Exponential functions Contents: a> =mon Rational exponents Algebraic expansion and factorisation Exponential equations Exponential functions Growth and decay The natural exponential4) EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS _(Chaptse 2) OPENING PROBLEM At an antiques fair, Remard purchases a clack for £500 and a vase for £400. The clock increases in value by 5% each year, and the vase increases in value by 7% each year. Things to think about: a What is the value of each item 1 year after purchase? & Can you write a formula for the value of each item years aller purchase? € Which item is more valuable 15 years after purchase? di How can we determine when the items are equal in value? sTIQUES sone ‘We have seen previously how exponents are used to indicate when a number is raised to a power. -8 For a positive integer exponent, the exponent tells us how many of the base are multiplied together. in Any non-zero base to the power 0 is defined as 1, to oH give consistency to the exponent laws. i 1 For a negative integer exponent, we take the reciprocal i of the corresponding positive integer power, a 3 2xax2 In this Chapter we give meaning to exponents which are rational, allowing us to start filling in the gaps between the integer exponents. This will allow us to consider exponential funetions for which the variable appears in un exponent, (__rationat exponents Using the definition a” =a x ax... the laws of exponents such as a" x a” =a" can be proven for any integers n. and m. For a positive hase a, we choose to define a raised to a rational exponent so that the laws of exponents still hold. So. for any a > 0. notice that and Jax Ja=a also. a {exponent laws} Likewise, a3 x a3 x a3 =a’ =a and Yax Vax Ya=u abso. By direct comparison, we conclude that a? = fa = and a? = Ya In general, YG where YG reads “the mth rot of a” for ne Ze.EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (Chapier?) 4% ‘We can now determine that Ya = (a EXERCISE 2A 1 Write as a single power of 2 1 1 v2 b= WwW? d 4 = a Ww « 202 vd °B y 4 3 1 1 fox 9 & h (v3) Ig i= @ Write as a single power of 3: 1 1 3 = v3 d 3v3 —= a V3 oR ov Nes “a 3) Write in the form a*, where a is a prime number and & is rational: aw b YF < ¥6 4 e V0 e+ uae aa Sae ss pat w 8H * Ue Va "Ye 4 Write in the form a*, where is rational: L 4, 1 ave b ne °3 ad ve “a 5. Use your calculator to find, correct to 3 significant figures: oe -2 1 a3 ba? < qyrooe pare w a © Write without rational exponents: ast bs? <3? dm? e 844 _RYPONENTIAI FUNCTIONS (Chapter 9) Without using a calculator, write in simplest rational form: ast a 8 boars — (29) — (373 ot ee =o =37 16 =t 7 Without using a calculator, write in simplest rational form: aa b 8 < 16° 425 t4? 99? has ior i 125 We can use the standard rules of algebra, together with the laws of exponents, to simplify expressions containing rational or variable exponents: a(h+e) =ab+ae (a+ b)(e +d) = ac+ad + be + bd (a +b)(a—b) = a? —b? (a +b)? = a? + 2ab +b? Elo Dt Expand and simplify: 273 (a? +27 — 9077) =a ?xe2+2 ?x2r?—z 2x3c ? {each termis multiplied by x 2} ee {adding indices} EXERCISE 2B 1 Simplify: @ "x2 * © oxo * taxa *Expand and simplify: (a8 +20? +1) d 77(77 49) g 2"(2° +5) i 3°" +543-*) Expand and simplify: a (22 +3)(2" +1) 25(2" +1) e 24(2—3-*) ho5-*(5* +5") k 273 (20? 2+ 528) (47-22 xi +2ta?) 1 22*(2* 3-2-2") Lm Dey a (27 +3)(2" +1) =PPLAx243 2x +2 43x 243 (aerate ya = (PP 42x 7 x84 (72) Sra ease Era ieee ae 3. Expand and simplify: a (2-127 +3) b (3 +2)(3" +5) (3*-1p h (a | a2" 8) 2 +2) k (m7 Eo O Det Factorises a 2+ pon b td 4g Bn 4 0 | Saba ® 248 2" 4 2 = 272 +2" =27274+8 a7 +2" = 22" +1) =8(2") +8 2(2" +1) =2"> =8(2" 11) Factorise: a ote art? 49° © me a st _5 ert _g # ant? 16 g 228 _onts hh ont yond fo antl yoniEmre DRC Factorise: #-9 9 +4(") +4 4-9 = (27)? — 3? {compare a? — 6? = (a +b)(a —b)} = (2" +3)(2" -3) 9 +403") 44 = (37)? +4(3") +4 — {compare a? + 4a + 4} 3 +2)? {as a? +4a+4=(a+2)} Factorise gr -4 4-25 16-9" 2-4 e ye ae +6) +9 9 + 10(3*) +25 4 — 14(2") +49 25" —4(5°) +4 Factorise: (2-282 (37) +3"-6 4? —7(2") +12 4 + 9(2") +18 4" 2" 20 9” + 9(8") +14 9 +4(8")-5 25" +5" -2 49" 7 412 Gua |) Self Tutor Simplify: a o “ cm w 20" oe pnt sett ze a Gad SDRC Simplify: an ee" gm+2 om an aFUNCTIONS (Chapter?) 