POWER PLANT REVIEW LECTURE

Power Plant Engineering

Art of designing and installing generating plant that will result in maximum return on
investment (profit) over the expected life of the equipment. And also operating this
equipment to achieve reliable, continuous & cheap power service.

Power Plant — a station or establishment which houses the prime-movers, electric generators and
auxiliaries, for conversion of mechanical, chemical and/or nuclear energy into electrical energy.

I — Types of Power Plants (As to source of energy)

1. Thermal Power Plant- an electric generating station using heat as a source of energy.
a) Oil-Fired steam Plant — makes use of heavy fuel oil, light fuel oil or bunker oil for production
of energy.
b) Coal-fired thermal plant- makes use of pulverized coal as fuel.
c) Dendro-thermal plant— makes use of wood (ipil-ipil)
d) Nuclear-steam plant- makes use of steam generated in a reactor by heat from the fission process
of nuclear fuel (Uranium 235, Uranium-238)
e) Gas turbine plant— makes use of combustible gasses as fuel from a gas turbine engine prime
mover.
f) Geothermal Plant— makes use of generated heat from the inherent steam from the earth's
magma

g) Solar-steam Plant— makes use of steam generated from solar radiation.

2. Hydro Electric Power Plant - an electric generating station using flowing water to drive the prime
movers (hydraulic turbines) either impulse or reaction type.
Two types of Hydraulic Turbines
a) impulse type — use for high-heads and low volume, example is the "Petron wheel"
b) Reaction type — use for low-heads and high volume, examples are "Francis & Kaplan" Turbine

Types of Hydro-electric plant

a) Run-of-river- using pondage or stream flow as it occurs, more power can be generated in a rainy
season than in dry season.
b) Plant with storage capacity- associated with a large water reservoir. This permits regulated supply
of water so that the power output is constant throughout the year.
c) Pump-storage Plant— where energy is generated during periods of high system demand using
water which has been pumped into a reservoir usually during periods of relatively low system
demands.

3. Diesel Power Plant — a plant of internal combustion engine (ICE) prime-mover using diesel as
fuel in producing energy
4. Windmill Plant — using a series of windmills as prime-movers.
 5. Sea waves/Ocean Tides Plant — makes use of the natural rising of tide to simulate flowing water.

6. Solar or Photo-Voltaic Plant - chemical conversion of radiant energy of the sun to electric (dc)
energy.
Il - Types of Power Plant (As to use)
1. Base-toad Plant — plant that is assumed load requirement$ under normal conditions.
2. Peaking Plant—plant that is normally operated to provide power only during peak load periods.
3. Regulating Plant - plant capable of carrying load for the time interval either during off-peak or peak
periods and usually responds to changes in system frequency.
4. Reserve or Stand-by Plant — for peak or system deficiencies.

Types of Plant Reserves

a) Cold Reserve - portion of the installed reserve kept in operable condition and available for
service but not for immediate loading
b) Operating reserve - refers to capacity in actual service in excess of peak load.
c) Hot reserve - refers to units available, maintained at operating temperature and ready for service
although not in the actual operation.
d) Spinning reserve - generating capacity connected to the bus ready to take load.

STEAM POWER PLANT - Operates in the principle of "Rankine cycle"

Block Diagram of Steam Power Plant (1 kg Steam with single extraction)

Regeneration — the process of extracting or bleeding-off steam from the turbine to open-heater
and back to the boiler for steam production.
Thermal Efficiency (et)
e t =Heat equivalent ¿ mec h' l energy transmitted ¿ theturbine ¿
Heat of fuel combustion
W net Q A−Q R QR T cold
et = = =1− =1− Where :Wnet=Wt−∑ ℘
QA QA QA T hot
∑ ℘=∑ of all pump work
Overall efficiency (eo)
e o=Heat equivalent ¿ electrical output ¿ e =e x e
Heat of fuel combustion o t g
Where : e g=electrical efficiency=alternator efficiency

HEAT RATE (HR)

1
HR= (K ) ; Where: K- constant conversion factor
et
Values of K based from the ff. Conversion factor
1 KWh = 3600 KJ 1 KWh = 3413 BTU
1 HP - hr = 2545 BTU 1 KWh = 860 Kcal.

HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT (SCHEMATICARRANGEMENT)

1. Connected Load (CL) -it is the sum of all continuous rating of all utilization equipment in the
consumer premises connected to the supply system

2. Maximum Demand (or Peak Load) (MD) - it is the greatest demand of load on the power station
during an given period (say 15-30 minutes)

3. Average Load (AL) - the average of loads occurring on the power station in a given period (say day,
month or year), sometimes called “average demand"

Totak Energy Produced (TEP)

Average Load ( AL)=
Period hrs .∈a day , month∨ year (Pr )

4. Demand Factor (DF) - it is the ratio of maximum demand on the power station to its connected
Load.
MD
DF = ≤1.0
CL
5. Diversity Factor (Div F) - the ratio of the sum of individual maximum demand to the simultaneous
maximum demand on the power station.

¿ . F=
∑ MD ' s ≥ 1.0
simultaneous MD
6. Coincidence Factor (Co. F) - reciprocal of diversity factor.
 simultaneous MD 1
Co . F= = ≤ 1.0
∑ MD ' s ¿.F

7. Load Factor (LF) - it is the ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a given period.
AL TEP
L . F= =
MD MD x Sr

where:
Sr = service hours or operating hours
8. Capacity Factor (CF) - it is the ratio of actual energy produced to the maximum possible energy
that could have been produced a during a given period.

TEP
CF=
IC x Pr
where:
IC = installed capacity or rated capacity of
the machine as an individual
9. Name plate or Capacity rating - ability to carry load under condition specified by the manufacturer.

10. Capacity Rating - maximum output of equipment obtained by test under specific operating
condition (not specified by manufacturer).
11. Plant use (or Output) Factor- it is the ratio of the energy generated to the product of plant
capacity and the number of hours for which the plant was in operation.
TEP
PUF=
IC x S r
12. Utilization Factor (UF) - it is the ratio of maximum generator demand to the generator capacity
MD
UF =
IC
13. Operating Plant Factor (OPF) - it is the ratio of average load for a given period to the
operating capacity in actual service only (for multi-set plant)
TEP
OPF=
OPC x Sr
Where:
OPC: operating plant capacity
14. Operating Load Factor (OLF) - is the ratio of the average of daily maximum demand during the
same period. (say for 30-day period)
TEP /30(24 )
OLF=
MD1 + MD2 … .+ MD30
30
15. Operating (or Service Factor) - it is the ratio between capacity factor (CF) to the used factor
(PUF), or it is the ratio of service hours (Sr) to the period hours (Pr).
 CF Sr
OF = =
PUF Pr
16. Plant Ratio (PR) — it is the per annum measure of the plant’s capacity factor, it is the ratio of
Net kWh output for the year to the name-plate capacity of the plant times hours of the year.
TEP per year
PR=
IC x Pr ⁡(¿ 8760)

ECONOMICS ON POWER GENERATION

The art of determining the per unit (or per kWh) cost of production of electrical energy.

Characteristics of an Electric rate (or Tariff)

a.) Fair b.) Simple c.) Reasonable

The following Elements enters into the cost of Electric Energy to consumers:

1. Fixed Elements (FE) - to start the enterprise, includes the following:

a) Power-plant, lands, building structures, etc.
b) Primary distribution lines and substation including supports.
c) Management, administrative staff
d) Depreciation
e) Generation maintenance, required whether the plant is in operation or not.

Note: FE is dependent on the size of the enterprise.

2. Energy Elements (EE) - sometimes called running cost, it is operating expenses to generate power/
energy which includes the following:
a) Fuels
b) Labor for operation
c) Facilities, water, oil supplies
d) Maintenance required when the plant is operation only
Note: EE is dependent on the volume/ Level of generated kW or kWh.

