Unit 1:

Introduction to IoT

[email protected]
+91 987 987 9746

Unit Outlines:
 Introduction to IoT
 Application areas of IoT
 Characteristics of IoT
 Things in IoT
 IoT Protocol Structures
 Enabling Technologies
 IoT Challenges
 IoT Levels
 Physical Design of IoT
 Logical Design of IoT

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 2

Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT)
 First of all we should discuss about the name “IoT – Internet of Things” in detail.

 So we have to discuss about the first word “Internet” and then everything
about the “Things”.
Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 3

Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT)

 What is Internet?

 In simple word, it’s a Network

of Networks or Interconnected
LANs.
 So here we have to discuss
about the Network, and we
already learned everything
about network in the last
semester, Right?
 What is Network?, Requirement
for networking

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 4

Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT)
 Nowadays The term Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerged the popular terms.
 There are multiple ways to define IoT, but the basic of all the definitions remains the same.
 IoT is network of interconnected computing devices which are embedded in everyday
objects, enabling them to send and receive data.
 The IoT is not just limited
to the connected or
networked devices, but in
a broad way IoT devices
exchange meaningful
information from one
device to another to get
desire result.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 5

Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT)

 IoT is not a single technology, it’s a combination of technologies and domain knowledge.
 As a result, engineers from different domains have to work together for building a complete
IoT product.

 Life would be governed entirely by Internet and IoT in the near future.
Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 6
 Cyber physical embedded systems using which we
can control anything from anywhere.

February 22, 2023 Dr. Ujjaval Patel 7

8
IIOT ??

Application areas of IoT

 The scope and application areas of IoT is very huge.
 IoT can be used to build applications for…
 Agriculture
 Assets Tracking
 Energy Sector
 Defense
 Embedded Applications
 Education
 Waste Management
 Healthcare Products
 Telemedicine
 Safety And Security Sector
 Smart City Applications etc.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 10

Application areas of IoT

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 11

Dr. Ujjaval Patel

Dr. Ujjaval Patel

Dr. Ujjaval Patel

Dr. Ujjaval Patel

Dr. Ujjaval Patel

 IoT in healthcare

Dr. Ujjaval Patel

1. Smart Locks
2. Smart Sprinklers
3. Smart Plugs
4. Smart Baby monitors
5. Smart Cookers
6. Smart Thermostats
7. Smart Mirrors
8. Smart Cleaners
9. Smart Refrigerators
https://www.pentasecurity.com/blog 10. Smart Cars
/10-smartest-iot-devices-2017/ Dr. Ujjaval Patel
Dr. Ujjaval Patel

Dr. Ujjaval Patel

Characteristics of IoT
 Connectivity:
 Connectivity is an important and first
requirement of IoT infrastructure.
 Every Things in IoT should be connected to
the IoT infrastructure.
 Connectivity should be guaranteed at
anywhere and anytime.

 Identity:
 Each IoT device has a unique identity (e.g.,
an IP address).
 This identity is helpful in communication,
tracking and to know status of the things.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 21

Characteristics of IoT
 Intelligence:
 Just data collection is not enough in IoT, extraction
of knowledge from the generated data is very
important.
 For example, sensors generate data, but that data will
only be useful if it is interpreted properly.
 So intelligence is one of the key characteristics in
IoT.

 Scalability:
 The number of elements (devices) connected to IoT
zone is increasing day by day.
 Therefore, an IoT setup should be capable of handling
the expansion.
 It can be either expand capability in terms of
processing power, Storage, etc as vertical scaling or
horizontal scaling by multiplying with easy cloning

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 22

Characteristics of IoT
 Dynamic and self-adapting
(complexity):
 IoT devices should dynamically
adapt themselves to the changing
surroundings.
 For example surveillance camera. It
should be flexible to work in
different weather conditions and
different light situations (morning,
afternoon, or night).