47 rae" gmt gm amt 4am a ae » am 9 pane ama2 — 2 2m 42" ae OE 24-1) 2B vty a 3 =" 8 Simplify: em om 2” | 190 sm jan a oe ai 7 98 3 mp9" gett a2 MHI 5 F T+2 7 anon gn gn s h i773 9 Simplify: a 2"(n+1)+2"(n-1) An exponential equation is an equation in which the unknown occurs as part of the index or exponent. For example: 4 Bf 8 and 30 v 3* —7 are both exponential equations. There are a number of methods we can use to solve exponential equations. These include graphing, using technology, and by using logarithms, which we will study in Chapter 3. However, in some cases we can solve the equation algebraically If both sides of an exponential equation are written as powers with the same base numbers, we can equate indices. So, if a? =a* then x=k. For example, if 2° =8 then 2° = 2°. Thus a= 3, and this is the only solution, os RCAC Solve for x: 15) b 3a d a = 18 . oo za4EXERCISE 2¢ 1. Solve for x: Peal ho 441 = 64 pine. Ca Solve for sr: a 47 =8 Solve for x: a sF=92 barat wan oak 16 = 5 g 4°? = 198 tae tad | %=27 git = 27-* n (4) *=32 Solve for x, if possible: etl a gi-= or ygieil 3°? x9" = 27 e@ (§)*' xara ()° x25 =e Solve for x agxevau Tx 2* =28 4x grt? =12 d i2x3-*=4 e 4x (})" =36 5x (3)? =20 Cce ORC Solve forz: 4? +2*-20=0 4 +2"-20=0 (27)? +27 -20=0 {compare a? +a —20 =0} (2 42 +5) {a? +a—20=(a—4)(a+5)} {2 cannot be negative}EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (Chapter?) 49) 5 Solve for x: a 4-02") +8=0 b 4-2-2=0 © 9-128") +27=0 d 9 =3"+6 @ 25° —23(5") — 50 f 49 41 =2(7") 9 5 -1=06 *) hn 2G") —9(2") +2=0 1 4(0") — 35(3") | 4! 42=9(2) k 32-1 = 37 4.18 1 aeyart gheutaron Check your answers using technology. innit 6 Solve simultaneously: 4*=8" and gv = 28 IONS We have already seen how to evaluate a” for any n €Q. But how do we evaluate a” when n€R, so nis real but not necessarily rational? To answer this question, we can study the graphs of exponential functions. ‘The most simple exponential funetion has the form y—a* where a>0, a #1. For example, y = 2* is an exponential function, We construct a table of values from which we graph the function: y 4/3 [if2]4 As x becomes large and negative, the graph of y = 2° approaches the :r-axis from above. However, it never touches the z-axis, since 2° becomes very small but never So,as # + 90, y 90, y=0 is therefore a horizontal asymptote. Plotting y—a" for « ¢Q suggests a smooth, continuous curve. This allows us to complete the curve for all @ € IR. giving meaning to a* for irrational values of @. Pe In this Investigation we examine the graphs of various families of exponential _grarnin functions. You can use the graphing package or your calculator. hat to x 1 a State the transformation which maps y = a* to a? +k. b Predict the effect, if any, this transformation will have on: the shape of the graph I the position of the graph Iii the horizontal asymptote.$0_ EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (Chapter) € Check your predictions by graphing y= 2", y= 2" +1, and y=2*—2 on the same set of axes. State the transformation which maps y=a* to y=a"~". © Predict the effect, if any, this transformation will have on: E the shape of the graph Hi the pos n of the graph Hi the horizontal asymptote. € Check your predictions by graphing y— 2, y— 21, y— 242, and y—2*-* on the same set of axes. @ State the transformation which maps y= a" to y=pxa*, p>0. b Predict the effect, if any, this transformation will have on: I the shape of the graph Ii the position of the graph the horizontal asymptote. € Check your predictions by graphing y set of axes. > y=3x2", and y= 4x2" on the same State the transformation which maps y =a" to y=—a". Predict what the graph of y = —2* will look like, and check your answer using technology. oo State the transformation which maps y=a* to y=a"*, q>0. Predict the effect, if any, this transformation will have on: I the shape of the graph IL the position of the graph Wi the huricoutal asymptote. € Notice that 2* — (22)" 4" and 2% — (2%)" _ 8*, Check your predictions by graphing y— 2", y—4", and y—8* on the same