3. Customer Elements ICE) — cost to bring power to the users/ consumers which will includes the
following:
a) Secondary distribution system, including service drops & meters
b) Personnel for lines, meter readers, collection of bills
c) Advertisement
d) Franchise (50-year period)
Note: CE is dependent on the number of customers
4. Investors Profit / Return-On-Investment (IP) – controlled by the government.
RATE (or Tariff) — rate at which electric energy is supplied to consumer.
TYPES OF TARRIF:

1. Uniform rate tariff - there is a fixed rate per kWh consumed.

2. Flat rate tariff - when different types of consumers are charged at different uniform rates.
 3. Block rate tariff - also called "room rates" when a block of energy is charged at a specified rate and
the succeeding blocks of energy are charged at progressively reduced rates.
4. Two-part tariff - also called "two-charged rate" charge on the basis of maximum demand of the
consumer and the energy consumed.
Two charges = ₱b x kW (of MD) + ₱c x kWh (consumed)
Where: ₱b = charge per kW of MD
₱c charge per kWh of energy consumed
5. Maximum Demand tariff - it is similar to two-part tariff with only difference is that the max.
demand is actually measured by installing a maximum demand meter in the premises of the
consumer. It is mostly applied to large users.
6. Power Factor tariff - power factor of consumer’s load is taken into consideration.
Billing kWh [Meter Reading] x K
Where:K = 1.0 if p.f. is from 80.1% - 85.0%
K > 1.0 if p.f. is lower than 80.1% (k is from 1.01 to
1.09)
K < 1.0 if p.f. is higher than 85.0% (k is from 0.95 to
0.99)
Economical Limit of Power Factor

p . f .=√ 1−¿ ¿ = most economical p. f.

Where: A = charge per annum per kVA maximum demand
i = interest and depreciation charges
B = cost of synchronous condenser per kVAR
7. Three-part tariff - also called "three-charge rate" or "Doherty Rate "total charge is split into three.
Total charge ₱a + ₱b x kW (of MD) + ₱c x kWh (consumed)
Where: ₱a - fixed charge made during each billing period, includes interest, depreciation on the
cost of secondary distribution and labor cost.
KELVIN'S ECONOMIC LAW
The most economical cross-section of a conductor is that which makes the interest on the capital
outlay plus depreciation due to the conductor in the cable equal to the annual cost of energy loss.

POWER PLANT REVIEW PROBLEMS

1. Out of the following, which ONE is not unconventional source of energy?

A. tidal power C. nuclear power
B. geothermal power D. wind energy

2. What is the reason why thermal power plant decrease capacity during summer?
A. decrease water level at the lake C. taking a bath or swimming on lake
B. temperature rise of the lake D. there is no rain
3. An effective remover of dusts, carbon particles and others from the flue gas of power
plant?
A. Electrostatic precipitator C. Mechanical collector
B. Soot blower & collector D. Dust scrubber

4. The efficiency of the thermal power plant improves with _____.

A. increased quality of coal burnt C. lower load in the plant
B. use of high steam pressure D. larger quantity of water used

5. The overall efficiency of thermal power plant is low due to low efficiency of _______.
A. steam turbine and condenser C. alternator
B. boiler D. economizer

6. Reheat cycle in steam power plant is used to

A. utilize heat of flue gases C. improve condenser performance
B. increase thermal efficiency D. reduce loss of heat

7. Which power plant can have a single unit up to 100 MW?

A. Hydroelectric power plant C. Steam power plant
B. Diesel power plant D. Nuclear power plant

8. Which of the following power plant will take least time in starting from cold condition
to full load condition?
A. Nuclear power C. Gas turbine
B. Steam turbine D. Hydro-electric

9. In fission, energy is produced when _____.

A. chemical compound splits into its constituents C. nuclear particle combine
B. nuclear particles split D. molecules combine

10. Which of the following energy generators is NOT an atmosphere pollutant?

A. Light crude power plant C. Solar power plant
B. Gas-fired plant w/ electrostatic dust collector D. Biogas plant

11. The net energy required of a certain country in the yr. 2020 was approximately 3 x10 6
GWh What is the equivalent value in quad?
A. 12.42 C. 124.2
B. 10.24 D. 102.4