 Architecture:
 IoT architecture is yet not uniformed
and standardized.
 It should be hybrid, supporting
different manufacturer’s products to
function in the IoT network.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 23

Characteristics of IoT

 Safety:
 Sensitive personal details of
a user might be
compromised when the
devices are connected to
the Internet.
 So data security is a major
challenge.
 This could cause a loss to
the user.
 Equipment in the huge IoT
network may also be at risk.
 Therefore, equipment safety
is also critical.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 24

Things in IoT
 In the IoT, things refer to a variety of devices. It
can be anything even humans in it become a
thing.
 For something to qualify as a “thing”, it requires
identity of its existence.
 The “thing” in a network can be
monitored/measure. For example, a
temperature sensor could be a thing.
 Things are capable of exchanging data with
other connected devices in the system.
 The data could be stored in a centralized server
(or cloud), processed there and a control action
could be initiated.
 The devices having all the above characteristics
are known as things.
Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 25

Things in IoT
 Some of the famous “things” are
temperature sensors, pressure
sensors, humidity sensors, etc.
 The data from these sensors are
collected and sent it to the cloud or
stored it in local server for data
analysis.
 Based on the data analysis, the control
action would be taken.
 For example, switching off the water
heater remotely when the water is
heated as per requirement.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 26

Things in IoT
 Not just sensors, the following can also be called as things:
 Industrial motors
 Wearables (e.g., watch)
 Vehicles
 Shoes
 Heart monitoring implants (e.g.,
pacemaker, ECG real-time
tracking)
 Biochip transponders (for animals
in farms)
 Automobiles with built-in sensors
(automobile feature real-time
monitoring)
 Food/perishables quality
measuring

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 27

Things in IoT

 In IoT-based home automation, the

“things” could be the following
 Lighting control and automation devices
 Ventilation devices
 Air conditioning [heating, ventilation and air
conditioning (HVAC)] systems
 Appliances such as washer/dryer
 Air purifiers
 Ovens or refrigerators/freezers that use Wi-
Fi for remote monitoring
 Security cameras
 Smart phones

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 28

IoT Stack
 Like other digital technology IoT has stack layers.

 Following are the identified seven layers in IoT

stack. Layer 7 Application Layer
 Layer 1 (Physical or Sensor Layer) Layer 6

IoT Protocol Stack Layers

User Experience Layer
 Layer 2 (Processing and Control Action layer)
 Layer 3 (Hardware Interface Layer) Layer 5 Session/Message Layer
 Layer 4 (RF Layer)
Layer 4 RF Layer
 Layer 5 (Session/Message Layer)
 Layer 6 (User Experience Layer) Layer 3 Hardware Interface Layer
 Layer 7 (Application Layer) Processing and
Layer 2
Control Action Layer
Layer 1 Physical or Sensor Layer

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 29

IoT Stack - Layer 1 (Physical or Sensor Layer)

 This layer is concerned about the physical
components, which mainly includes sensors.
 In this layer, the sensors are the core component.
 Temperature sensor, pressure sensor, humidity sensor,
etc. can all be referred as physical layer components.
 In industrial automation, PLC, actuator, etc. are
considered as physical layer components.
 This layer is responsible for data collection and action
execution.
 Selection of sensors is important and choosing an
appropriate sensor is the challenge in this layer.
 Action execution, sensing and data collection happens
here.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 30

IoT Stack - Layer 2 (Processing and Control Action Layer)
 This important layer contains core
components of IoT system.
 The microcontrollers or processors are
found in this layer.
 The data is received by the
microcontrollers from the sensors.
 A variety of development kits are available
in the market; like Arduino, Raspberry Pi,
Node MCU, PIC, ARM development boards,
etc.
 Microcontroller/Processor and operating
system play vital role at this layer
 Data collected from the sensors is
processed in this layer.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 31

IoT Stack - Layer 3 (Hardware Interface Layer)

 The 3rd layer in the stack is the

Hardware Interface Layer.
 Hardware components and
communication standards such as
RS232, CAN, SPI, SCI, I 2C, etc. occupy
this layer.
 All these components ensure flawless
communication
 Handshake happens here.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 32

IoT Stack - Layer 4 (RF Layer)
 Whenever one talks about IoT, RF is discussed and
comes in picture.
 It plays a major role in the communication channel
– whether it is short range or long range.
 Protocols used for communication and transport
of data based on RF are listed in this layer.
 Some famous and common protocols are Wi-Fi,
NFC, RFID, Bluetooth, Zigbee, etc.
 RF layer does communication of data using radio
frequency based Electromagnetic (EM) waves
 This layer can also include Li-Fi; which are
effective alternates for RF protocols.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 33