set of axes. State the transformation which maps y=a* to y= b Notice that 2-* = (2-1)* = (3)*. Predict what the graph of y = (4)* will look like, and check your answer using technology. From your Investigation you should have discovered that: For the general exponential function y =p X at" 4k where a>0, a4 1, p40: . . . a controls how steeply the graph increases or decreases. i controls horizontal translation. k controls vertical translation. The equation of the horizontal asymptote is y = k. If p>0, a>1 i © If p>0, 01 o It p —3). EXERCISE 2D 1. Consider the graph of y = 2* alongside 8 Use the graph to estimate the value of: 12? of v2 OW 2 i Ww av? Use the graph to estimate the solution to y= 5 fi 2 =06 € Use the graph to explain why 2* = 0 has no solutions. Graphical methods can be used to solve exponential equations ‘whore we cannot equate indices.52__ EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (Chapter 9) 2 Match each function with its graph: ay=e bd y=" © y=—5* 4 y=() e y=-(3)° 2. Lise a transformation to help sketch each pair of fumetians on the same sot of axes: gaupanue transformation to help sketch each pair of funet ‘l set capac _ i 2 and y=2°-2 bo y=2" and y=2-* © y= and y= 2-2 dy =2 and y= 2(2") 4 Draw freehand sketches of the following pairs of graphs: a y=3% and y=3-* b y=3" and y=3* 41 © y=3* and y=—3" d y=9 5. State the equation of the horizontal asymptote of: au=3 b y=2-1 ¢ y=3-27 ad yadxe42 ee y=5x att? f y=-2x3* 4 6 Consider the exponential function f(x)— 3" 2. Find i f(0) H FQ) i f(-9) State the equatian af the horizantal asymptote Sketch the graph of the function. State the domain and range of the function. 7 Consider the function y(x) — 3 « (4)* +4. @ Find: i y(0) fi (2) fii y(-2) 1b State the equation of the horizontal asymptote. © Sketch the graph of the function, State the domain and range af the function 8 Consider the function h(x) = -2°-8 +1. a Find: i A(0) fi A(3) fii h(6) 1b State the equation of the horizontal asymptote. © Sketch the graph of the fumetion 4. State the domain and range of the function.EXPONENTIAD FUNCTIONS (Chapter 2) $3 9 For each of the functions below: i. Sketch the graph of the function, range. Hi State dhe domain at {il Use your calculator to find the value of y when a Iv Discuss the behaviour of y as. a + +o v_ Determine the horizontal asymptote. FT b yao» The yiupl aluugside shows dhe curve y=ax2 +b, where a and b are constants. a Find the values of a and b. b Find y when 2 =6, " vy This graph shows the function f(x) where a is a positive constant. The point (—1, 2) lies on the graph. a Write down the coordinates of P. Find the value of a. ¢ Find the equation of the horizontal asymptote. 12 Find the domain and range of: 241 wy © y=vR=8 ay 13: Let f(x) =3"-9 and g(x) = yr. a Find (f'og)(x), and state its domain and range. b Find (go f)(x), and state its domain and range. © Sulve: i (Foae)-0 HW (ge Ale) —avB 14 Suppose f(x) =2*—3 and g(x) = a For each function, find the: i horizontal asymptote ii range iil y-intercept. © Graph the functions on the same set of axes, € Find the exact y coordinate of the point where the graphs intersect. +27,$4_RYPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (Chapter) Goce CORT Use technology to solve the equation 3 = 7. We graph Y; = 2% and Y2 = on the same set of axes, and find their point of intersection, TI-84 Plus CE. HP Prime Ga The solution is. = 1.77. 15. Use technology to solve: a =11 b 3 =15 © d@ gttta4 e@ 5x2 =18 g 2x 3°? = 168 hh 26 x (0.95) = 09 =2 i 2000 x (1.03) = 5000 DUKA Te)a} For the exponential function y What would the graph of y = (—2)" look like? What is its domain and range? i*, why do we choose to specify a> 0? In this Section we will examine situations where quantities are either increasing or decreasing exponentially. These situations are known us growth anid deeay modelling, and occur frequently in the world aronnd us, Populations of animals, people, and bacteria usually grow in an exponential way. Radioactive substances, cooling, and items that depreciate in value, usually decay exponentially. For the exponential function y= p x a"—" +k where a,p>0, a #1, we see: © growth if a>1 © decay if a <1. GROWTH Consider a population of 100 mice which under favourable conditions is increasing by 20% each week To increase a quantity by 20%, we multiply it by 1.2EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (Chapter 2) 98 If Py 18 the population after n weeks, then: Fy = 100 {the original poputation} Py Pow 12-100 x 1.2 400) Po=P xt 100 x (1.2)? P(n)=100x (1.224 Py = Py x 1.2 = 100 x (1.2), and so on. 300] From this pattern we see that Py = 100.x (1.2)", n € Z, which is a geometric sequence. 