forms together; rods are preferred and should be
tight joints in floor and wall panels obtained by using arranged that upon removal of the forms, no metal shall
tongue-and grooved stock; be within one inch of any surface; wire ties should be
used only on light and unimportant work where
• sizes of lumber used are: 2-in.stock for columns, discoloring will not be
beams and girder bottoms; 1-in. stock for floor panels objectionable;
and beam and girder sides; 2x4s for struts, posts,
shores, and uprights; 1 or 2-inch stock for cleats; • plywood forms used where a smooth surface is
required; should be waterproof, Grade “A” and at
least ½” thick.
z PLYWOOD FORMS

Knee
Brace
Ledger
Kicker Metal or
Blocking Stringers
Wood Joists
Jack

Adjustable
Metal Shores
Braced T-
and L-heads Bracing

Single Post
Wood Shore

WOOD SHORING METAL SHORING

Sills
z
z
 COLUMN FORMS
z WOOD FORMWORKS
Reusable forms may have a
square or rectangular cross
section

YOKES are clamping devices

for keeping column forms and
tops of wall forms from
spreading under the fluid
pressure of newly placed
concrete

WALL FORMS
SPREADERS usually of wood,
space and keep the wall or
forms apart
FORM TIES
PLYWOOD SHEATHING
HORIZONTAL WALERS
WOOD STUDS
SILL PLATE

BRACING
z
z
z
FORM TIES

SNAP TIES have notches or crimps that

allow their ends to be snapped off below the
concrete surface after stripping off the forms

small, truncated cones of wood, steel or

plastic attached to form ties to space and
spread wall forms, leave a neatly finished
depression in the concrete surface to be
filled or left exposed

SHE BOLTS consist of waler rods that are

inserted through the form and threaded onto
the ends of an inner rod. After stripping, the
waler rods are removed for reuse while the
inner rod remains in the concrete

a variety of wedges and slotted devices

tighten the formwork and transfer the force
in a form tie to the walers
z
CONCRETING WORKS Part 1
z
Estimating Concrete and Formworks
CONCRETING WORKS Part 1
z
Estimating Concrete and Formworks

FOUNDATION SYSTEMS (Deep and Shallow Foundation)

The foundation system transfers the

lateral loads on the superstructure to the
ground. The horizontal component of
these lateral forces is transferred largely
through a combination of soil friction on
the bottom of footings and the
development of passive soil pressure on
the sides of footings and foundation
walls. Foundation systems are classified
into two broad categories --- shallow
foundations and deep foundations.
CONCRETING WORKS Part 1
z
Estimating Concrete and Formworks

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Shallow or spread foundations are employed when stable soil of adequate bearing
capacity occurs relatively near the ground surface. They are placed directly below the
lowest part of a superstructure and transfer building loads directly to the supporting soil
by vertical pressure. The types of shallow or spread footings are:

1. Individual or isolated footings – are spread footings supporting free-standing

columns and piers.
a. Block or square footings
c. Slope or pyramidal footings

b. Stepped footings
CONCRETING WORKS Part 1
z
Estimating Concrete and Formworks

2. Strip footings – are the continuous spread footings of foundation walls. Stepped
footings are strip footings that change levels to accommodate a sloping grade and
maintain the required depth at all points around a building.

STRIP FOOTINGS

STEPPED FOOTINGS

3. Combined footings.
a. Combined footings. supporting two or more columns. This type of footing is used
where it is not possible to center the footing beneath its supported column as in the
case of columns located at or very near the property line. In such case, the nearest
interior column is selected and a combined footing constructed under both columns.
CONCRETING WORKS Part 1
z
Estimating Concrete and Formworks

The footing is so designed so that the center of

gravity of the combined loads passes through
the center of gravity of the footing area.
Combined column footings are usually
rectangular or trapezoidal in shape.

b. Cantilevered footings. This type of footing

may be used in place of a combined footing
under the same conditions. In this type of
construction, the footings of the exterior and
interior columns are connected by a tie-beam or
strap which is so extended to support the
exterior column. The top of the beam or strap is
usually placed level with the top of the footings.
CONCRETING WORKS Part 1
z
Estimating Concrete and Formworks

c. Continuous footings.

