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The document summarizes the major subsystems of a computer: the central processing unit (CPU), main memory, and input/output subsystem. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to perform operations, a control unit to control other subsystems via signals, and registers to temporarily hold data. Main memory consists of storage locations that hold programs and data. The input/output subsystem allows communication with external devices, including non-storage devices like keyboards and printers, as well as storage devices that can retain information like magnetic drives. The CPU executes programs step-by-step using repeating machine cycles to process input data into output data.

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12 views2 pages

English

The document summarizes the major subsystems of a computer: the central processing unit (CPU), main memory, and input/output subsystem. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to perform operations, a control unit to control other subsystems via signals, and registers to temporarily hold data. Main memory consists of storage locations that hold programs and data. The input/output subsystem allows communication with external devices, including non-storage devices like keyboards and printers, as well as storage devices that can retain information like magnetic drives. The CPU executes programs step-by-step using repeating machine cycles to process input data into output data.

Uploaded by

youssramourad9
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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We can divide the parts that make up a computer into three broad subsystems: the central

processing unit (CPU), the main memory, and the input/output subsystem. The next three sections
discuss these subsystems and how they are connected to make a standalone computer

The central processing unit (CPU) performs operations on data. In most architectures it has three
parts: an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a control unit, and a set of registers,

The arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs logic, shift, and arithmetic operations on data.

Registers Registers are fast stand-alone storage locations that hold data temporarily. Multiple
registers are needed to facilitate the operation of the CPU. Some of these registers are shown in
Figure

The control unit The third part of any CPU is the control unit. The control unit controls the
operation of each subsystem.

is achieved through signals sent from the control unit to other subsystems

Main memory is the second major subsystem in a computer . It consists of a collection of storage
locations,

INPUT/OUTPUT SUBSYSTEM

The third major subsystem in a computer is the collection of devices referred to as the

input/output (I/O) subsystem. This subsystem allows a computer to communicate with the outside
world, and to store programs and data even when the power is off. Input/output devices can be
divided into two broad categories: nonstorage and storage devices.

Nonstorage devices allow the CPU/memory to communicate with the outside world, but

they cannot store information.

=Keyboard and monitor

=Printer

Storage devices, although classified as I/O devices, can store large amounts of information

to be retrieved at a later time.


=Magnetic storage devices

PROGRAM EXECUTION

Today, general-purpose computers use a set of instructions called a program to process

data. A computer executes the program to create output data from input data. Both the

program and the data are stored in memory.

Machine cycle

The CPU uses repeating machine cycles to execute instructions in the program, one by

one, from beginning to end

Fetch
In the fetch phase, the control unit orders the system to copy the next instruction
into the instruction register in the CPU.

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