Further functions Contents: moaaD Even and odd functions The araph of u = [f(x)]? Absolute value functions Rational functions Partial fractions189 FURTHER FUNCTIONS (Chante 6) OPENING PROBLEM The graph of f(x) = are Things to think about: @ What are the asymptotes of the function? b What would these graphs look like? 'y=l7@| © y= f(r) m y= (F@Pr € Can you write the function in the form A B “ is shown alongside. fle)= ? @_ How could you find the values of x such that f(z) <5 ~ 2? In this Chapter we expand our knowledge of functions and their properties. EVEN FUNCTIONS Consider the funetion f(x Notice that f(—3) = f(3) In fact, f(x) = f(z) for all x. ‘We know this is true since f(—2) = (2)? = Fe) ‘We say that f(x) =” is an even function. ’ A function f(x) is even if f(x) = f(x) forall x in the domain of f. ‘The graph of an even function is symmetrical about the y axis. ODD FUNCTIONS Consider the function f(ar) = 2°, ft #f(a)=a° Notice that f(—2)=—8 and f(2)=8, so (2,8) f(-2) = -f2). In fact, f(—2 = f(x) for all x We know this is true sinee f(—2) — (-2)? We say that f(r) =2% is an odd function,A function /(2) is edd if f(—2) =—f(r) for all x in the domain of f. The graph of an odd function has rotational symmetry about the origin, ki °®;«~»#» |) Self Tutor| Determine whether each function is even, odd, or neither: a fe)=+ b o(c)=at+a% 2 Oe +3 g(x) is an even function. =—f(z) f (2) is an odd function, A(z) Pe 4+3 2)? - 2-2) +3 242043 which is neither h(x) nor —h(z). ‘h(z) is neither even nor odd. Example 2 Fd Prove that the sum of two odd functions is also an odd function. Suppose h(x) = f(x) +o(x) where f(x) and o(c) are odd functions. Now h(—x) = f(—2) + 9(—1) £ (a) — a(x) (F(x) + ofa) =-h(x) forall x h(x) is odd, Thus the sum of two odd functions is also an odd function EXERCISE 6A Show that f(e) = 4 +2 is an even function Show that f(x) — 2? — 3x is an odd function Explain why (w) — 4a is an odd function, cven though 4 is an even number, Determine whether each function is even, odd, or neither: F(a) = 5x b fle 40 +3 ¢ fl2)= Poa f(a) = VE fla) = 208-2 e fe)=+5-14 FLIRTHER FUNCTIONS. (Chapioe 6) 10 "W 12 13 14 Suppose / (cr) is an even function, and (1,3) and (—5,—2) lie on the graph of y= down two other points which lie on the graph of y = f(z). (x). Write Suppose g(a) 1s an odd function, and (4,6) and (—1, 2) le on the graph of y= g(e). Write down two other points which lic on the giaph of y — y(2) Suppose f(r) = (2r+3)(e+a), aR isan even function, Find the value of a. Suppose g(r) = (w+1)(4+ »), b ER isan odd function, Find the value of b. 2 I the quadcatic function f(») ax? | be | o, 0 isan even function, prove thet b — 0. & Under what conditions is the cubie function g(r) — ax? + bz? + cr +d, a #0, an odd function? © Under what conditions is the quartic function h(x) = axr* + be + cx? +de +e, a #0, an even function? Decide whether each of the following is even, odd, or neither. Explain how this is observed in the graph of the function, a f(x) =cosz b f(z) =sine For what values of k Is_f (x) = cos(ar — k): a even b odd neither? Prove tat a the sum of two even functions is an even function 1b the difference between two odd fimetions is an odd fumetion € the product of two odd functions is an even function. Suppose f(x) is an even function and g(x) is an odd function. Determine whether the function (f09)(x) is even, odd, or neither. f(x) is an odd, invertible function. Determine whether the function f—1(x) is even, odd, or neither. What to do: 1 Sketch each pair of functions on the same set of axes. Include all axes intercepts ‘tuace ‘and asymptotes. a yorilondy=(ei1? by 4 and y= (x? 4)? ov and y= (2) d= od v=o e@ y=2—1 and y=(2*-1)? — fy =loge and y= (log)? 