200 However, while the population of mice must always be an integer, we expeet that the population will grow 100} continuously throughout the year, rather than in big. discrete jumps. We therefore expect it will be well approximated by the corresponding exponential function P(n) = 100 x (1.2)", ncR. LoL Dy A scientist is modelling a grasshopper plague. The area affected by the grasshoppers is given by A(n) = 1000 x (1.15)" hectares, where m is the number of weeks after the initial observation. Find the original affected area, ® e d n(oyecks) Find the affected area after: | S weeks —_—il_ 10 weeks. ‘Draw the graph of the affected aren over time Use your graph or technology to find how Jong it will take for the affected area to reach 8000 hectares. a A(0) = 1000 x 1.15% = 1000 the original affected area was 1000 hectares 1 A(5) = 1000 x 1.15° = 210 € A (hectares) The affected area is about 2010 hectares. Hi A(10) = 1000 x 1.15% ~ 4050 The affected area is about 4050 hectares. 26 8 rn (weeks) From the graph in ¢, it appears that it would take about nl 19 weeks for the affected area to reach 8000 hectares. ‘or Using technology, the solution is ~¥ 14.9 weeks.56 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (Chapter) EXERCISE 2E.1 1 The weight W of bacteria in a culture t hours after establishment is Soar given by W(t) = 100 x (1.07)' grams, tulle e- Find dhe inital weight © Find the weight after: i 4 hours fi 10 hours iii 24 hours. € Sketch the graph of the bacteria weight over Spans time using the results of @ and only. Use technology to graph Y= 100 x (1.07)* and Fi henee check your answers, 2 A breeding program to ensure the survival of pygmy possums is established with an initial population of aU (25 pairs). From a previous program, the expected population ” in n years’ time 1S given by P(r) — Dy x (1.23)". 2 What is the value of P,? 1b What is the expected population after: 1 2 years Hl 5 years © Sketch the graph of the population over time using @ and 6 only. Hence estimate the time needed for the population to reach 500, Use technology to graph Y; = 50 x (1.23)%. Hence check your answer to d. 10 years? 3. A flu virus spreads in a school. The number of people N=4x 1.332, t30. ‘a Find the number of people who were initially infected. 1b Calculate the number of people who were infected alter 16 days © Thee are 1200 peuple in dhe schuul, Estinnaty the (ine it will ike for everybody int the sehvol to catch the flu, infected after ¢ days is given by 4 In 1998, 200 bears were introduced to a large island off Alaska where previously there were no bears. The population increased exponentially according 10 B(t)= Bo xa’, where a>0 isa constant and ¢ is the time in years since the introduction, a Find Bo In 2000 there were 242 bears, Find a, and interpret your answer, € Find the expected bear population in 2018 Find the expected percentage increase in population from 2008 to 2018. How long will it take for the population to reach 2000? 5. The speed V of a chemical reaction is given by V(t) = Vo x 2%" where ¢ is the temperature in °C. ‘a Find the reaction speed at: 10°C 20°C, 1b Find the percentage increase in reaction speed at 90°C compared with (°C © Find (=) X 100% and explain what this calculation means.EXPONENTIAD FUNCTIONS (Chapter?) 87 6 Kayla deposited £25000 into an account, The amount in the account increases by 10% each year. @ Write a formula for the amount A(t) in the account after ¢ years. & Find the amount in the account after: i 2 years iD years. © Sketeh the graph uf Ae). How long will it take for the amount in the account to reach £8000? 