12. In a power station, 4x104 GWh of energy is to be produced in 1 yr, half from coal and
half from natural gas. The energy content of coal is 900 W-yr per ton. and that of
natural gas is 0.03 W-yr per ft3. How much natural gas will be required?
A. 152.2 x109 ft3 C. 125.2 x109 ft3
B. 76.1 x109 ft3 D. 71.6x109 ft3
13, A 100 MW power plant has a heat rate of 2.88x10 6 Calories per kWh. it is a base load plant
and runs at full load 24 hrs. a day. How many tons of coal is needed per day?
A. 250 C. 830
 B. 625 D. 960
14. A diesel power station has a fuel consumption of 0.37 the calorific value of fuel being
30,000 BTU/lb. Determine the engine efficiency if the generator efficiency is 95%
neglect brake power on the engine.
A. 29% C. 36%
B. 32% D. 34%

15. *The growth rate of the energy consumption in our country is 6.9%. In how many years
will the energy consumption be quadrupled?
A. 16 yrs C. 22 yrs
B. 20 yrs D. 17 yrs
16. Natural gas reserve in a certain country is estimated at 100 x10 9 ft3, with an energy
content of 0.025 W-yr per ft 3, if the present peak power demand is 0.5 GW and the
power demand growth rate is 5% and all the energy is to be supplied by natural gas,
approximately how long will the reserve last?
A. 4.64 yrs C. 4.46 yrs
B. 6.44 yrs D. 6.64 yrs
17. *What is the function of the surge tank in the hydropower plant?
A. Relieve water hammer pressures in the penstock pipe
B. Relieve water pressure in the boiler
C. Supply water at constant pressure
D. Produce surge pressure in the pipe line
18. How does the output of hydraulic turbine vary with the diameter of the blade?
A. It varies directly as the square of the diameter of the blade.
B. It varies directly as the two-third power of the diameter of the
blade.
C. It varies directly as the diameter of the blade.
D. It varies directly as the cube of the diameter of the blade.
19, *Two million cu meter of water is stored in a reservoir feeding water turbine. If the
center of the mass is 50 m above the turbine and losses are negligible, how much
energy (in MWh) will that volume of water produced? The density of water is 993
kg/m 3.
A. 271 C. 275
B. 265 D. 285
20. A wind generator with an efficiency of 80% has a blade diameter of 20 m. If the wind
velocity is 35 kph, how much power is obtainable from the generator?
A. 55.75 kW C. 53.54 kW
B. 54.78 kW D, 77.23 kW
21. The maximum tidal head available for a proposed tidal-power station is 7m. What
must be the area of the tidal bay to generate an average of 1,200 MWatts of power?
A. 112 sq. km. C. 126 sq. km.
B. 102 sq. km D. 121 sq. km.

22. A power customer is applying for source listed the loads as follows:
 5-15 hp motors, 3-5 hp motors, lighting loads 8 kW, miscellaneous loads 3.5 kW
The demand factor is 65% and the power factor is 80% wherein the load factor is 46%.
What is the maximum kW demand for the customer?
A. 78 C. 51
B. 64 D. 69
23. *Which of the following define the meaning of load factor?
A. The ratio of average load to installed capacity
B. The ratio of maximum load to average load
C. The ratio of average load to maximum load
D. The ratio of maximum load to connected load

24. The power customer has four circuits of 220 Volts, three-phase. The circuits have the
maximum demand as follows:
Circuit-1 = 35 Amp, Circuit-3 = 72 Amp,
Circuit-2 = 46 Amp, Circuit-4 57 Amp.
The diversity factor is 1.5, the load factor is 50%, and the power factor is 80%. That is
the approximate kW demand of the customer?
A. 15 kW C. 43 kW
B. 21 kW D. 53 kW
25. A power plant has a maximum demand of 15 MW. The annual load factor and
capacity factor are 50 % and 40 % respectively. Determine the reserve capacity of the
plant
A. 7530 kW C. 5730 kW
B. 3750 kW D. 3075 kW
26. The annual load duration curve of a certain power station can be considered as a
straight line from 20 MW to 4 MW. To meet this load, 3 turbo-alternator units, two
rated at 10 MW each and one rated 5 MW are installed. Determine the plant use
factor.
A. 80% C. 48%
B. 60% D. 38%