2 Determine the points where each pair of functions intersect. What do you notice? 3 What other observations can you make about the graph of y = [f(x)]??From the Investigation, you should have found that: When y= [f(x)/? is graphed from y = f(): © The points with y-coordinate 0 or 1 are invariant © The graph of y= [{(x)]? touches the x-axis at its 2-intercepts © The graph of y =[f(x))? lies above or on the r-axis for all «x © The vertical asymptotes of y= (x) are also vertical asymptotes of y = [f(2)]?. © When -1< f(e) <1, y=[f(a)[? is closer to the x-axis than y= f(z) © When | f(x)|>1, y=[F(e))? is further from the x-axis than y = f(x). ECD Dr For the graph of y = f(x) alongside, draw the graph y of y=[f@)P. y = f(x) cus the a-axis at 2 and 6, so y = (f(a)? 44 49) touches the a-axis at 2 and 6. 3 /\ y= (fle)? y= f(x) and y=[f(z)|? also intersect when y = 1 3 y= f(@) has awming poim at (4, 3), so y= [f(2)P [23 ald barber poin t= (180), - EXERCISE 6B For each graph of y= f(2), sketch the graph of y = f(a). a y b y Copy the graph alongside, and on the same sot of axes, sketch the graph of y = [f(x)]? +1.156 _ FURTHER FUNCTIONS (Chante 6) 3a Draw the graph of y = f(x) =3" b On the same set of axes, sketch the graph of y = [f(2))*. ¢ Describe a stretch which transforms y = f(x) to y = [f(«)/* 4a Draw the graph of y = f(x) = logy. b On the same set of axes, sketch the graph of y = [f(2))?. € Find the invariant points when y = (2) is transformed toy = [j(2)]?. 5 Show that if f(x) is odd, then [f(:r)]? is even. 6 Suppose f(r) has domain 0 0, |z|=z. © i x<0, |2|=-2. — — J vee 0 c 2 0 For example: |7|—7 and |—5 + 1 oe eaeeenww wee ‘This leads us to the algebrate dertnttion: The absolute value of x is z ifs>0 —« ife0.THE GRAPH y = | f(z)| The absolute value ofthe function f(2) is isei= {i et leo f(z) if f(@)<0 To obtain the graph of y =| f(x)| from the graph of y = f(z): © keep the graph for f(x) > 0 © reflect the graph in the x-axis for f(r) <0, discarding what was there ‘© points on the x-axis are invariant, N THE GRAPH y = f(|z/) We know that isi={® if 220 {1 i 230 =2 if r0 b ysl) fle) if e>0 f(a) if f(x) <0 "UL Een) if 2<0 The graph is unchanged for f(r) > 0 The graph is unchanged for x > 0 and ‘and reflected in the «c-axis for f(w) <0. reflected in the y-axis for <0. EXERCISE 6€.1 Draw y= f(x) =2x—4, and on the same set of axes draw the graph of: a y=(f()| b y=s(la))1SR__FUIRTHER FUNCTIONS (Chapéoe 6) 2 Draw y= f(x) =2(0 +2), and on the same set of axes draw the graph of: a y=(f@)| b y=f(lx) 3 Draw y= f(x) =—x? + 6x —8, and on the same set of axes draw the graph of: a v=lf@)l b& y=F(lz)) 4 Draw y— f(@) —3® — 8, and on the came cot of axes draw the graph of: a y-|f@)| b&b y—f(lml) 5 a Copy the following graphs for y= f(r) and on the same set of axes draw the graph of y=lf@)k Repeat e, but this time draw the graphs of y— f(r) and y — f(/se]) on the same set of axes. 6 Show that if f(x) is an odd function, then | f()|_ is an even function. 7 Let f(a) = vi=z. a Draw the graph of y= f(2) and state its domain and range. b Draw the graph of y= (|r|) and state its domain and range. 