IoT Stack - Layer 5 (Session/Message Layer)

 Like computer network session

management is also important in IoT.
 There are many protocols which
manage how messages or data are
broadcasted to the cloud.
 Layer 5 (session layer) deals with the
various messaging protocols as
MQTT, CoAP, etc. and also other
protocols such as SSH and FTP.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 34

IoT Stack - Layer 6 (User Experience Layer)
 This layer deals with providing best
experience to the end users of IoT
products.
 The 6th layer takes care of rich UI designs
with lots of features, which provide a
pleasing experience while using the
service/system or product.
 Object-oriented programming languages,
scripting languages, analytics tools, etc.
all should be included in this layer.
 This is also known as User Experience
and Visualization Layer.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 35

IoT Stack - Layer 7 (Application Layer)

 Everything comes to perfection at this layer.

 This layer utilizes the rest six layers in order to
develop desired application.
 It can range from a simple automation
application to smart city application.
 After learning about the layers, it is now easier
to relate them with an application, for example,
vegetable quality monitoring during transport
from source to the destination using IoT.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 36

Enabling Technologies
 IoT is a collection or group of many
technologies and devices.
 The simplest of sensors, embedded systems,
data analytics, communication protocols,
security aspects and cloud computing with
storage have all become enabling technologies.
 Enabling technologies/devices fall under one of
the following categories:
 Technologies that help in acquiring/sensing data.
 Technologies that help in analyzing/processing data.
 Technologies that help in taking control action.
 Technologies that help in enhancing
security/privacy.
 Let’s discuss some of the enabling
technologies.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 37

Enabling Technologies - Sensors

 Sensors are at the heart of any IoT
application.
 As the name suggests, they sense the
environment and retrieve data.
 Sensors are the starting point of any
IoT application.
 It fetches data for us to operate on.
 Sensors could be analog or digital.
 Temperature sensor in a thermometer
is an example of it. It is used to build
temperature monitoring application.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 38

 Enabling Technologies - Sensors
 Some examples of sensors that could be
regarded as enabling technologies are as
follows.
 Weather tracking system uses
temperature/humidity/moisture sensors.
 Vehicle health monitoring sensors keep track
of speed, tyre pressure, etc.
 On Board Diagnostics (OBDs) used for
collecting all critical information from an
automobile to detect error.
 Vibration sensors are used to track the quality
of buildings/structures.
 Water quality is monitored through sensors
that measure PH, chloride level, etc.
 PIR sensor is used in pedestrian signal
operation with human presence detection.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 39

Enabling Technologies - Cloud Computing

 The next technology that is highly significant in IoT is
cloud computing.
 Cloud has grown much more popular because it serves
as an affordable, effective and efficient medium for data
storage.
 Data storage plays a major role in IoT.
 Cloud services are categorized as follows:
 IaaS (Infrastructure-as-a-Service):
 In this cloud service, one can choose virtual machines over
physical machines.
 It is a form of cloud computing that provides virtualized computing
resources over the Internet.
 The users manage the machines, select the OS and underlying
applications, and pay per their use.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 40

Enabling Technologies - Cloud Computing
 PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service):
 This is a cloud computing model in which the cloud service
provider delivers hardware and software tools needed for
application development to users over the Internet.
 A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its
own infrastructure. Users have to build, manage and
maintain the applications as per their requirement.

 SaaS (Software-as-a-Service):
 In this model, a complete software application is
provided to the user.
 It can also be called application as a service. This
service can be availed by paying a monthly, yearly, etc.,
subscription.
 Some well-known service providers in the market are
Amazon web services, Azure and Adafruit.

https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-top-cloud-providers-of-2021-aws-microsoft-azure-
google-cloud-hybrid-saas/
Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 41

Enabling Technologies - Cloud Computing: Trends

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 42

 Enabling Technologies - Cloud Computing : Application areas

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 43

Enabling
Technologies
- Cloud
Computing

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 44

Enabling Technologies - Big Data Analytics
 Data is everywhere, and from
every function or operation we
get more data.
 IoT is all about collecting data
from various sensory nodes.
 Handling the huge data is
fundamental to make the
application a success.
 The biggest challenge with big
data is 4Vs. Volume, Variety,
Speed (Velocity) at which it
comes and its Veracity.

https://www.datacenters.com/news/and-the-title-of-the-largest-data-center-in-the-world-and-largest-data-center-
in#:~:text=But%20First%2C%20a%20Quick%20Journey,million%20square%20feet%20of%20space.
Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 45

Enabling Technologies - Big Data Analytics

 Scale (Volume):
 Huge volume of data is generated every
minute.
 Storage has become inexpensive and hence,
cost-related challenges have reduced.
 Cloud storage and hardware storage both have
become affordable because of the tremendous
growth in the semiconductor industry.

