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UNIT-1V

Collection Framework in java – Introduction to java collections- overview of java collection

frame work-generics-commonly used collection classes- Array List- vector -hash table-stack-
enumeration-iterator-string tokenizer -random -scanner -calendar and properties
Files – streams – byte streams- character stream- text input/output- binary input/output- random
java lab course description access file operations- file management using file class.
Connecting to Database – JDBC Type 1 to 4 drivers- connecting to a database- quering a
database and processing the results- updating data with JDBC.

Collections in Java
Collections in java is a framework that provides an architecture to store and manipulate the
group of objects.

All the operations that you perform on a data such as searching, sorting, insertion, manipulation,
deletion etc. can be performed by Java Collections.

Java Collection simply means a single unit of objects. Java Collection framework provides many
interfaces (Set, List, Queue, Deque etc.) and classes (ArrayList, Vector, LinkedList,
PriorityQueue, HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet etc).

WHAT IS COLLECTION IN JAVA

Collection represents a single unit of objects i.e. a group.

What is framework in java

 provides readymade architecture.

 represents set of classes and interface.
 is optional.

What is Collection framework

Collection framework represents a unified architecture for storing and manipulating group of
objects. It has:

1. Interfaces and its implementations i.e. classes

2. Algorithm

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Hierarchy of Collection Framework

Let us see the hierarchy of collection framework.The java.util package contains all the classes
and interfaces for Collection framework.

Methods of Collection interface

There are many methods declared in the Collection interface. They are as follows:
No. Method Description

public boolean add(Object

1 is used to insert an element in this collection.
element)

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is used to insert the specified collection elements in the invoking

2 public boolean addAll(collection c)
collection.

public boolean remove(Object

3 is used to delete an element from this collection.
element)

public boolean is used to delete all the elements of specified collection from the
4
removeAll(Collection c) invoking collection.

public boolean retainAll(Collection is used to delete all the elements of invoking collection except
5
c) the specified collection.

6 public int size() return the total number of elements in the collection.

7 public void clear() removes the total no of element from the collection.

public boolean contains(object

8 is used to search an element.
element)

public boolean
9 is used to search the specified collection in this collection.
containsAll(Collection c)

10 public Iterator iterator() returns an iterator.

11 public Object[] toArray() converts collection into array.

12 public boolean isEmpty() checks if collection is empty.

public boolean equals(Object

13 matches two collection.
element)

14 public int hashCode() returns the hashcode number for collection.

Iterator interface
Iterator interface provides the facility of iterating the elements in forward direction only.

Methods of Iterator interface

There are only three methods in the Iterator interface. They are:

1. public boolean hasNext() it returns true if iterator has more elements.

2. public object next() it returns the element and moves the cursor pointer to the next element.

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3. public void remove() it removes the last elements returned by the iterator. It is rarely used.

Java ArrayList class

 Java ArrayList class uses a dynamic array for storing the elements.It extends AbstractList
class and implements List interface.
 Java ArrayList class can contain duplicate elements.
 Java ArrayList class maintains insertion order.
 Java ArrayList class is non synchronized.
 Java ArrayList allows random access because array works at the index basis.
 In Java ArrayList class, manipulation is slow because a lot of shifting needs to be
occurred if any element is removed from the array list.

Java Non-generic Vs Generic Collection

Java collection framework was non-generic before JDK 1.5. Since 1.5, it is generic.

Java new generic collection allows you to have only one type of object in collection. Now it is
type safe so typecasting is not required at run time.

Let's see the old non-generic example of creating java collection.

1. ArrayList al=new ArrayList();//creating old non-generic arraylist

Let's see the new generic example of creating java collection.

1. ArrayList<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();//creating new generic arraylist

In generic collection, we specify the type in angular braces. Now ArrayList is forced to have
only specified type of objects in it. If you try to add another type of object, it gives compile time
error.

Example of Java ArrayList class

1. import java.util.*;
2. class TestCollection1{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4.
5. ArrayList<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();//creating arraylist
6. al.add("Ravi");//adding object in arraylist
7. al.add("Vijay");
8. al.add("Ravi");
9. al.add("Ajay");

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10.
11. Iterator itr=al.iterator();//getting Iterator from arraylist to traverse elements
12. while(itr.hasNext()){
13. System.out.println(itr.next());
14. }
15. }
16. }

Ravi
Vijay
Ravi
Ajay

Two ways to iterate the elements of collection in java

1. By Iterator interface.
2. By for-each loop.

In the above example, we have seen traversing ArrayList by Iterator. Let's see the example to
traverse ArrayList elements using for-each loop.