8 Suppose f(x) has domain —2<< and range —T0, f(x) He>0, f(e)=2-2=0. If 2<0, f(z) =2(-2) y ‘This branch is zz30 This branch is y=0,2>0 This branch is This branch is a y= rel y—2r2<0) if c>0 -« if r<0 Hence graph each function. to write the following functions without modulus signs. a y=|z—2| & y=|e+1| ey=-le d y=|z|+2 e y= lel f ¢ y=|z/+|z-2| h y=|2|-|2-1| MODULUS EQUATIONS A modulus equation Is an equation which involves the absolute value function, To solve modulus equations we use the definitions of absolute value and the properties found in the previous Exerci © |x|>0 forall © |-2|=|2| forall for all x © |ey|=|2||y) for all x and y e |2P z|_ Il ig Mrallzandy, v0 © |e-yl=|y—2| forall x and y.We notice in particular that if then If |x|=a where a>0, then x= +a, eu ad SDRC [2043] =7 |3—22 |2r+3|= [3-20 ee has no solution as LHS 2 e+3, or is never negative, 2-4 ot or So, x Coe Solve for 2: nial |2+1|=|22-3| If Fe 4 then 324? — 44 — — == ‘Always check your answers by substituting back into on ‘ti ic T-2 3r+2=4(1—2) or Brt2=4-40 0 Te =2 or a=} or So, 2 = 2 or6. If |e+1)=[2e—3), then «+1 =+(20— e+1=2c0-3 of 2+1=—(22 Sv, x or ~2e+ or 2 2 or 3FURTHER FUNCTIONS (Chapter 6) 16 EXERCISE 6€.2 1. Solve for a |2| b @ |e-1|=3 e f |2+5| g |3-2|=1 h i |2-82/=12 2 Solve for x: 2 a+3]_1 a 3 b @ | 248 )—2 ae+1)_, 3a Explain why the equation | 3 has only one solution, Find the solution. 4 Prove that if |x|—|a| thon =a. 5 Solve for x: a |3c-1 +2| b [+5 © |z+1| d| © |1-4e f |sx+2)=2/2-2] Solve graphically: We graph y=|x+1| and yar? onthe [J same set of axes. \ ride The graphs intersect at (—2, 1) and (2, 3) \ the solutions are x = ~2 or 2. grapnics ‘cALcuLATOR INSTRUCTIONS: 6 a Sketch the graphs of y =|-+3| and = on the same set of axes. Zon a & Solve the equation |r +3) =T— z 7 Solve graphically: a |xt+2)=2e+1 b |2r+3|=3|x d@ 2?-1=|52-27| e |@-6|=2 f 23-42 =In|2| « |a-2|=MODULUS INEQUALITIES There are several methods we can use to solve modulus inequalities, depending on the situation: ‘* For some modulus inequalities itis easiest to separate the inequality into two. Bre mo Solve for 2: |2z-11<3 |4-2|>5 |2n—1] <2 [4-2] 25 , <8 2e—-1<3 d-2<-5 or 4-235 -2<2e <4 2>9 of 2<-l -l<2<2 © For modulus inequalities where we kuow cach side of the inequality is positive, we eau syuare both sides. Example 10 Ea Solve for 2: > z Jy) |3x+1|>|22—3] lal: a |3z+1|>|2e-3| . [8e+1// >|2e-3[? {squaring both sides} (sr+ 12 (20-3 {af =a"} 1. 9a? + Ga +1 > du? — 12449 You can only multiply wo. Sx? 4187-8 >0 aes foes ‘ fates you are sure of is sign. (5r—2)(@@+4)>0 +——>—14—+ . <4 orc? . ies | {squaring both sides} = ( (la? a3} (@ 11)? , de® > (x +1)? provided «4-1 {since (x +1)? >0} . 4c? >a? +2r+1 provided x #—1 v. 8c? - 22-130 provided x 4-1 (8x +1)(e@-1) 50 provided x4 —1 @S—h, wf -1 o wd : _——+ x iFURTHER FUNCTIONS (Chapter 6) 163 EXERCISE 6C.3 1 Solve for x: a |e-1|<4 b |x+2|>7 € |2r-3) <1 d@ |3e+5|>2 e@ |1-22|<4 f |-be-4|>5 2 Solve for «: a |[2+5|<|2-1| b [2r41]>|2+2/ © |2-3|<|22-6| d |3r+4|/>|x+3] @ 2|z-4|< [3042] f 2[22+5/>/4- 3. Solve for x: » |243|>2 «|Z! 2 ZI 3 Gre Pare Solve graphically: |x-+1| > Va>+2. We draw graphs of y=|a41| and y= 2342 on the same set of axes. Casio f-CG50 TERA Plus CR HP Prime Ihe graphs mtersect at x © —1.24/0, © © 0.4450, and © LSULY. ay craphics ‘cateutaton INSRUCHTONS. |at+1|> VeF2 when -Y2 |4-2| © 2-4>|x2-1| d@ |2e-1|+|e-4|< 10-2 e Inja?