7 The expected value of a house in t years’ — SOVUWpy~™y—P— ¥ time is given by the exponential function zy) qyg | V=kxat dollars. where ¢ > 0. The funtion is graphed alongside. @ Find a and k, and interpret these values. 1b How long will it take for the house’s value 400000) to reach $5500002 300000 ‘600.000 500 000] 012345678 9 10 8 A parachutist jumps from the hasket of stationary hot air balloon, His speed of descent is given by V =c—60x 2" ms~! where ¢ and k are constants, and ¢ is the time in seconds, 2 Explain why b After 5 seconds, the parachutist has speed 30 ms~¥ Find ki, ¢ Find the speed of the parachutist after 12 seconds. Sketch the graph of V against t © Describe how the speed of the parachutist varies over time. % The number of microorganisms in a culture doubles every 6 hours. How long will it take for the number of microorganisms to increase by 30%? DECAY Consider a radioactive substance with original weight 20 grams. It decays or reduces by 5% each year. The multiplier for this is 95% or 0.95 . after n years, then: 20 grams Wo x 0.95 = 20 x 0.95 grams Wy x UY = 20 x (U.99)* grams Wy — Wy «0.95 — 20 * (0.95)" grams Won = 20 x (0.95)? ~ 7.2 grams ‘n (years) °% 10 20 From this pattern we see that W, = 20 x (0.95)", nm € Z, which is again a geometric sequence. However, we know that radioactive decay is a continuous process, so the weight remaining will actually be given by the smooth exponential curve W(n) = 20 x (0.95)", n eR.$8 _RYPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (Chapter) Gxcae CORT When a diesel-electric generator is switched off, the current dies away according to the formula I(t) = 24 x (0.25)" amps, where ¢ is the time in seconds after the power is cut. a Find I(t) when ¢=0, 1, 2, and 3. ‘What current flowed in the generator at the instant it was switched off? © Plot the graph of Z(t) for ¢ 20. using the information above. ed Use your graph or technology to find how long it takes for dhe curtent t reach 4 aunps, a I(t) = 24 x (0.25)! amps 1(0) J(1) 1(2) 1(3) = 24 x (0.25)" 24 x (0.25)" )? = 24 x (0.25) = 24 amps 6 amps 375 amps b 1(0)=24 © ‘When the generator was switched off, 24 amps of current flowed in the circuit. x (UL25)P (seconds) 1 From the graph above, the time to reach 4 amps is about —_[Jsrarsnow peoranaTen 1.3 seconds, or Using technology, the solution is ~ 1.29 seconds. EXERCISE 2E.2 1. The woight of a radioactive substance + years after being cet aside is given by W(t) = 250 x (0.998)* grams. a How much radioactive substance was initially set aside? b Determine the weight of the substance after: 1 400 years lt 800 years iil 1200 years. € Sketch the graph of W(t) for £>0 using a and b only. Use your graph or graphics calculator to find how long it takes for the substance to decay to 125 grams. 2 Ihe temperature 7’ of a liquid which has been placed in a refrigerator is given by T (6) — 100 x (0.986)' °C where t is the time in minutes, 4 Find the initial temperature of the liquid 1b Find the temperature after: 1 15 minutes fi 20 minutes {il 78 minutes. € Sketch the graph of T(t) for #>0 using a and b only.EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (Chapter 2) 50 3. The weight W of radioactive substance remaining after ¢ years is given by W(0) = 1000 x 2-8" grams, @ Pind the in © Find the weight remaining after: 110 years li 100 years lil 1000 years. ¢ Graph the weight remaining over time using a and 6 only. Use your graph or graphics calculator to find the time when 10 grams of the substance remains. © Write an expression for the amount of substance that has decayed after ¢ years. 4 An initial count of orangutans in a forest found that the forest contained 400 orangutans. Since then, the destruction of their habitat has caused the population to fall by 8% each year. ial weight of the radioactive substance. 8 Write a formula for the population P of orangutans ¢ years afier the initial count. Find the population of orangutans after: IL year i 5 years. © Sketch the graph of the population over time. d_ How long will it take for the population to fall to 200? 