These may be:

1. supporting a line of columns L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4

2. supporting all of the columns by strips at

right angles to each other. L/5 L/5

They may be inverted slab or inverted tee

continuous footings.

4. Mat or Raft Foundations

Mat foundations, like continuous footings are used on soil of low bearing power
where there is a tendency towards unequal settlement due to unequal loading of
soil. In this type of foundation all parts of the foundation are so tied together so that
they will act as one and assist each other in keeping level and plumb.
CONCRETING WORKS Part 1
z
Estimating Concrete and Formworks
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

There may be short columns or long columns.

Short columns – occur when the unsupported height is not greater than ten times
the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section.
Long columns – occur when the unsupported height is more than ten times the
shortest lateral dimension of the cross section.

TYPES OF RC COLUMNS
Reinforced-concrete columns may be classified into five types:

1. Tied Columns. These are columns with longitudinal bars and lateral ties. The
ratio of the effective cross-sectional area of vertical reinforcement to the gross
column area should not be less than 1% nor more than 8%, and should consist of
at least 4 bars of a minimum size of #5.
CONCRETING WORKS Part 1
z
Estimating Concrete and Formworks
Lateral tiles shall be at least 3/8” (10 mm) diameter and shall be spaced apart not
over than 16 bar diameters, 48 tie diameters, or the least dimension of the column.
Where there are more than four vertical bars, additional ties should be provided so
that every longitudinal bar will be firmly held in its designed position. The
reinforcement for tied columns shall be protected by a covering of concrete, cast
monolithically with the core, of at least 1-1/2” (38 mm) thickness.
 REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS
z Dowels the
column to
10” min. diameter
Vertical reinforcement should not be less than
supported beams 1% nor more than 8% of cross-sectional area,
and slabs nor less than 5 - #4 bars.
ROUND COLUMNS

Inclined bars should

not exceed a 1 in 6
slope 3” min. Vertical reinforcement to be not less
than 1% nor more than 4% of cross-
Extra ties may be RECTANGULAR COLUMN sectional area, nor less than 4 - #4 bars.
required at
support points ¼” diameter
min.
Spacing to be not more than 48 x tie diameter
Vertical reinforcement
or 16 x vertical bar diameter nor more than
helps column carry
least dimension of column section.
compressive loads
and resists tensile
COLUMN TIES Ties provide lateral reinforcement for
forces.
VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT concrete columns.

1 ½” min. cover 3/8” diameter min.

Dowels overlap vertical Spacing to be not more than 3” nor less than
bars 40 bar diameters 1 3/8” or 1 ½“ x size of coarse aggregate.
or 24”.
Extend spiral 1 ½ turns into column
3” min. footing.
cover Varies with column load; 12” min.
exposed to 3”
earth.
6”
ISOLATED FOOTINGS Pile cap may be used for concrete, wood, or
steel piles, and may support either concrete
PILE CAPS or steel columns.
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS
z
2. Spiral Columns. These are columns with longitudinal bars and closely
spaced continuous spiral hooping. For spiral columns, the ratio of the
area of the vertical reinforcement to the gross column area shall not
less than 1% nor more than 8%. The minimum number of bars shall 6,
and the minimum bar size shall #5.

The spiral reinforcement, with min

size of 3/8” shall consist of evenly
spaced continuous spirals held
firmly in place by at least three
vertical spacer bars. The center
to center spacing of the spirals
shall not exceed 3” (75 mm) nor
be less than 1-3/8” (35 mm) or 1-
1/2 times the maximum size of
the coarse aggregate. Protective
covering for the column
reinforcement shall not be less
than 1-1/2” (38 mm).
REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS
z
1. ONE-WAY SLABS

Probably the most commonly used type or reinforced concrete construction consists of
a solid slab supported by two parallel beams, the beams framing into girders, and
the girders in turn framing into columns. The reinforcement slabs runs in one
direction only, from beam to beam, hence the slab is known as one-way slab. The
number of beams in a panel depends upon the column spacing and the live load to
be supported. The beams are spaced uniformly and generally frame into the girders
at the center, third or quarter points.