Iterating the elements of Collection by for-each loop

1. import java.util.*;
2. class TestCollection2{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. ArrayList<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();
5. al.add("Ravi");
6. al.add("Vijay");
7. al.add("Ravi");
8. al.add("Ajay");
9. for(String obj:al)
10. System.out.println(obj);
11. }
12. }

Ravi
Vijay
Ravi
Ajay

User-defined class objects in Java ArrayList

1. class Student{
2. int rollno;

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3. String name;
4. int age;
5. Student(int rollno,String name,int age){
6. this.rollno=rollno;
7. this.name=name;
8. this.age=age;
9. }
10. }

1. import java.util.*;
2. public class TestCollection3{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. //Creating user-defined class objects
5. Student s1=new Student(101,"Sonoo",23);
6. Student s2=new Student(102,"Ravi",21);
7. Student s2=new Student(103,"Hanumat",25);
8.
9. ArrayList<Student> al=new ArrayList<Student>();//creating arraylist
10. al.add(s1);//adding Student class object
11. al.add(s2);
12. al.add(s3);
13.
14. Iterator itr=al.iterator();
15. //traversing elements of ArrayList object
16. while(itr.hasNext()){
17. Student st=(Student)itr.next();
18. System.out.println(st.rollno+" "+st.name+" "+st.age);
19. }
20. }
21. }

101 Sonoo 23
102 Ravi 21
103 Hanumat 25

Example of addAll(Collection c) method

1. import java.util.*;
2. class TestCollection4{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4.
5. ArrayList<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();
6. al.add("Ravi");
7. al.add("Vijay");
8. al.add("Ajay");

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9.
10. ArrayList<String> al2=new ArrayList<String>();
11. al2.add("Sonoo");
12. al2.add("Hanumat");
13.
14. al.addAll(al2);
15.
16. Iterator itr=al.iterator();
17. while(itr.hasNext()){
18. System.out.println(itr.next());
19. }
20. }
21. }

Ravi
Vijay
Ajay
Sonoo
Hanumat

Example of removeAll() method

1. import java.util.*;
2. class TestCollection5{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4.
5. ArrayList<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();
6. al.add("Ravi");
7. al.add("Vijay");
8. al.add("Ajay");
9.
10. ArrayList<String> al2=new ArrayList<String>();
11. al2.add("Ravi");
12. al2.add("Hanumat");
13.
14. al.removeAll(al2);
15.
16. System.out.println("iterating the elements after removing the elements of al2...");
17. Iterator itr=al.iterator();
18. while(itr.hasNext()){
19. System.out.println(itr.next());
20. }
21.
22. }
23. }

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iterating the elements after removing the elements of al2...

Vijay
Ajay

Example of retainAll() method

1. import java.util.*;
2. class TestCollection6{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. ArrayList<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();
5. al.add("Ravi");
6. al.add("Vijay");
7. al.add("Ajay");
8. ArrayList<String> al2=new ArrayList<String>();
9. al2.add("Ravi");
10. al2.add("Hanumat");
11.
12. al.retainAll(al2);
13.
14. System.out.println("iterating the elements after retaining the elements of al2...");
15. Iterator itr=al.iterator();
16. while(itr.hasNext()){
17. System.out.println(itr.next());
18. }
19. }
20. }

iterating the elements after retaining the elements of al2...

Ravi

Generics in Java
The Java Generics programming is introduced in J2SE 5 to deal with type-safe objects.

Before generics, we can store any type of objects in collection i.e. non-generic. Now generics,
forces the java programmer to store specific type of objects.

Advantage of Java Generics

There are mainly 3 advantages of generics. They are as follows:

1) Type-safety : We can hold only a single type of objects in generics. It doesn’t allow to store
other objects.

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2) Type casting is not required: There is no need to typecast the object.

Before Generics, we need to type cast.

1. List list = new ArrayList();

2. list.add("hello");
3. String s = (String) list.get(0);//typecasting

After Generics, we don't need to typecast the object.

1. List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();

2. list.add("hello");
3. String s = list.get(0);

3) Compile-Time Checking: It is checked at compile time so problem will not occur at runtime.
The good programming strategy says it is far better to handle the problem at compile time than
runtime.

