2022 2nd International Conference on Advance Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering (ICACITE)

Cluster, Cloud, Grid Computing via Network

Communication Using Control Communication and
Monitoring of Smart Grid
2022 2nd International Conference on Advance Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering (ICACITE) | 978-1-6654-3789-9/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICACITE53722.2022.9823552

Santosh Kumar N M G Kumar B.T.Geetha

Assistant Professor, Department of Professor, Department of Electrical Associate Professor, Department of
CSE, Chandigarh University, India. and Electronics Engineering, Sree ECE, Saveetha School of
[email protected] Vidyanikethan Engineering Engineering, SIMATS, Tamil
College, Tirupathi, India. Nadu, India
[email protected] [email protected]

M. Sangeetha M. Kalyan Chakravarthi Vikas Tripathi

Assistant Professor School of Electronics Engineering, Associate Professor, Department of
School of Computing and VIT-AP University, Computer Science & Engineering,
Information Technology Amaravathi, India. Graphic Era Deemed to be
REVA University, Bengaluru, [email protected] University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand,
India. India
[email protected] [email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0002-2254-3044

Abstract-Traditional power consumption management that the "Global Positioning System" or GPS is not highly
systems are not showing enough reliability and thus, smart grid beneficial in tracking energy consumption. GPS can locate the
technology has been introduced to reduce the excess power PHU position; however, for real-time tracking of the energy
wastages. In the context of smart grid systems, network consumption, WSN and other network control systems are
communication is another term that is used for developing the required [3].
network between the users and the load profiles. Cloud
computing and clustering are also executed for efficient power Apart from this, the conventional GPS system cannot
management. Based on the facts, this research is going to detect the measurement errors of the smart grid which is
identify wireless network communication systems to monitor considered the major problem. Therefore, the studies suggest
and control smart grid power consumption. Primary survey- the use of manpower to mitigate the issues [4]. Usually, the
based research has been carried out with 62 individuals who general communication and control system of the smart grid
worked in the smart grid system, tracked, monitored and is not highly advantageous for real-time tracking of energy
controlled the power consumptions using WSN technology. The consumption and subsequently controlling them [5].
survey was conducted online where the respondents provided Therefore, a wireless network communication system or WSN
their opinions via a google survey form. The responses were will help the users to detect faults and errors quickly [6]. WSN
collected and analyzed on Microsoft Excel. Results show that PMU data is then transferred to the control centre for further
hybrid commuting of cloud and edge computing technology is
decision making. Conventional monitoring systems also
more advantageous than individual computing. Respondents
resulted in blackouts besides high energy loss.
agreed that deep learning techniques will be more beneficial to
analyze load profiles than machine learning techniques. Lastly, Concerning the smart grid monitoring and communication
the study has explained the advantages and challenges of using system, “cluster-based energy management” is another
smart grid network communication systems. Apart from the approach for reducing energy consumption. Cluster-based
findings from primary research, secondary journal articles were systems are generally used for residential energy management
also observed to emphasise the research findings. [7]. Various studies are available which show the use of C++
programming for developing cluster-based communication
Keywords: Smart grid technology, wireless sensor networks,
systems to monitor and control energy consumption [8]. It has
artificial intelligence, energy consumption
been observed that clustering-based management and WSN
I. INTRODUCTION communication can save up to 45-56% of the energy. On the
other hand, cloud computing is useful in monitoring oil
Nowadays, network communication and control systems pipelines and fuel consumption. The WSN communication
are being developed in the context of smart grid monitoring system is also integrated with cloud-computing techniques for
systems. In the case of the smart grid, "Phasor Measuring enhancing usability, efficiency and security [9].
Units" (PHU) need to be observed effectively to control the
energy consumption. Researchers and developers are using According to the background of this study, the research is
"wireless sensor networks" (WSN) to monitor the PHU going to analyze the usability of the cluster, cloud and grid-
functions and measurements [1]. After that, this entire based communication system for effective monitoring and
network framework will control the energy consumption and controlling of smart grid energy. Primary survey-based
will definitely reduce the loss of energy [2]. Studies suggest research has been carried out to collect data on recent interests

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 2022 2nd International Conference on Advance Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering (ICACITE)

and practical applications. After that, the primary data were system for monitoring renewable energy consumption. Their
analyzed and interpreted. During the discussion, secondary proposed model is shown below Fig. 2 where the excess
research has been carried out to understand the efficacy of power consumption signal is transferred to the “power data
primary data. Finally, the research is concluded with the major aggregator and management unit” or PDAMU. “Energy
findings. storage system” or ESS is placed according to the cluster and
the utility system executes the management of power supply
II. LITERATURE REVIEW [16].
A. Cloud-computing communication for smart grid
monitoring system
Cloud computing is used for real-time monitoring and
controlling of smart grid energy consumption. According to
Kulkarni and colleagues, a smart grid is dependent on
information technology, electrical networks and other layers
of communication. The conventional monitoring system
resulted in inefficient management of energy consumption,
faulty grid and other human errors. Therefore, these authors
have developed cloud-computing based smart grid monitoring
systems that will reduce human error, machine error and will
enhance energy management [10]. "Remote cloud server” has
been used by these authors to track the real-time status of
energy. Moreover, they installed authorization and security
systems to ensure the data acquisition is verified and
processing is secured. The proposed method is shown in Fig.
1.