—2+5|>0104 f 7|x|—el#! > log, (a? 2) § |3rarecosa| > 1 h 0.2In(7- 2n) < | VI5—a? -3|164 FURTHER FUNCTIONS (Chante 6) TONS In Chapter 15 of the Core mal funetions ofthe form y = 2% we ux? +be te In this Section we consider rational functions of the form y= — “+4 and y= Se tte +da+e dx +e INVESTIGATION 2 What to do: 1. Use technology to examine the graphs of the following functions. For each graph: 1 State the domain, Hl Write down the equations of the asymptotes. PAG CAM eM ume (@+1@-2) @+3\e % de —5, 1-2 3246 a R43 6 U- 2700 2 Gero 2 Fora function of the form y a c#0: ‘a What is the horizontal asymptote? & How can we determine the vertical asymptotes? From the Investigation, you should have found that: arth, aieaeye 07 © the horizontal asymptote is y= 0 the vertical asymptotes are the zeros of the denominator er + dr +e. For a function of the form y Grocer Carrs 6 Consider the function y= "==. Find the asymptotes of the function, Find the axes intercepts. Draw a sign diagram of the funetion. Hence discuss the behaviour of the function near the asymptotes. Sketch the function, showing the features you have found. The horizontal asymptote isy — 0. The fimetion is undefined when 2? — 2x —4—0 vs (t@+V(e-4=0 -lor4 =4 the vertical asymptotes are a = —1 and' -6 © When 20, y~ =2—4, so the yrintercept ie 3 When y=0, 2r-0=0 8 the x-intercept is 3. 22-3) cy = 8 has sigin diagram « @+)e-) eee d As 24-17, y>-00 As 2-1, yoo AS E34, y>-00 Asucdt, you As @——n0, y—07 Asz—o, yor EXERCISE 6D.1 ; __4e—s 1 The graph of w= ——-—— © ind the asymptotes of the function. is shown alongside, © Find the axes intercepts. 2 For each of the following functions: Find the equations of the asymptotes. ii Find the axes intercepts. iil Draw a sign diagram of the function. Iv Hence disenss the hehavionr of the finnetion near its asymptotes W_ Sketch the graph of the function. 1 3e4+6 FyRetT Tada k f(x)166 _FLIRTHER FUNCTIONS (Chapéoe 6) 3 Consider the function y = “= a State the equation of the horizontal asymptote. Explain why the function has no vertical asymptotes. Find the axes intercepts. Use technology to help sketch the function. ae er? +dz+9 @ Show that f(x) can take two possible forms, Find the vertical asymptote of f(r) in cach case. b Sketch the possible graphs of y= f() on the same set of axes. The finetion f(r) = has one vertical asymptote, and passes throngh the point (1, 5) 5 The graph alongside shows a linear funetion f(x) and a quadratic function g(x). Copy the graph, and on the same set of axes, graph =—~—~| — £2 indicate clearly where the z-intereept(s) and a2) " /~ asymptote(s) occur. RATIONAL FUNCTIONS OF THE FORM y = 22+ +¢ dete INVESTIGATION 3 What to do: 4 Consider the function y = =— Gees State the equation of the vertical asymptote. * & Show that @=2—5 r42t ote € Use technology to sketch y d_ Explain why the graph of y — 62? +2-3 2 Consider the function y = Be+T @ Stale the equation of the vertival asymptote. Gera 8 & Show that SPIT € Use technology to sketch y = S* 42-8 Describe the behaviour ofax? the te To help us describe graphs of the form y = “7 = . we use polynomial division to write them in the form w=pe+a+ 2. ° The function is undefined when debe =U, 99 Tay ba the graph has the vertical asymptote x= —£ asymptote which is neither a ‘vertical nor horizontal » 00, the term » 0, and so iste the graph gets closer to the line y= pa +g. The graph has the oblique asymptote y= pr +q. Emcee 4) Self Tutor va? +80 —9 =+2 a Find the vertical asymptote of the function, Find the axes intercepts. Find the oblique asymptote. Draw a sign diagram of the function, Discuss the behaviour of the function near its