1. List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();

2. list.add("hello");
3. list.add(32);//Compile Time Error

Syntax to use generic collection

1. ClassOrInterface<Type>

Example to use Generics in java

1. ArrayList<String>

Full Example of Generics in Java

Here, we are using the ArrayList class, but you can use any collection class such as ArrayList,
LinkedList, HashSet, TreeSet, HashMap, Comparator etc.

1. import java.util.*;
2. class TestGenerics1{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. ArrayList<String> list=new ArrayList<String>();
5. list.add("rahul");
6. list.add("jai");
7. //list.add(32);//compile time error
8.
9. String s=list.get(1);//type casting is not required
10. System.out.println("element is: "+s);

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11.
12. Iterator<String> itr=list.iterator();
13. while(itr.hasNext()){
14. System.out.println(itr.next());
15. }
16. }
17. }

Output:element is: jai

rahul
jai

Example of Java Generics using Map

Now we are going to use map elements using generics. Here, we need to pass key and value. Let
us understand it by a simple example:

1. import java.util.*;
2. class TestGenerics2{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. Map<Integer,String> map=new HashMap<Integer,String>();
5. map.put(1,"vijay");
6. map.put(4,"umesh");
7. map.put(2,"ankit");
8.
9. //Now use Map.Entry for Set and Iterator
10. Set<Map.Entry<Integer,String>> set=map.entrySet();
11.
12. Iterator<Map.Entry<Integer,String>> itr=set.iterator();
13. while(itr.hasNext()){
14. Map.Entry e=itr.next();//no need to typecast
15. System.out.println(e.getKey()+" "+e.getValue());
16. }
17.
18. }}

Output:1 vijay
2 ankit
4 umesh

Generic class
A class that can refer to any type is known as generic class. Here, we are using T type parameter
to create the generic class of specific type.

Let’s see the simple example to create and use the generic class.

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Creating generic class:

1. class MyGen<T>{
2. T obj;
3. void add(T obj){this.obj=obj;}
4. T get(){return obj;}
5. }

The T type indicates that it can refer to any type (like String, Integer, Employee etc.). The type
you specify for the class, will be used to store and retrieve the data.
Using generic class:

Let’s see the code to use the generic class.

1. class TestGenerics3{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. MyGen<Integer> m=new MyGen<Integer>();
4. m.add(2);
5. //m.add("vivek");//Compile time error
6. System.out.println(m.get());
7. }}

Output:2

Type Parameters
The type parameters naming conventions are important to learn generics thoroughly. The
commonly type parameters are as follows:

1. T - Type
2. E - Element
3. K - Key
4. N - Number
5. V - Value

Generic Method
Like generic class, we can create generic method that can accept any type of argument.

Let’s see a simple example of java generic method to print array elements. We are using here E
to denote the element.

1. public class TestGenerics4{

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2.
3. public static < E > void printArray(E[] elements) {
4. for ( E element : elements){
5. System.out.println(element );
6. }
7. System.out.println();
8. }
9. public static void main( String args[] ) {
10. Integer[] intArray = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };
11. Character[] charArray = { 'J', 'A', 'V', 'A', 'T','P','O','I','N','T' };
12.
13. System.out.println( "Printing Integer Array" );
14. printArray( intArray );
15.
16. System.out.println( "Printing Character Array" );
17. printArray( charArray );
18. }
19. }

Output:Printing Integer Array

10
20
30
40
50
Printing Character Array
J
A
V
A
T
P
O
I
N
T

Wildcard in Java Generics

The ? (question mark) symbol represents wildcard element. It means any type. If we write <?
extends Number>, it means any child class of Number e.g. Integer, Float, double etc. Now we
can call the method of Number class through any child class object.

Let's understand it by the example given below:

1. import java.util.*;
2. abstract class Shape{
3. abstract void draw();

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4. }
5. class Rectangle extends Shape{
6. void draw(){System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}
7. }
8. class Circle extends Shape{
9. void draw(){System.out.println("drawing circle");}
10. }
11.
12.
13. class GenericTest{
14. //creating a method that accepts only child class of Shape
15. public static void drawShapes(List<? extends Shape> lists){
16. for(Shape s:lists){
17. s.draw();//calling method of Shape class by child class instance
18. }
19. }
20. public static void main(String args[]){
21. List<Rectangle> list1=new ArrayList<Rectangle>();
22. list1.add(new Rectangle());
23.
24. List<Circle> list2=new ArrayList<Circle>();
25. list2.add(new Circle());
26. list2.add(new Circle());
27.
28. drawShapes(list1);
29. drawShapes(list2);
30. }}

drawing rectangle
drawing circle
drawing circle
;
java.vm.name = Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM
file.encoding.pkg = sun.io
user.country = US
user.script =
sun.java.launcher = SUN_STANDARD
...........