 Complexity (Variety):
 Data no longer comes from one single source.
 It also comes in different formats (e.g., audio,
video, text and image) and has to be
interpreted systematically.
 Varieties of data becomes a huge challenge.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 46

Enabling Technologies - Big Data Analytics
 Speed (Velocity):
 The rate at which data is generated very fast.
 Also, data dynamics changes very frequently.
 Nowadays, data comes from anywhere – from fit bit
watches to refrigerators.
 All the data pours in at a very high speed, which makes it
very challenging.

 Data in doubt (Veracity):

 How accurate is all this data anyway?
 Because we are now rely on it
 The data’s nature alters dynamically and uncertainty is
often seen.
 So, it would be challenging to process this unstable data.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 47

Enabling Technologies - Big Data Analytics

 So the question is: “Who is generating all this
data?” A partial list to answer this is as
follows:
 Sensors from security systems.
 Sensors from weather monitoring systems.
 Sensors from car/navigation systems.
 Sensors from water quality monitoring systems.
 Data from wearables (e.g., bands).
 Data from industrial equipment (e.g., motor
health).
 Sensors from bridges/roads about traffic density
and other factors.
 Social media (e.g., tweets, photo uploads, etc.).
 In IoT data is everything. so, data analytics is
one of the enabling technologies for building a
complete and IoT application.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 48

Enabling Technologies - Embedded Computing Boards
 An embedded computing board a very important
component to bring IoT design to reality.
 For making the prototype the computing boards play
vital role.
 The computing boards available in the market are
driven by microcontrollers or processors.
 Some of the boards are as follows:
 Raspberry Pi.
 Arduino (many variants).
 NodeMCU.
 Intel Edison.
 All these boards are small, yet smart.
 Also, the cost involved is very minimal and one can
get these boards at cheap rate.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 49

Enabling Technologies - Communication Protocols

 Protocols are the pillars for good IoT
infrastructure and hence are very important in
communication.
 Data exchange happens through these
protocols, which take care of the following:
 Addressing.
 Format of the messages.
 Message security (encryption and decryption).
 Routing.
 Flow control.
 Error monitoring.
 Sequencing.
 Retransmission guidelines.
 Segmentation of the data packets.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 50

Enabling Technologies - User Interfaces
 All devices should have an
intuitive user interface.
 IoT devices/services should be
designed in such a way that
accessing and handling the
services are easier and
comfortable for the end user.
 Generally , the end user shall be
provided “mobile application or
web application”.
 The application should be stable
and elegant.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 51

Unit Progress:
 Introduction to IoT
 Application areas of IoT
 Characteristics of IoT
 Things in IoT
 IoT Protocol Structures
 Enabling Technologies
 IoT Challenges
 IoT Levels
 Physical Design of IoT
 Logical Design of IoT

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 52

IoT Challenges
 The following are some of the challenges - technical and non-technical during building an IoT
application .
1. Security/Personnel safety:
 Security is one of the most significant
challenges.
 Number of IoT devices are gradually
increasing, so user data becomes more
vulnerable to theft.
 Poor security features can let attackers
damage the whole network and the rest of
the devices could also become vulnerable.
 People’s personal safety is also a concern
and challenge.
 The implants and wearable used by people
should be safe even from physical harm.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 53

IoT Challenges
2. Privacy:
 One could be
tracked/monitored by
anyone, as we are
connected 24 × 7 to the
Internet.
 So, there is a threat on
user data and raises a
question on user privacy.
 “How do we ensure that
the data that is sensed
and collected from the
user is with their
permission?”