Fig. 2. Framework of cluster-based smart grid monitoring and management

system (Source: [16])
Fig. 1. Cloud-based grid monitoring system (Source: [10])
C. Grid computing for smart grid monitoring system
Their results showed promising advantages in the context
Grid computing defines the computing techniques used in
of real-time monitoring and controlling of energy
monitoring and data analysis. Many authors use general cloud
consumption. As the verification system has been installed,
computing and many authors use edge computing for
security did not become a concern. Albataineh and other
executing energy consumption management. Kumari and co-
researchers fused cloud computing with edge computing to
researchers have developed “Fog computing" using 5th
control enormous amounts of data [11]. They stated that the
generation networks to monitor and control smart grids [17].
cloud environment contains a large volume of data and
According to them, the conventional energy consumption
processing that data becomes difficult with cloud computing.
controlling system is getting replaced with a computing-based
Therefore, hybrid systems of edge and cloud computing are
system. Moreover, fifth-generation networking technology is
beneficial when machine learning algorithms are used [12].
on the way to track the real-time status of energy consumption.
B. Cluster-based grid monitoring system They developed Fog computing technology to monitor the
According to Qureshi and colleagues, cluster analysis is smart grids. However, as the article is not open-access, the
an essential step to understand the “load profiles” and improve findings are not obtained.
the function. During the cluster analysis of load profiles, they III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
used Hadoop clusters [13]. On the other hand, Xiang and
others used “slope-based cluster analysis” to enhance the Primary survey-based research has been conducted with
“operability” of smart grids. The K-means algorithms were 62 individuals who had experience with using cloud
used for clustering the load profiles. They stated that the K- computing, wireless communication and smart grids. The
means algorithm increased the efficiency of computing and survey has been conducted online on a social media platform,
improved the accuracy in smart grid monitoring [14]. Facebook. A total of 62 individuals have been selected who
were working in the smart grid technology, electricity
Aly has contributed to the study by using “Artificial monitoring workplace and cloud computing jobs. A Google
Neural Network” and “Wavelet Neural Network” (ANN and survey form consisting of the survey questions was sent to
WNN). They used a total of 6 models for clustering of the data them via their email addresses and the responses were
and the results showed promising future prospects [15]. On collected.
the other hand, Rashid and colleagues developed a clustering

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 2022 2nd International Conference on Advance Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering (ICACITE)

The responses were then converted to numerical form Deep learning 62 19 31%
using Microsoft Excel for analysis. After that, the percentage techniques
values have been generated to understand the percentile of K-means 62 10 16%
clustering
votes on the given options. The data were analyzed in the Artificial Neural 62 16 26%
following section and interpreted. Apart from discussing the Network
primary data in the discussion section, the researchers
observed the findings and results of other available studies
belonging to the last five years (2018-2022). According to
both primary and secondary data, the research findings have
been analyzed.
A. Research questions
What are the useful algorithms for clustering smart grid
load profiles?
What are the advantages and limitations of smart grid
communication technology?
Fig. 4. Responses of survey question 1 (Source: Created by the researchers)
What are the beneficial commuting technologies in the
smart grid?
Survey question 1 (Table I, Fig. 4) is based upon the type
of clustering method for smart grid load profile management.
The WSN system is applicable here; however, understanding
clustering techniques is also essential. Most of the respondents
(31%) agreed that deep learning (DL) techniques are
beneficial in the clustering of load profiles. 27% of them
agreed that machine learning (ML) techniques are also
essential for load profiling. Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
is an ML technique and 27% agreed with its use of it. Only
16% of respondents agreed that K-means clustering is
beneficial.
Q2. What do you think is the most effective computing
technology for smart grid management?