5 Ihe intensity ot light £ diminishes below the surface ot the sea according to the formula L — Lg x (0.95)" units, where d is the depth in metres measured from the surface of the sea. © Ifthe intensity of light at the surface is 10 units, find the value of Zy. Find the intensity of light 95 m below the surface € A light intensity of 4 units is considered adequate for divers to he able to see clearly Calculate the depth corresponding to this intensity of light. 4d Calculate the range of depths for which the light intensity is between 1 and 3 units. 6 The value of a car after t years is V = 24000 x r* dollars, t > 0. 1 Write down the value of the car when it was first purchased. b The value of the car after 2 years was $17340. Find the value of r. ¢ How long will it take for the value of the car to reduce to $8000? Give your answer to the nearest year. 7 The interior of a freezer has temperature ~10°C. When a packet of peas is placed in the freezer, its temperature after ¢ minutes is given by T(l) — 10+ 82 x 2-0" °C. 2 What was the temperature of the packet of peas: 1 when placed in the freezer fi after 5 minntes after 10 minutes? Sketch the graph of T(t). € How long does it take for the temperature of the packet of peas to fall to 0°C? d_ Will the temperature of the packet of peas ever reach 10°C? Explain your answer. 8 The weight W, of a radioactive uranium-235 sample remaining after t years is given by the formula W;, = Wo x 278.0002 grams, t > 0. ‘a Find the original weight. 6 Find the percentage weight loss after 1000 years. ‘€ How long will it take until <1; of the sample remains?60__EYPONENTIAT FUNCTIONS (Ch 9 2) 9 When scientists first observe a population of endangered 600, marsupials, they notice two distinct groups. Group A is smnaller in number, but appear to be larger and stronger sao} individuals, Group B are more numerous, but smaller animals. The number of animals in each group over time 499) are given by A(t) and B(t) respectively. | Use the graph to find the exponential function for 399 each animal group. b Determine the time at which: 200 1 there are the same number of group A and > group B animals ‘i cS cll li there are 60 leas group A than group B animals tiyears) lil there are twice as many group B animals 9) 2 4 € 8 WO compared to group A animals. 10 The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for the substance’s weight to fall to half’ of its original value, The radioactive isotope fermium-253 has a half-life of 3 days. The weight of fermium-253 detected t days afier an explosion is W(t) = 10 x a‘ mg. @ Interpret the value 10 in this model. & Calculate the value of a, correct w 4 decimal places, and interpret this value. ¢ Find the weight of fermium-253 after 2 days. d How long will it take for the weight of fermium 253 to fall to: i 3mg ii 1.25 mg? 11 The halflife of nitugen-13 is 10 minutes. How long will it take for the mass of nitwygen-13 to fall to 10% of its original value? [T=] NNN THe warurat. exponenriat We have seen that the simplest exponential fianetions y-(02)2 yose have the form f(x) =a" where a>0, a1 Graphs of some of these functions are shown alongside. ‘We can see that for all positive values of the base a, the graph is always positive. Hence at >0 forall a>0 There are an iu base number. uite uuiber of possible chuives for dhe However, where exponential data is exarnined in s is commonly used. we, engineering, and finamee, the base © > 2.7188 ¢ isa special number in mathematics. It is irrational like =, and just as = is the ratio of a cirele’s circumference to its diameter, ¢ also has a physical meaning. We explore this meaning in the following Investigation,EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (Chapter 2) 61 INVESTIGATION 2 A diserete formula for calculating the amount to which an investment grows under compound interest i8 Un = un(1 +2)" where: Un i n is the final amount, __uo_is the initial amount, is the interest rate per compounding period, is the number of periods, or times the interest is compounded. We will investigate the final value of an investment for various values of n, and allow n to become extremely large. What to do: 1 Suppose $1000 is invested for one year at a fixed rate of 6% per annum, Use your calculator to find the final amount or maturing value if the interest is paid: @ annually (n=1, i=6% =0.06) b quarterly ( , i= 4 = 0.015) ¢ monthly daily @ bythe second by the millisecond. Comment on your answers. If r is the percentage rate per year, ¢ is the number of years, and NV is the number of interest payments per year, then i = = and n=Nt, N Te we let a=, show that the growth formula becomes. 