27. A generating station has a maximum demand of 40 MW, annual load factor of
75%, annual plant capacity factor of 65% and a plant use factor of 85%. What is the
annual energy produced?
A. 200.9 x106 kWh C. 148.9 x106 kWh
6
B. 195.6 x10 kWh D. 812.3 x106 kWh
28. Base load plants are designed to supply power at ______.
A. low capital cost & low operating cost C. high capital cost & low operating cost
B. low capital cost & high operating cost D. high capital cost & high operating cost

29. Peak load plants are designed to supply power at _______.

A. low capital cost & low operating cost C. high capital cost & high operating cost
B. low capital cost & high operating cost D. high capital cost & low operating cost

30. A generating station has the following data; Installed capacity = 300 MW, Annual
load factor = 60%. Annual Capacity factor = 50%, Annual interest & depreciation =
10 % Annual cost of fuel, oil etc. = P90 Million, Capital Cost = P 1,000 Million. That
is the cost per kWh generated?
A. P0.24 C. P0.20
B. P0.14 D. P0.10
 Power Plant Supplementary Problems
1. What is the meaning of “heat rate" of a generating unit?
A. The amount of fuel being used per hour
B. The amount of fuel energy being used per hour by the boiler
C. The amount of fuel energy used to produce one kWhr.
D. The amount of heat energy per hour being absorbed at the condenser.

2. Which of the following is the least efficient power plant?

C. Peak load
A. Diesel C. Coal fired
B. Gasoline D. Combined cycle
3. A diesel power plant is best suited as ____.

A. Base load
B. Stand by D. General purpose
4. Geothermal power plant is most suitable for ______.
A. Stand-by plant C. Regulating plant
B. B. Peak load plant D. Base load plant

5. One of the following methods of producing emf NOT yet in commercial use.
A. Solar C. Magnetic
B. Thermal D. Fuel cell

6. With which of the following is enthalpy associated?

A. steam C. coal
B. electrostatic filter D. oil

7. In a steam turbine cycle, the lowest pressure occurs in the _____.

A. Boiler C. Condenser
B. Turbine inlet D. Super heater

8. Which one is essential for combustion of fuel?

A. oxygen to support combustion C. proper ignition temperature
B. correct fuel air ratio D. all of the above

9. Which of the following is a non-renewable source of energy?

A. solar C. nuclear
B. wind D. hydro

10. Which of the following element is a radioactive?

A. Uranium C. Californium
B. Cobalt D. Plutonium
1 1. The energy of present nuclear plants comes from:
A. the fusion of radioactive materials
B. the friction of high speed electron against protons
 C. the destruction of very tiny particles released when atoms split
D. the heat produced by the collision of high speed protons
12. In fusion, energy is produced when
______.
A. fuel burns C. nuclear particle divide
B. nuclear combines particle D. chemical compounds fused
together

13. In the list below, which one is not a type of present day nuclear power plant?
A. low pressure reactor C. fusion-fission reactor
B. boiling water D. fast breeder reactor

14. Reflecting mirrors used for exploiting solar energy in a solar power plant is
_____.
A. mantle C. ponds
B. diffuser D. heliostats

15. Of the various methods of utilizing the heat from the sun, one appears to be the most
efficient so far. Which one is this?
A. self-contained collector C. direct application of lenses
B. mirror and tracking system D. flat plate collector

16. To produce one kWh a power plant burns 0.9 1b of coal with a heating value of
13,000 BTU per lb. What is the heat rate of the plant?
A. 6,250 BTU/ kW-hr C. 9,500 BTW kW-hr
B. 11,700 BTU/ kW-hr D. 8,700 BTW kW-hr

17. A certain amount of fuel can produce 100 quads of energy. In how many days will
the fuel be totally consumed if it is used to satisfy a demand of 10 14 BTU/day at a
power plant with an overall efficiency of 20%?
A. 400 C. 100
B. 200 D. 300