This type of framing is called the beam-and-girder floor. It is readily constructed and
the formwork is simple. The one-way slab is economical for medium and heavy live
loads for comparatively short spans, 6 to 12 ft. For light live loads, 40 to 60 psf, the
spans may be increased, but long spans for one-way slabs results in comparatively
large dead loads.
REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS
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REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS
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2. ONE WAY JOIST OR RIBBED SLABS
For medium span lengths with light or medium
live loads, ribbed slabs have proved to have an
economical type of floor construction. They are
not so well suited to heavy concentrated loads as
the solid one or two-way slabs. A one-way joist
slab consists of relatively small adjacent T-
beams. When the open spaces between the
webs or rings are filled with clay tile, gypsum tile,
concrete filler block or steel forms, the floor
system is called a ribbed slab.
REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS
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3. TWO-WAY SLABS

When a floor panel is square or nearly so, having beams or walls on four sides, it is
generally economical to use two sets of reinforcing bars placed at right angles to each
other. These bars in two directions transfer the loads to the four supporting beams or
walls. Slabs thus reinforced are known as two way slabs or slabs supported on four
sides.

For square panels, with supports of equal rigidity, the live and dead loads are distributed
equally in both directions and the reinforcements are the same each way. When the
panel is oblong or rectangular, the greater part of the load is transmitted by the
transverse or short reinforcement. If the length of the slab exceeds 1.5 times its width,
the entire load is usually assumed to be carried by the short reinforcement, and the
long reinforcement used for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement only; hence the
slab would become a one-way slab.
REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS
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3. TWO-WAY SLABS
In determining the reinforcement of two-way slabs two strips of floor are considered. One is
middle strip, one half of the panel in width, symmetrical about the panel center line, and
extending through the length of the panel. The other is the column strip, one half of the
panel in width and occupying the two quarter-panel areas outside the middle strip. In
placing the reinforcement it is advantageous to place the bars in the short direction,
carrying the greater load, under the longer bars. Bars are bent up at fifth points and
extend over the supports of the quarter points of the adjoining slabs as is done for one-
way slabs.
REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS
z
3. TWO-WAY SLABS
In determining the reinforcement of two-way slabs two strips of floor are considered. One is
middle strip, one half of the panel in width, symmetrical about the panel center line, and
extending through the length of the panel. The other is the column strip, one half of the
panel in width and occupying the two quarter-panel areas outside the middle strip. In
placing the reinforcement it is advantageous to place the bars in the short direction,
carrying the greater load, under the longer bars. Bars are bent up at fifth points and
extend over the supports of the quarter points of the adjoining slabs as is done for one-
way slabs.
REINFORCED
z
CONCRETE BEAMS

A beam may be defined as a structural member, resting on supports usually at its ends,
which supports transverse loads. The loads that act on the beam, as well as the weight
of the beam itself, tend to bend rather than lengthen or shorten it. A girder is a term
applied to a beam that supports one or more smaller beams, as concentrated loads.
REINFORCED
z
CONCRETE BEAMS

.
REINFORCED
z
CONCRETE BEAMS

.
REINFORCED
z
CONCRETE BEAMS

.
REINFORCED
z
CONCRETE BEAMS

.
REINFORCED
z
CONCRETE BEAMS

.
 REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
z
.
1. Rectangular beams

2. T – beams

3. Beam with Compression and/or Tension Reinforcement.

 REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
z
.
4. Cantilever Beams.

5. Hollow box girders.

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
z
6. Beam Brackets or Corbels. Short beam extensions from columns used to support
.
rafters or trusses.
ROOF DECKS
z

Reinforced concrete roof

slabs (roof decks) are
formed and site cast in the
same manner as concrete
floor systems. Roof decks
are normally covered with
a type of membrane
roofing for insulation and
waterproofing.
ROOF DECKS
z

Reinforced concrete roof

slabs (roof decks) are
formed and site cast in the
same manner as concrete
floor systems. Roof decks
are normally covered with
a type of membrane
roofing for insulation and
waterproofing.
PROPORTIONS
z OF CONCRETE
PROPORTIONS
z OF CONCRETE
PROPORTIONS
z OF CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
z

Cont. of Table1-4
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING
z CONCRETE
ESTIMATING CONCRETE
z
ESTIMATING CONCRETE
z
ESTIMATING CONCRETE
z
ESTIMATING CONCRETE
z
ESTIMATING CONCRETE
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