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 54

IoT Challenges
3. Data extraction with consistency from
complex environments:
 It is a huge challenge to sense and extract
data from complex environments.
 For Example, variation in temperature could
also damage the products being
transported.
 Maintained the temperature is very critical
and should be accurately monitored.
 If the temperature is about to change, then
the corrective action has to be taken.
 Data extraction and storage in the cloud
could be more challenging if the internet is
not available.
 Extracting data inside a room is different
from extracting data from an open
environment.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 55

IoT Challenges
4. Connectivity:
 This is a serious challenge that the
IoT world must acknowledge.
 Since the Internet is itself a giant
collection of networks and devices
and IoT is a part of it. So
requirement of wired and wireless
connectivity is a necessity.
 The usage of frequency / spectrum
is also to be noted.
 There are spectrum regulations to
be followed based on the country
for which the application is being
developed.
 2.4 GHz band is the ideal band
everywhere.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 56

IoT Challenges
5. Power requirements:
 All the IoT devices require power and most of them
are battery operated.
 Even though we now have long-lasting batteries that
are economical, demand for power is on the rise.
 Usage of green power sources such as solar and
wind should be motivated.
 If the power requirements are met appropriately, IoT
can be even more powerful.
6. Complexity involved:
 IoT is not easy. It needs a lot of different domains to
integrate into a cohesive system.
 There is very limited expertise available in the
market, but the growth is very rapid.
 The toolkits, software and hardware are not
abundant and real skill is required to build an
application.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 57

IoT Challenges
7. Storage:
 Cloud is becoming
mandatory for the data to
be stored and analyzed.
 The challenge with
respect to this aspect is
connected to the
following points:
 Which cloud do we use
(private, public, or
hybrid)?
 How do we identify the
service provider?
 How much does it cost?
 Do we really need cloud?

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 58

IoT Levels
 Based on the architectural approach, IoT can be
classified in five levels: Level 1 to Level 5.
Air Conditioner
 Level 1
 It is of minimal complexity. Temperature Sensor

 The application has one sensor (temperature sensor, pressure

sensor, etc).
 The data sensed is stored locally and the data analysis is done Data Collection
locally. and
Analysis
 Monitoring / control is done through an application. Done Locally

 This is used for simple applications.

 Data generated in this level application is not huge. Controlling
and
 For example, a temperature sensor senses the room Monitoring Action
temperature and the data is stored and analyzed locally.
 Based on the analysis, the control action can be triggered
through mobile application or it can help in monitoring the
status.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 59

IoT Levels
 Level 2
 The second level is slightly more complex than the previous level.
 The data is more voluminous and hence, cloud storage is preferred.
 The frequency of sensing done by the sensor is faster.
 The number of times sensing is done would be much more than Level 1.
 The analysis is carried out locally, while cloud is meant for storage only.
 Based on the data analysis, the control action can be triggered through the web application or mobile
application.
 Some examples are agriculture applications, room freshening solutions based on odor, etc.
 IoT application of an air conditioner. The sensor reads the room temperature at a better pace and rate than
Level 1; the data then goes on to the cloud for storage. Analysis is done locally and the action is triggered
through the mobile application.
Air Conditioner

Temperature Sensor Data Analysis Done Locally Cloud

Data Stored Here Controlling
(Bigger than Level 1) and
Monitoring Action

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 60

IoT Levels
 Level 3
 The data is huge, frequency of sensing done by the sensor is faster and the data is stored on cloud.
 The difference is that the analysis is also carried out on cloud.
 Based on the data analysis, the control action can be triggered through the web application or mobile
application.
 Some examples are agriculture applications, room freshening solutions based on odor, etc., where analysis
of data occurs in the cloud.
Air Conditioner

Cloud
Data Stored and Controlling
Temperature Sensor Analysis and
Both Done Here Monitoring Action

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 61

IoT Levels
 Level 4
 With every passing level, the volume of
data increases and hence the rate at
which it is sensed also increases.
 At this level, multiple nodes are Cloud
Data Collection and
present which are independent of each Temperature Sensor Analysis Done Here
other.
 These nodes upload data to the cloud.
 All the sensors upload the read
sensory inputs on cloud storage. Moisture Sensor

 Analysis is also carried out on the Controlling

and
cloud. Monitoring Action
 Based on the analysis carried out, the
PH Sensor
control action shall be triggered
through a web application or mobile
application.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 62

