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Subject Grade 12 Calculus Notes

This document contains notes on calculus concepts including limits, derivatives, and integrals. Some key points covered are: 1. Limits define the behavior of a function as the input approaches a certain value. Continuity requires a function to have a limit at a point and for the function value and limit to be equal. 2. The derivative represents the instantaneous rate of change of a function. Basic differentiation rules include the power, product, quotient, and chain rules. 3. Integrals can be definite, representing the area under a curve, or indefinite, representing antiderivatives. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus relates integration and differentiation. Integration techniques include substitution, integration by parts,

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462 views5 pages

Subject Grade 12 Calculus Notes

This document contains notes on calculus concepts including limits, derivatives, and integrals. Some key points covered are: 1. Limits define the behavior of a function as the input approaches a certain value. Continuity requires a function to have a limit at a point and for the function value and limit to be equal. 2. The derivative represents the instantaneous rate of change of a function. Basic differentiation rules include the power, product, quotient, and chain rules. 3. Integrals can be definite, representing the area under a curve, or indefinite, representing antiderivatives. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus relates integration and differentiation. Integration techniques include substitution, integration by parts,

Uploaded by

jordan.shapiro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Subject: Grade 12 Calculus Notes

Unit: Limits and Continuity

1. Introduction to Limits:

Definition of a Limit:

The limit of a function at a point is the value the function approaches as the
input approaches that point.
One-Sided Limits:

Limits approaching from the left and right.


2. Calculating Limits:

Direct Substitution:

Substitute the value directly into the function.


Factoring and Rationalizing:

Simplify the expression by factoring or rationalizing to find the limit.


3. Continuity:

Definition of Continuity:

A function is continuous at a point if the limit at that point exists, the function
is defined at that point, and the limit and function value are equal.
Types of Discontinuities:

Removable, jump, and infinite discontinuities.


Unit: Derivatives

1. Derivative Definition:

Definition of the Derivative:

The derivative of a function represents the rate of change of the function at a


given point.
Notation:

′
(

)
f
′
(x) or

dx
df

represents the derivative of function

f with respect to
x.
2. Basic Differentiation Rules:

Power Rule:

]
=

−
1
)
dx
d

[x
n
]=nx
(n−1)
where

n is a constant.
Product Rule:

]
=

′
dx
d

[u⋅v]=u
′
v+uv
′
.
Quotient Rule:
[

]
=

2
dx
d

[
v
u

]=
v
2

u
′
v−uv
′

.
3. Chain Rule:

Chain Rule:

)
)
]
=

′
(

)
)
⋅
′
(

)
dx
d

[f(g(x))]=f
′
(g(x))⋅g
′
(x).
4. Applications of Derivatives:

Finding Extrema:

Critical points where the derivative is zero or undefined.


Related Rates:

Using derivatives to solve problems involving rates of change.


Unit: Integration

1. Definite and Indefinite Integrals:

Definite Integral:

Represents the accumulated area under a curve between two points.


Indefinite Integral:

Represents the antiderivative of a function.


2. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:


Relates differentiation and integration, stating that if

)
F(x) is an antiderivative of

)
f(x), then
∫

(
)
−

)
∫
a
b

f(x)dx=F(b)−F(a).
3. Integration Techniques:

Substitution:

Replacing variables to simplify the integration process.


Integration by Parts:

−
∫

∫udv=uv−∫vdu.
Partial Fractions:

Decomposing a rational function into simpler fractions.


4. Applications of Integrals:

Area Under a Curve:

Finding the area between a curve and the x-axis.


Volumes of Solids of Revolution:

Using integration to find the volume of 3D shapes.

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