TABLE II. SURVEY RESPONSES OF QUESTION 2 (SOURCE: CREATED

BY THE RESEARCHERS)
Options Total number of Collected Percentile
provided respondents responses values
Cloud computing 62 14 23%
Edge computing 62 16 26%
Hybrid- cloud and 62 26 42%
edge commuting
Neutral 62 6 10%

Fig. 3. Research flowchart (Source: Created by the researchers)

IV. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This section depicts the relevant survey questions and their
respective responses. Demographic data have been excluded
from the analysis and only the percentage of opinions has been
considered. Fig. 5. Responses of survey question 2 (Source: Created by the researchers)

Q1. What do you think are the useful clustering techniques The second survey question responses show the types of
for monitoring and controlling smart grids? computing technology that can be useful in network
communication or smart grid management (Table II, fig. 5).
TABLE I. SURVEY RESPONSES OF QUESTION 1 (SOURCE: CREATED
BY THE RESEARCHERS) 10% of the respondents were neutral. Most of them suggested
the use of hybrid cloud and edge computing (42%). 26% of
Options provided Total number of Collected Percentile them suggested the use of edge computing and 23% suggested
respondents responses values
Machine learning 62 17 27%
conventional cloud computing.
technique Q3. Do you think wireless-communication technology is
beneficial in smart grid monitoring systems?

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 2022 2nd International Conference on Advance Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering (ICACITE)

TABLE III. SURVEY RESPONSES OF QUESTION 3 (SOURCE: CREATED Lack of 62 9 15%

BY THE RESEARCHERS) government policy
Options Total number of Collected Percentile
provided respondents responses values
Highly agree 62 24 39%
Agree 62 16 26%
Neutral 62 10 16%
Disagree 62 5 8%
Strongly 62 7 11%
disagree
The third question response (Table III) shows whether the
network communication based smart grid is beneficial in
terms of energy controlling, monitoring and management or
not. A total of 65% agreed that the WSN-based smart grid is
beneficial and 19% of respondents disagreed. Many of them Fig. 7. Responses of survey question 5 (Source: Created by the researchers)
were neutral (16%).
Q4. What are the advantages of smart grid monitoring The final survey question responses (Table V; Fig. 7) show
through network communication systems? the disadvantages and challenges of smart grid technology
when WSN is used. Most of them (32%) agreed that cyber
TABLE IV. SURVEY RESPONSES OF QUESTION 4 (SOURCE: CREATED security is the major concern and flexibility issue is the least
BY THE RESEARCHERS) important concern (11%). Other issues such as the inadequate
Options provided Total Collected Percentile experts (23%); cost of hardware and software (19%) and lack
number of responses values of governance become the side concerns.
respondents
Detection and monitoring 62 9 15% V. DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS
of attacks
Prevention of attacks 62 5 8% The primary analysis showed the importance of using
Lowers energy 62 19 31% smart grid technology through wireless communication
consumption techniques. It has been found that wireless communication
Allows the users to track 62 29 47%
the real-time status of
helps in real-time tracking of the energy loads and allows the
energy consumption users to control excess energy consumption. Besides,
available study shows that clustering of load profiles help in
understanding energy demands of the residential meters [18].
Jiang and Wu suggested that the WSN-cloud-based smart grid
monitoring system not only helps in non-renewable energy
tracking; however, it helps in tracking renewable energy
consumption [19]. The renewable energy consumers are
grouped into particular clusters based on the ESS system
which helps in easy controlling of power consumption.
The current study has found some possible challenges of
using WSN network communication-based smart grid. These
include security issues, hardware and software cost, lack of
government policy, lack of experts and flexibility issues.
Concerning this, Ghasempour examined other challenges of
using smart grids [20]. Those include functioning Artificial
Fig. 6. Responses of survey question 4 (Source: Created by the researchers)
Intelligence devices and smart grids in harsh environments
[21]. As there are possibilities of voltage variation, the smart
The fourth question response (Table IV, Fig. 6) uphold the
grids need to provide the highest reliability to their users to
advantages of using smart grid and connected technologies.
work in harsh environments. Many IoT devices are battery-
47% of the respondents agreed that the smart grid and WSN
powered [22]. Thus, efficient "energy harvesting” techniques
help in real-time tracking of energy consumption. 31% also
are essential. Moreover, packet loss and delay are two other
agreed that it lowered the energy wastages. Few of them (15%
concerns that need to be addressed [23].
and 8%) stated about the cyber security system.
Besides the challenges, this study has found several
Q5. What are the disadvantages of network
advantages. These include the real-time monitoring of power
communication based smart grid management systems?
usages and suspicious activities [24]. Other studies have also
TABLE V. SURVEY RESPONSES OF QUESTION 5 (SOURCE: CREATED BY found that smart grid and WSN technology show higher
THE RESEARCHERS) reliability in their application. It also helps in protecting the
transmission lines [25]. The current study has found that DL
Options provided Total number of Collected Percentile
respondents responses values
techniques are more useful in monitoring and managing smart
Flexibility issues 62 7 11% grid energy consumption. Moreover, hybrid computing
Cyber security 62 20 32% consisting of both cloud and edge computing that show
issues promising results. Available studies also agree with the fact
Inadequate experts 62 14 23% that hybrid computing strengthens the authorization and
Hardware and 62 12 19% security system [26].
software cost

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 2022 2nd International Conference on Advance Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering (ICACITE)

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