1%, = ty IC fo =i} ie For continuous compound growth, the number of interest ae payments per year N gets very large. a (@ ee > @ Explain why «gets very lange as NV gets very kage: 0 & Copy and complete the table, giving your answers as 100 accurately as technology permits, 1007 10000 100.000 1000000 10 000000 You should have found tht for vr lng value of, (114-2)" m 2718981898 1.. Use the [2] key of your calculator to find the value of e'. What do you notice? For continuous growth, tu, =uge"™ where 1 is the initial amount, r is the annual percentage rate, and t is the number of years. Use this formula to find the final amount if $1000 1s mvested for 4 years at a fixed rate of 6% per annum, where the interest is paid continuously. From Investigation 2 we observe that If interest is paid continuously or instantaneously then the formula for calculating a compounding amount Un uo(1 +4)" can be replaced by un = une”, where r is the percentage rate per annum and ¢ is the number of years.67 EXPONENTIAL EUNCTIONS _(Chaptse 2) HISTORICAL NOTE The natural exponential e was first described in 1683 by Swiss ‘mathematician Jacob Bernoulli, He discovered the number while studying compound interest, just as we did in Investigation 2 The natural exponential was first called e by Swiss mathematician and physicist Leonhard Euler in a letter to the German mathematician Christian Goldbach in 1731. The number was then published with this notation in 1736. In 1748, Euler evaluated e correct to 18 decimal places. Leonhard Euler Euler also discovered some patterns in continued fraction expansions of e. He wrote that > eer a 1+ a rr One may think that © was chosen because it was the fist letter of Euler’s mame ot for the woud exponential, hut it is likely that it was just the next vowel availahle since he had already used a in his work. EXERCISE 2F 1 Sketch, on the same set of axes. the graphs of w= 2*. u GRAPHING ‘Comment on any observations. 2 Sketch, on the same set of axes, the graphs of y=e* and y =e What is the geometric connection between these two graphs? 3. For the general exponential function y = pe%, what is the y-intercept? 4 Consider y = 2e*. Explain why y can never be negative. b Find y if i —20 ii 20, 5 Find, to 3 significant figures, the value of: ae be < or ave ect 6 Write the following as powers of e: a bt e a eve 7 Evaluate, to five significant figures: agen b 2a < as dents © 50¢~0-1764 f 800~0.6342 § 1000c!-2642 h 0.28e~86742EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (Chapter 2) 63 8 Expand and simplify: a (e+) b (1+e%)(1-e) € e(e*-3) 9 Factorise: a et +er be —16 © ec Be" +12 10 a On the same set of axes, sketch and clearly label the graphs of: freee, gi are 3, Het +3 b State dhe domain aud rauye of cach function. 11 @ On the same set of axes, sketch and clearly label the graphs ot: freee, gia, hie State the domain and range of each function. © Deseribe the behaviour of each function as ar — too. Let f(a)—cF 1 and g(a)— ul a Find (fog)(x), and state its domain and range. b Find (yo f)(e), and state ity domain and range, 4 13. The weight of bacteria in a culture is given by W(f) = 2c? grams where t is the time in hours after the culture was set to grow. ‘2 Find the weight of the culture: 1 initially fi after 30 minutes ili after 15 hours iv after 6 hours. b Hence skerch the graph of W(t) = 2e* 14 Solve for w: ve b 15 The current flowing in an electrical circuit seconds after it is switched off is given by I(t) = 75e~°"F amps. a What current is still flowing in the circuit after: 1 1 second Hl 10 seconds? Use your graphics calculator to help sketch the graph of I(t) = T0054 ‘€ How long will it tke for the current to fall to L amp? 00 = Tyee a Given that there were initially 20 trout in the lake, find the value of k. b Find the population after 6 months. € Use technology to sketch the graph of P(t), Describe what happens to the population as ¢ increases. @ How Jong will it take for the population to reach 6UU? 16. The population P of trout in a lake is given by P(t) where ¢ is the time in months. 