IoT Levels
 Level 5
 At this level, the amount of data is
extensive and is sensed much
faster.
 Multiple nodes are involved in the Cloud Data Collection and
applications categorized under Analysis Done Here
Temperature Sensor
Level 5 and these nodes are
independent of each other.
 The sensing of data and its
storage is the same as in all the
Moisture Sensor
previous levels.
 When an application is completely Coordinator Node
Controlling
and
cloud oriented, it is Monitoring Action
computationally intensive in real
PH Sensor
time.
 Based on the data analysis, the
control action can be triggered
through web application or mobile
application as in all other levels.
Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 63

Cyber Physical System versus IoT

 An important question is, Is IoT
same as Cyber Physical System
(CPS)?
 There is a misconception that both the
terms are the same.
 We have learned the definition of IoT.
The “thing” can also be accessed from
anywhere, anytime by an authorized
party.
 The information or the sensed data of
the things can be simple.
 So complexity involved in the IoT
applications is minimal.
 For complex levels of operation and to
address larger network of “things”, a
new term called Cyber Physical
System or CPS, has been introduced.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 64

 Cyber Physical System versus IoT
 It is important to note that CPS is not IoT.
 CPS is more complex than IoT and is much more
challenging.
 CPS has IoT as one of its components.
 It is a combination of multiple engineering domains
coming together.
 The flight of an aero plane can be seen as a CPS which
involves multiple domains of engineering.
 CPS is much more autonomous than IoT, taking
appropriate decisions as and when needed.
 It is not just about identifying “things”; it is more about
understanding and taking decisions in a more dynamic
way.
 CPS is mainly concerned about the collaborative
activity of sensors or actuators to achieve a certain
goal.
 For that CPS uses an IoT system to achieve the
collaborative work of the distributed systems.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 65

Wireless Sensor Network versus IoT

 WSN is a network of multiple
autonomous sensors/nodes.
 Each node has one or more
sensors.
 All the sensed data are passed to
a centrally located server.
 The data passing happens in a
coordinated pattern.
 We can say that WSN is all about
coordinated data collection.
 On the other hand, IoT is much
more than just data collection
and the systems are more
intelligent.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 66

 Physical Design of IoT
There are three IoT components which enable
seamless communication:
a) Hardware - made up of sensors, actuators
and embedded communication hardware
b) Middleware - on demand storage and
computing tools for data analytics
c) Presentation - novel easy to understand
visualization and interpretation tools which
can be widely accessed on different
platforms and which can be designed for
different applications.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 67

Physical Design of IoT: Connectivity

 An IoT device may consist
of several interfaces for
connections to other
devices, both wired and
wireless.
 I/O interfaces for sensors
 Interfaces for internet
connectivity
 Memory and storage
interfaces
 Audio/video interfaces

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 68

 Physical Design of IoT: Communications
 Link Layer  Transport Layer
 802.3 – Ethernet  TCP
 802.11 – WiFi  UDP
 802.16 – WiMax  Application Layer
 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN  HTTP
 2G/3G/4G  CoAP
 Network Layer  WebSocket
 IPv4  MQTT
 IPv6  XMPP
 6LoWPAN  DDS
 AMQP

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 69

Physical Design of IoT: Data Storage & Data Processing

 Once the data is collected and it gets to the
cloud, the software performs processing on the
acquired data.
 This can range from something very simple,
such as checking that the temperature reading
on devices such as AC or heaters is within an
acceptable range.
 It can sometimes also be very complex, such as
identifying objects (such as intruders in your
house) using computer vision on video.
 But there might be a situation when a user
interaction is required, example- what if when
the temperature is too high or if there is an
intruder in your house? That’s where the user
comes into the picture.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 70

 Physical Design of IoT: User Interface
 Next, the information made available to the
end-user in some way. This can achieve by
triggering alarms on their phones or notifying
through texts or emails.
 Also, a user sometimes might also have an
interface through which they can actively
check in on their IOT system. For example, a
user has a camera installed in his house, he
might want to check the video recordings
and all the feeds through a web server.
 User interface provides large visibility of IoT
ecosystem.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 71

Logical Design of IoT:

 Logical design of an IoT system refers
to an abstract representation of the
entities and processes without going
into the low-level specifics of the
implementation.
 An IoT system comprises of a number of
functional blocks that provide the
system the capabilities for
identification, sensing, actuation,
communication, and management. 1. Request-Response communication model
2. Publish-Subscribe communication model
 Depending on logical communication 3. Push-Pull communication model
between source and destination of data, 4. Exclusive Pair communication model
there are different kinds of logical
communication model, which are: 5. REST-based Communication APIs
6. WebSocket-based Communication APIs
Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 72
Logical Design of IoT: Request-Response communication model
 Request-Response is a
communication model in which
the client sends requests to the
server and the server responds to
the requests.

 When the server receives a

request, it decides how to
respond, fetches the data,
retrieves resource
representations, prepares the
response, and then sends the
response to the client.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 73

Logical Design of IoT: Publish-Subscribe communication model

 Publish-Subscribe is a
communication model that
involves publishers, brokers and
consumers.
 Publishers are the source of data.
Publishers send the data to the
topics which are managed by the
broker. Publishers are not aware
of the consumers.
 Consumers subscribe to the topics
which are managed by the broker.
 When the broker receives data for
a topic from the publisher, it
sends the data to all the
subscribed consumers.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 74

Logical Design of IoT: Push-Pull communication model
 Push-Pull is a communication
model in which the data
producers push the data to
queues and the consumers pull
the data from the queues.
 Producers do not need to be
aware of the consumers.
 Queues help in decoupling the
messaging between the producers
and consumers.
 Queues also act as a buffer which
helps in situations when there is a
mismatch between the rate at
which the producers push data
and the rate at which the
consumers pull data.
Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 75

Logical Design of IoT: Exclusive Pair communication model

 Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional,
fully duplex communication model
that uses a persistent connection
between the client and server.
 Once the connection is setup it
remains open until the client
sends a request to close the
connection.
 Client and server can send
messages to each other after
connection setup.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 76

Logical Design of IoT: REST-based Communication APIs
 Representational State Transfer
(REST) is a set of architectural
principles by which you can design
web services and web APIs that
focus on a system’s resources and
how resource states are
addressed and transferred.
 REST APIs follow the request-
response communication model.
 The REST architectural constraints
apply to the components,
connectors, and data elements,
within a distributed hypermedia
system.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 77

Logical Design of IoT: WebSocket-based Communication APIs

 WebSocket APIs allow bi-
directional, full duplex
communication between clients
and servers.
 WebSocket APIs follow the
exclusive pair communication
model between client and server.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 78

Properties of IoT Ecosystem:
 Self-adaptation
 Self-organization
 Self-configuration
 Self-protection
 Self-healing
 Self-description
 Self-discovery
 Self-energy-supplying

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 79

Summary
 IoT refers to the interconnection of computing devices embedded in everyday objects via the
Internet, enabling them to send and receive data.
 IoT is not owned by any one engineering branch. It is a reality when multiple domains join
forces and combine efforts.
 IoT is all about providing service to any device, anywhere, anybody, and any network.
 IoT has certain characteristics which are important: a. Connectivity. b. Intelligence and
identity. c. Scalability. d. Dynamic and self-adapting (complexity). e. Architecture. f. Safety.
 “Things” refer to variety of devices. At times, even humans in the loop becomes a thing. For
anything to qualify as a “thing”, it requires identity. The “thing” can monitor, measure, etc.;
for example, a temperature sensor could be a “thing”.
 One should understand that “THINGS” = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE + DATA + SERVICE
 IoT stack has seven layers, starting with sensor layer and ending with application layer just
as OSI.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 80

Summary
 Security/personnel safety, privacy, data extraction with consistency from complex
environments, connectivity, power requirements, complexity involved, and storage are the
major challenges we face while building an IoT application.
 IoT application can be classified as Level 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 based on the complexity and
architecture involved.
 IoT is all about sense, connect, store, analyze, control and sharing.
 Physical design indicates importance and role of each physical component in IoT Ecosystem.
 Logical design presents logical data flow between source and destination of data.
 At last, key properties are presented to showcase fundamental properties of a robost IoT
system.

Dr. Ujjaval Patel Unit 1 Introduction to Internet of Things 81