Example of Properties class to create properties file

Now lets write the code to create the properties file.

Test.java

1. import java.util.*;
2. import java.io.*;
3. public class Test {

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4. public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception{

5.
6. Properties p=new Properties();
7. p.setProperty("name","Sonoo Jaiswal");
8. p.setProperty("email","[email protected]");
9.
10. p.store(new FileWriter("info.properties"),"Javatpoint Properties Example");
11.
12. }
13. }

Let's see the generated properties file.

info.properties

1. #Javatpoint Properties Example

2. #Thu Oct 03 22:35:53 IST 2013
3. [email protected]
4. name=Sonoo Jaiswal

Java Generic methods and generic classes enable programmers to specify, with a single method
declaration, a set of related methods or, with a single class declaration, a set of related types,
respectively.

Generics also provide compile-time type safety that allows programmers to catch invalid types at
compile time.

Using Java Generic concept, we might write a generic method for sorting an array of objects,
then invoke the generic method with Integer arrays, Double arrays, String arrays and so on, to
sort the array elements.

Generic Methods:

You can write a single generic method declaration that can be called with arguments of different
types. Based on the types of the arguments passed to the generic method, the compiler handles
each method call appropriately. Following are the rules to define Generic Methods:

 All generic method declarations have a type parameter section delimited by angle
brackets (< and >) that precedes the method's return type ( < E > in the next example).
 Each type parameter section contains one or more type parameters separated by commas.
A type parameter, also known as a type variable, is an identifier that specifies a generic
type name.
 The type parameters can be used to declare the return type and act as placeholders for the
types of the arguments passed to the generic method, which are known as actual type
arguments.

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 A generic method's body is declared like that of any other method. Note that type
parameters can represent only reference types, not primitive types (like int, double and
char).

Example:

Following example illustrates how we can print array of different type using a single Generic
method:

public class GenericMethodTest

{
// generic method printArray
public static < E > void printArray( E[] inputArray )
{
// Display array elements
for ( E element : inputArray ){
System.out.printf( "%s ", element );
}
System.out.println();
}

public static void main( String args[] )

{
// Create arrays of Integer, Double and Character
Integer[] intArray = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
Double[] doubleArray = { 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4 };
Character[] charArray = { 'H', 'E', 'L', 'L', 'O' };

System.out.println( "Array integerArray contains:" );

printArray( intArray ); // pass an Integer array

System.out.println( "\nArray doubleArray contains:" );

printArray( doubleArray ); // pass a Double array

System.out.println( "\nArray characterArray contains:" );

printArray( charArray ); // pass a Character array
}
}

This would produce the following result:

Array integerArray contains:

123456

Array doubleArray contains:

1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4

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Array characterArray contains:

HELLO

Bounded Type Parameters:

There may be times when you'll want to restrict the kinds of types that are allowed to be passed
to a type parameter. For example, a method that operates on numbers might only want to accept
instances of Number or its subclasses. This is what bounded type parameters are for.

To declare a bounded type parameter, list the type parameter's name, followed by the extends
keyword, followed by its upper bound.

Example:

Following example illustrates how extends is used in a general sense to mean either "extends"
(as in classes) or "implements" (as in interfaces). This example is Generic method to return the
largest of three Comparable objects:

public class MaximumTest

{
// determines the largest of three Comparable objects
public static <T extends Comparable<T>> T maximum(T x, T y, T z)
{
T max = x; // assume x is initially the largest
if ( y.compareTo( max ) > 0 ){
max = y; // y is the largest so far
}
if ( z.compareTo( max ) > 0 ){
max = z; // z is the largest now
}
return max; // returns the largest object
}
public static void main( String args[] )
{
System.out.printf( "Max of %d, %d and %d is %d\n\n",
3, 4, 5, maximum( 3, 4, 5 ) );

System.out.printf( "Maxm of %.1f,%.1f and %.1f is %.1f\n\n",

6.6, 8.8, 7.7, maximum( 6.6, 8.8, 7.7 ) );

System.out.printf( "Max of %s, %s and %s is %s\n","pear",

"apple", "orange", maximum( "pear", "apple", "orange" ) );
}
}

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This would produce the following result:

Maximum of 3, 4 and 5 is 5

Maximum of 6.6, 8.8 and 7.7 is 8.8

Maximum of pear, apple and orange is pear

Generic Classes:

A generic class declaration looks like a non-generic class declaration, except that the class name
is followed by a type parameter section.