asymptotes. Sketch the function, showing the features you have found. Consider the funetion f(r) a. The vertical asymptote is x = -2. b f(0)=—2, so the y-intercept is, f(z) =0 when 227+32-9=0 (2r-3)(e+3)=0 afi a=tor-3 rintervepis ae $ aud -3, Qe—1 rt+2[ 2 +32-9 = (227 +42) | —@-9 the oblique asymptote is y—2e 1. Ye z+2 Qe has sign diagram ' _ Qe-Bo+3) a eto + 80. f(x) > 2r- As z—00, - 30°, so f(r) 2r- oye16R_FLIRTHER FUNCTIONS (Chapéoe 6) EXERCISE 6D.2 1 The graph of 30% +2—- T is shown alongside. a Find the equation of the vertical asymptote b Find the axes intercepts. € Write the function in the form y—pet+q+ "1, aud hrcuce find the equation of the ublique axyniptote, 2 For each of the following functions: i. Find the equation of the vertical asymptote. Il. Find the axes intercepts. lil Find the oblique asymptote. iv Draw a sign diagram of the function. wv Hence discuss the behaviour uf the function near its asymplotes. vi Sketch the graph of the function, 6 a2+9 as? -ar+8 Aer oo a - ~6o? +50 —60? —4r 8a? — 192 — 15 a ie)— Qe+1 ey- 32+2 ff 1-22 3 y Consider the graphs of y= f(x) and y = g(x) shown alongside. | 8 For y-2 find the equation of the: i vertical asymptote —_ii-_oblique asymptote. © Copy the graph, and on the same set of axes, graph y= a(n) and asymptote(s) occur. + Indicate clearly where the 2-intercept(s) az? | br be dete DISCUSSION ‘You should have noticed that the graph of uy 4 Find the equation of the oblique asymptote of y shapes shown, What determines which shape the graph takes?FURTHER FUNCTIONS (Chantor 6) 160 Just like fractions involving numbers, fractions involving algebra can be added by writing them with a common denominator. ; 34 For example: sts R 24a a-2) «+ 3+ 543 ale +3) +4(e—2) (w—2)(x +3) eb O+ dm 2 4+32—22-6 ta+1 which is a rational function. When we study calculus later in the course, we are more likely to want to reverse this process. We need etl. ' ‘ 4 +1 into the sum of partial fractions 2 + —— so it to decompose a function such as =" 4 er can be integrated. To decompose a rational function into the sum of partial fractions, we follow the following procedure: Step Tr Factorise the denominator Step 2: Write a sum of partial fractions with the factors as denominators and unknown numerators. Step 3: Multiply both sides by the denominator. Step 4: Find the unknown numerators by substituting the zeros of the denominators. ELL Dat Tat Writes a sum of partial fractions: rth ‘By substituting the zeros of the Step 1. ww? +u-6—(w—2)(u +3) enaminators, we are ahle te solve for A and B independently. Sera ee From Siep we could expand the a4e-6 e-2 a48 HS and equate coefficients of, Step 3: 1. Te +1=A(z+3)+ Blw—2) but this requires solving ‘simultaneous equations. Step 4: Substituting »——3, 7(—3)+1—B(-3-9) Substituting 2EXERCISE 6E 1. Show that: 3 Py 7 " i 1 1 can be written as the sum of partial fractions —— + —— +4 mea ae 2 Write as the sum of partial fractions: 1 Pyare 3e42 4 e410 We bet3 +i 2e +27 Se Tae EDESratrad 4 33-122 7 A Write Fea # the sum of partial fractions in the form = +=] + =. a Gay eas alae G+eG-3% HT 33 — 120 = A(x — 2)? + B(w + 1)(@—2)+C(x+1) Substituting x=-1, 33—12(-1) = A(-1-2)? 45=9A Substituting 2 = 2, “There are 3 unknowns but only 2 zeros in the denominator, so ‘we must pertorm another ‘guhstitntion ta find Substituting © =U, 33 — 12(0) = 9(—2)* + BUL)(—2) + 3(L) +. 