17. Consider the function (2) = e* @ On the same set of axes, sketch y= f(r), y=, and y= b State the domain and range of f—".64 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS _(Chaptse 9) 18 It can be shown that e* =1+a+da?+ shor + phat + polynomial expansion. Check this statement by using the first 20 terms of the series to find an approximation for e!. Sy. aut! which is an infinite moe ACTIVITY Click on the icon to run a card game for exponential functions. conn cane nt Raa peeled a 8h & 2 2 Solve for a: aesid b 9° = 272-2 3 Expand and simplify: a (ot 4 ot) b OF 45) 4 Solve for x: a 6x 2-102 & ots (f)°- v3 € 4" — 32 — 4(2*) 5 The point (1, v8) lies on the graph of y= 2"*. Find the value of &. o Consider the graph of y= 3" alongside. ‘a Use the graph to estimate the value of: 1 307 W305 1b Use the graph to estimate the solution to: esos Wogr=d iii 6x3" =20 7 If f(x) =3x 2", find the value of: a (0) & 73) © #(-2) 8 On the same set of axes, draw the graphs of y=2* and y=2*—4. Include on your graph the y-intercept and the equation of the horizontal asymptote of each function.EXPONENTIAD FUNCTIONS (Chapter 2) 68 9 Consider y a Find y when x =0, 1, £2 b Discuss y as a —> +00. € Skeich the graph of y = 3° —5. State the equation of any asymptote. 10 Consider y=3-—27*, a Find y when x =0, +1, £2 b Discuss yas x +00. © Sketch the graph of y=3—27-¥, State the equation of any asymptote, WA Let f(x) — 2% and g(x) — 3-22. fa Find (f0g)(x), and state its domain and range. & Find (a0 f)(c), and state its domain and range. © Solve for x: ¥ (fog)(z)-2 W (go f)(z)=—13 12 a On the same set of axes, sketch and clearly label the graphs of: firmed, gitoe, hiar8—e b State the domain and range of each function in a. € Describe the behaviour of each function as x — too. 13 A plant doubles in size every 5 days, How often does it treble in size? 14 The temperature ofa dish 1 minutes after itis removed from the microwave, is given by T(#) = 80 x (0.913)' °C. 4 a. Find the initial temperature of the dish. b Find the temperature alter: 1 12 minutes M24 minutes M30 minutes. € Draw the graph of T' against for > 0, using a and b or technology. d_ Hence find the time taken for the temperature of the dish to fall to 25°C. aa 1. Evaluate, correct to 3 significant figures: a « ¥100 @ Pxpand and simplify: a (Re)? € 9-8 (922 4.92) 3 Factorise: io & 4"-2"-12 cer +e" 15 4% Solve for =r: b v1) +9= © 24) +1 =6(24)66 _ EXPONENTIAL EUNCTIONS _(Chaptse 2) 5 Suppose f(x) =2-* +1. a Find (4). b Find a such that f(a) 6 Consider y—2e-* +1. a Find y when © =0, £1, £2. b Discuss yas xr too. € Sketch the graph of y=2e~* +1. State the equation of any asymptote. 7 Answer the Opening Problem on page 47, 8 Pind die domai aan and range of f(a) — 3 9 The exponential functions f(x) = 3° +1 and 2 arc graphed alongside. 1a Find the y-intercept of each function. b Given that the vertical line segment [AR] has length 4 units, find the exact length of [PB] Give your answer in the form a+by5 units, where a, be Q. 10 Let f(z) =3°. a Write down the value of 1 fa) W f(-1) © Find the value of & such that f(z+2)=k f(x), KEL. a, Express in terms of y: ba © 12 The weight of a radioactive substance after t ycars is given by W’ — 1500 x (0.993)' grams. Find the original amount of radioactive material. b Find the amount of radioactive material remaining after: 1 400 years i500 years, € Sketch the graph of W against t for t>0. d_ Hence find the time taken for the weight to reduce to 100 grams. 13 A phycologist investigates an algal bloom in a lake. Initially it covers 10 square metres of water. Each day after it was discovered, the area covered increases by 15%. @ Write a formula for the area A(t) covered after t days. b Find the area covered after: 1 2 days I 5 days, © Sketch the graph of A(t). ed How long will it ke fon the affected area ty reach 300 11?