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Lecture - 4

The document provides information about computer organization and operating systems. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU) which contains the control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The CPU executes instructions in machine cycles synchronized by the system clock. Memory includes both volatile and non-volatile types like RAM and ROM. The operating system manages resources like memory, processes, devices and storage to provide an interface between hardware and users/applications. Common operating systems include DOS, Windows, Linux, and Unix.

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11 views

Lecture - 4

The document provides information about computer organization and operating systems. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU) which contains the control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The CPU executes instructions in machine cycles synchronized by the system clock. Memory includes both volatile and non-volatile types like RAM and ROM. The operating system manages resources like memory, processes, devices and storage to provide an interface between hardware and users/applications. Common operating systems include DOS, Windows, Linux, and Unix.

Uploaded by

Aweem Said
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture - 4

COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND


PROGRAMMING
(ME-2609)
Computer Organization
• Every computer can be broken down in to three types:
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory
• Input/Output Devices
Computer Organization
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• It is brain of the computer where most of the calculations takes
place

• Processor has two main units


• Control Unit
• Datapath
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• Control Unit
• Control Unit
• ALU
• Operations (+,-,/,x)
• Logical (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR)
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
System Clock
• Synchronizes all the computer operations.

• Processor operating frequency.

• Faster clock speed means the CPU can execute more instructions each
second.

• If computer’s clock speed if 800 MHz, it means it ticks 800 million times
per second.
• Modern computers have clock speed in Giga Hertz (GHz)
Machine Cycles
• When CPU executes an instruction, it takes a series of steps. The complete
series of steps is called machine cycle.

• Machine cycle can be broken in to


• Instruction cycle
• Execution cycle

• Four steps machine cycle


• Fetch Instruction
• Decode Instruction
• Execute Instruction
• Store

Computer executes million of instructions per second.


Memory
• Volatile and non-volatile memories.
Memory
• Non-volatile memory
• Read only memory (ROM)
• Basic input output system (BIOS)
• Power on Self Test (POST)

• Volatile memory
• Requires power to hold data
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• CPU reads data using the address

• Flash Memory
• Data is stored using physical switches
• Special form of non volatile memory
CPU Registers
• Temporary storage location used by CPU.

• Number of bits a processor can handle.


Terminology:
“32 Bit processor”

• Typical sizes 8,16,32 and 64 bit.

• The size of the register is called word size, indicates the amount
of data with which computer can work at any given time.
Cache Memory
• Very fast memory and have lower access time.

• Hold common and most recent data used by processor.

• Most computer have several level of cache memory.


The BUS
• BUS width measured in Bits.

• Speed is tied to system clock.

• Different BUS standards:


• Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)
• Local BUS
• Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Connects modems and sound cards
• Accelerated Graphics Ports (AGP) Connects video cards to motherboards
• Universal Serial BUS (USB) Connects external devices such as camera, printers and scanners.
• IEEE 1394 (Firewire)
• PC Card
Question

• How can different CPUs be compared?


• Clock Speed
• MIPS
• FLOPs

• What factors affects the CPU speed?


• Registers
• Cache Memory
• System and I/O BUS
• System Clock
Operating System
• What is an Operating System?

• A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a


computer and the computer hardware

• What is the purpose of an OS?

• To provide an environment in which a user can execute programs.


• What are the goals of an Operating System?

• The primary goal of an Operating System is to make the computer


system convenient to use.
Operating System
OS Kernel

• The heart of the OS

• Responsible for all the essential operations like managing resources,


task scheduling, etc.

• Also contains low-level HW interfaces.

• Size important, as it is memory-resident


Core Tasks of OS

• Process management
• Memory management
• Device management
• Storage management
• Application Interface
• User Interface
Process Management

• Various programs compete for the attention of the microprocessor.

• The OS plays the role of the honest referee, making sure that each
application gets the necessary attention required for its proper
execution.

• It tries to optimally manages the limited processing capacity of the


microprocessor to the greatest good of all the users & apps
Memory Management

• Straight forward for a single-user, single tasking

• The OS ensures that:


• each application has enough private memory
• applications do not run into other application’s private memory.

• The OS is responsible for efficient utilization of hierarchical system


memory (e.g. RAM, cache, etc.).
Device Management

• Applications talk to devices through the OS and OS talks to and


manages devices through device drivers

• Example: When we print to a laser printer, we do not need to know its


details. All we do is to tell the printer device driver about what needs
to be printed and it takes care of the details
Storage Management

• A file system is a collection of directories, subdirectories, and files


organized in a logical order

• The OS is responsible for maintaining the file system through indexing


of filenames and their disk location.

• The OS can find any file in a logical and timely fashion


Application Interface

• Application developers do not need to know much about the


hardware

• The OS provides all applications with a straight-forward and


consistent interface to hardware

• Example: An application uses the OS to store data on the disk drive


without knowing exact physical characteristics of the disk.
User Interface
• Users communicate with the
computer using a user interface
provided by the OS

• Command line

• Graphical User Interface


Types of OS

• Real-time OS (RTOS)
• Small OS, Build into Device, Respond quickly to user input

• Single user/Single tasking OS


• One user, one task at a time.
• Single user/Multitasking OS
• One user, multiple tasks

• Multiuser/Multitasking OS
• Many users connect to one computer.
PC Operating Systems
• DOS • Unix
• Windows 95 • Linux
• Windows 2000 • Ubuntu
• Windows NT
• Fedora
• Windows XP
• Windows 7
• Windows 10

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