18. In a power station, 4 x104 GWh of energy is to be produced in 1 yr, half from coal
and half from natural gas. The energy content of coal is 900 W-yr per ton, and that of
natural gas is 0.03 W-yr per ft3. How much coal will be required?
A. 5.07 x106 tons C. 7.05 x106 tons
B. 2.53 x10 tons
6
D. 5.23 x106 tons

19. A 100 MW power plant bums 0.4 kg coal with a heating value of 7.2 x10 6 cal/kg to
produce one kWh. The plant is a base load plant and runs 24 hrs. at full load. How
many tons of coal are needed per day?
A. 830 C. 250
B. 960 D. 625
20. A thermal power plant consumes 3600 tons of coal per day. If coal has an average
energy content of 10,000 Btu/lb, what is the plant's power output? Assume an overall
efficiency of 24%.
 A. 112 MW C. 211 MW
B. 879 MW D. 789 MW

21. In a certain country the equivalent fuel reserve for power generation is 3 x10 6 MW-
yrs. The present peak power demand is 200 GW, and the expected power consumption
growth rate is 2.1%. How long will the fuel reserve last?
A. 14 yrs C. 11 yrs
B. 13 yrs D. 12 yrs

22. A coal fired power plant consumes 100,000 lbs. of coal per hour. The heating value
of the coal is 12,000 BTU per pound. The overall plant efficiency is 30%. That is the
kW output of the plant?
A. 105,500 kW C. 142,500 Kw
B. 205,000 kW D. 175,000 kW
23. A power plant consumes 3,000 tons of coal per day. The coal has an average energy
content of 10,000 BTU/lb. the power plant has an overall efficiency of 25%. What is the
plant power output in MWatts?
A. 183 C. 181
B. 187 D. 185

24. The turbine which is normally used in a tidal power plant is ______.
A. simple impulse type C. propeller type
B. reversible type D. irreversible type

25. The following are the essential parts of a hydroelectric power station. EXCEPT:
A. spiral case C. surge tank
B. throttle valve D. impeller

26. The water behind the dam at a hydroelectric power plant is _______.
A. storage C. reservoir
B. pondage D. spill water

27. The intake pipe to the hydraulic turbine from a dam is called _______.
A. tailrace C. penstock
B. spiral casing D. surge tank

28. A ten-year investigation of a river's potential gave an average water flow of 25 cm

per second at the bottom and 90 cm per second at the surface. The average cross-section
at the same location is 80 m2. What is the average flow rate in cubic meter per hour?
A. 5,760 C. 46,500
B. 57,500 D. 165,000
29. Hydroelectric power is generated at a dam that produces a head of 180 ft. and a
reservoir containing 3 x106 gallons of water. How much energy can be generated from
this reservoir by a turbine-generator system whose overall efficiency is 20%?
A. 1225.3 MJ C. 6126.5 MJ
B. 1552.3 MJ D. 7761.5 MJ

30. A power plant gets water from a dam from a height of 122.45 meters at the rate of
1,000 cubic meters per minute. If the output of the plant is 15,000 kW, what is the
efficiency?
A. 75% C. 80%
B. 70% D. 65%

31. A hydroelectric plant generates 100 MW at an available head of 200 m, and at an overall
efficiency of 75%, what quantity of water in cubic meter per second is required?
A. 26 C. 1220
B. 122 D. 68

32. Estimate the average power output of a wind turbine having a blade diameter of 35 ft. if
the wind velocity ranges from 10 to 30 mph?
A. 42.20 kW C. 2411 kW
B. 81.364 kW D. 3.014 kW
33. Which plant can never have 100 percent load factor?
A. peak load plant C. nuclear power plant
B. base load plant D. hydroelectric plant

34. A low utilization factor for a plant indicates that _______.

A. plant is under maintenance
B. plant is used for stand by purpose only
C. plant is used for peak load as well as base load
D. plant is used for base load only