83=20-2B+3 33-122 e+De-97 sa? ae a Show that Se can be written as the sum of partial fractions sat =3e—4 y A B Write Sear 3S the sum of partial fractions in the form ++ +FURTHER FUNCTIONS (Chapter 6) 171 w o Show that (x +3)(x— 1)? = 192 +9 Bye? bri38 r+ 3. write as the sum of partial fractions © a Show that (2r—1)(0? +0 +4) = 20? 40? +72 — 4, Ie? Ps i+C the SETI rt a Bet 2 +a + Te — Yel) P+etd Write PET 1 Determine whether each function is even, odd, or neither: a fey=-2 & fa)-= 2 ¢ f(e)=VF-8 2 Tor what values of & is f(x) — sin(a —h): @ cycn b&b odd ¢ neither? 3. Given that f(x) is an odd function, determine whether (fo f)(x) is even, odd, or neither. 4 Suppose f(x) = (c? — 3x)(e-+0), DER is an odd fimetion, Find the value of b 5 The graph of y = f(z) is given. On the same set of axes, graph the functions: a y=f() and b y=f(2) and y= (f(x))?. F(\al) 6 Suppose f(x) has domain 0< <5 and range —5 1 € |8242|<|2—5|177__ FURTHER FUNCTIONS (Chante 6) 12. Solve graphically: a |2r-6|>x+3 b Vi Fr45<|7-2| 42. The groph of f(a) — 97% i 4. shown alongside, a Find the asymptotes of the function, b Find the axes intercepts. © Sketel dhe wraph uf y =| J(e) |. 2a? 4 ae “Fe-3 Find the equation of the vertical asymptote. Find the axes intercepts. Find the oblique asymptote. Draw a sign diagram of the function. 14 Consider the function f(r) Heuve discuss the Lelmyivut of the function neat its asyinplutes. Sketch the graph of the function. =e ance 15° Wnite as the sum of partial fractions: eat ae 1242 16 write —*+2 in the form @+Oe-0F rH REVIEW SET 6B 1. Suppose (2) is an even function, and (2,6) and (1, ~4) lie on the graph of y— f(a). Write down two other points which lie on the granh of y= (2). @ a Prove that the product of two even functions is an even function. Give an example of two functions, both of which are neither odd nor even, whose product, is an even function. 3. f(x) —cos(2(a—a)) +b is an odd function. Find the possible values of a and b. 4 The graph of y= f(x) is given. On the same set of axes, graph the functions y = f(x) and S(e))?.FURTHER FUNCTIONS (Chapter 6) 172 5 For any function f(2), prove that (|r|) is an even function. " The graph of y= f(z) has 3 tuming points and 2 2-intercepts. If possible, state how many turing points and r-intercepts each of the following graphs has: a y= f(x] b&b y=f(|2\) ¢ y=[f(@))* Draw the graph of y=|f(x)| and y= f(\x)) for: a y b y yf) y=J(o) Solve for a |2-52|=6 b |4r-2|= Solve for «: a |3r+2|>3 & dl2e4 . = < Solve graphically: b |e|+1 arth BP dete Find the value of a. b, d. and e. The graph of y = is shown alongside. pee rer Consider the function. f(r) = Find the equations of the asymptotes. Find the axes intervepts Draw a sign diagram of the function. Hence discuss the behaviour of the function near ite asymptotes. Sketch the graph of the fiction a? te 4 Be 2 Find the equation of the vertical asymptote. Find the axes intercepts. € Find the oblique asymptote. Draw a sign diagram of the function. Discuss the behaviour of the function near its asymptotes. Skeich the graph of the function. Consider the funtion g(r) =174 _RUIRTHER FUNCTIONS _(Chapioe 6) 1h Write as the sum of partial fractions: 2 2-7 S P+ an —3 +e +12 15 a Show that (27 —3)(x +2)? = 2r* + 52% — 4x — 12, jc? — Qe ri & Hence write 2 —22=5 _ as the sum of partial fractions, Re de 16 Consider a function f(v) with domain w © R. 8 Determine whether each of the following is even, odd, or neither: fle) + fa) Sle) = fx) dees ae Miao ae Prove that f(x) can be written as the sum of an even function and an odd funetion.