35. During load shedding, what happen?

A. system power factor is changed C. system voltage is reduced

B. some load are switched off D. system frequency is
reduced
36. Daytime capacity when only 300 MW pump storage plant and 600 MW Nuclear Plant is
operating ______.
A. 900 MW C. 600 MW
B. 500 MW D. 300 MW

37, A generating station has a total connected load of 50 MVA at 80 % p.f. lagging. The
peak load of 20 MW was recorded during the last 15 minutes. What is the demand
factor of this station for the given time?
A. 75% C. 32%
B. 40% D. 50%

38. A diversity factor of 4.2 gives a savings of ______ percent in the generating equipment.
A. 80 C. 76
B. 40 D. 26

39. The current loads of four circuits are as follows:

Circuit No. 1 = 25 Amp Circuit No. 3 =18 Amp
Circuit No. 2 = 38 Amp Circuit No. 4 = 45 Amp
If the diversity factor is 1.5. What is the minimum ampacity of the feeder conductor?
A. 126 Amp C. 152 Amp
B. 189 Amp D. 84 Amp

40. The power customer has four circuits of 220 Volt, three-phase. The circuits have the
maximum demand as follows:
Circuit No. 1 = 35 Amp; Circuit No. 3 = 72 Amp;
Circuit No. 2 = 46 Amp; Circuit No. 4 = 57Amp
The diversity factor is 1.5, the load factor is 50%. Determine the maximum kVA
demand on the customer?
A. 46 kVA ` C. 53 kVA
B. 26.5 kVA D. 80 kVA
41. The metering of a power customer was read and gave the following data:
kW-hr = 200,000, Maximum demand = 380 Kw, kVAR-hr = 180,000, billing days 30.
What is the load factor?
A. 68% C. 73%
B. 80% D. 62%

42. A power plant is said to have a use factor of 48.5% and a capacity factor of 42.4%.
How many hours did it operate during the year?
A. 7,568 hrs C. 7,658 hrs
B. 1,102 hrs D. 8,000 hrs

43. A generating plant rated 100 MW 90% power factor has a load factor of 65% for a
certain day. The minimum output was 40 MW. How many kWh generated for that day?
A. 2,160,000 kWh C. 1.5601000 kWh
B. 960,000 kWh D. 2,400,000 kWh

44. The annual peak load on a 15 MW power plant is 10.5 MW. Two substations are
supplied by this plant. Annual energy dispatched through substation A is 27,500 MWh,
while 16,500 MWh are sent to substation B. Neglecting line losses. What is the annual
capacity factor of the plant?
A. 35.3% C. 33.5%
B. 47.8% D. 30.5%

45, An industrial plant has a peak load of BO MW, daily load factor of 60%, daily capacity
factor of 80% and plant use factor of 75%. Calculate the daily energy consumption.
A. 1198 MWhr C. 1080 MWhr
B. 1208 MWhr D. 1350 MWhr
46. A power plant has an annual factor as follows: Load 58.5 0/0, Capacity 40.9 % and use
45.2 0/0. The reserve carried over and above peak load is 8900 kW. The hours per year
not in service and installed capacity of this plant are respectively.
A. 833 hrs & 39,147 kW C. 792 hrs & 20,346 kW
B. 933 hrs & 49,417 kW D. 822 hrs & 30,463 kW

47. Which of the following generating station has the minimum running cost?
A. Nuclear power C. Diesel plant
B. Hydro-electric plant D. Thermal plant
48. Depreciation charges are high in the case of what power plant?
A. Windmill plant C. Diesel plant
B. Hydro-electric plant D. Thermal plant
49. A diesel generator set burns diesel with a heating value of 18,000 BTU per lb. The
diesel engine has an efficiency of 30% and the alternator has an efficiency of 95%.
Determine the fuel cost component of producing one KWh if diesel costs P2.80 per lbs.
A. P0.15 C. P2.15
B. P3.28 D. P1.86

50. The type of switchgear assembly commonly selected for use in a turbine-generator
power plant is _______.
A. Vertical switchboard C. Duplex benchboard
B. Dual benchboard D. Enclosed switchboard