As with generic methods, the type parameter section of a generic class can have one or more type
parameters separated by commas. These classes are known as parameterized classes or
parameterized types because they accept one or more parameters.

Example:

Following example illustrates how we can define a generic class:

public class Box<T> {

private T t;

public void add(T t) {

this.t = t;
}

public T get() {
return t;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Box<Integer> integerBox = new Box<Integer>();
Box<String> stringBox = new Box<String>();

integerBox.add(new Integer(10));
stringBox.add(new String("Hello World"));

System.out.printf("Integer Value :%d\n\n", integerBox.get());

System.out.printf("String Value :%s\n", stringBox.get());
}
}

This would produce the following result:

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Integer Value :10

String Value :Hello World

The java.io package contains nearly every class you might ever need to perform input and output
(I/O) in Java. All these streams represent an input source and an output destination. The stream
in the java.io package supports many data such as primitives, Object, localized characters, etc.

A stream can be defined as a sequence of data. The InputStream is used to read data from a
source and the OutputStream is used for writing data to a destination.

Java provides strong but flexible support for I/O related to Files and networks but this tutorial
covers very basic functionality related to streams and I/O. We would see most commonly used
example one by one:

Byte Streams

Java byte streams are used to perform input and output of 8-bit bytes. Though there are many
classes related to byte streams but the most frequently used classes are , FileInputStream and
FileOutputStream. Following is an example which makes use of these two classes to copy an
input file into an output file:

import java.io.*;

public class CopyFile {

public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{
FileInputStream in = null;
FileOutputStream out = null;

try {
in = new FileInputStream("input.txt");
out = new FileOutputStream("output.txt");

int c;
while ((c = in.read()) != -1) {
out.write(c);
}
}finally {
if (in != null) {
in.close();
}
if (out != null) {

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out.close();
}
}
}
}

Now let's have a file input.txt with the following content:

This is test for copy file.

As a next step, compile above program and execute it, which will result in creating output.txt file
with the same content as we have in input.txt. So let's put above code in CopyFile.java file and
do the following:

$javac CopyFile.java
$java CopyFile

Character Streams

Java Byte streams are used to perform input and output of 8-bit bytes, where as Java Character
streams are used to perform input and output for 16-bit unicode. Though there are many classes
related to character streams but the most frequently used classes are , FileReader and
FileWriter.. Though internally FileReader uses FileInputStream and FileWriter uses
FileOutputStream but here major difference is that FileReader reads two bytes at a time and
FileWriter writes two bytes at a time.

We can re-write above example which makes use of these two classes to copy an input file
(having unicode characters) into an output file:

import java.io.*;

public class CopyFile {

public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{
FileReader in = null;
FileWriter out = null;

try {
in = new FileReader("input.txt");
out = new FileWriter("output.txt");

int c;
while ((c = in.read()) != -1) {
out.write(c);
}
}finally {

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if (in != null) {
in.close();
}
if (out != null) {
out.close();
}
}
}
}

Now let's have a file input.txt with the following content:

This is test for copy file.

As a next step, compile above program and execute it, which will result in creating output.txt file
with the same content as we have in input.txt. So let's put above code in CopyFile.java file and
do the following:

$javac CopyFile.java
$java CopyFile

Standard Streams

All the programming languages provide support for standard I/O where user's program can take
input from a keyboard and then produce output on the computer screen. If you are aware if C or
C++ programming languages, then you must be aware of three standard devices STDIN,
STDOUT and STDERR. Similar way Java provides following three standard streams

 Standard Input: This is used to feed the data to user's program and usually a keyboard is
used as standard input stream and represented as System.in.
 Standard Output: This is used to output the data produced by the user's program and
usually a computer screen is used to standard output stream and represented as
System.out.
 Standard Error: This is used to output the error data produced by the user's program
and usually a computer screen is used to standard error stream and represented as
System.err.

Following is a simple program which creates InputStreamReader to read standard input stream
until the user types a "q":

import java.io.*;

public class ReadConsole {

public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{
InputStreamReader cin = null;

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try {
cin = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter characters, 'q' to quit.");
char c;
do {
c = (char) cin.read();
System.out.print(c);
} while(c != 'q');
}finally {
if (cin != null) {
cin.close();
}
}
}
}

Let's keep above code in ReadConsole.java file and try to compile and execute it as below. This
program continues reading and outputting same character until we press 'q':

$javac ReadConsole.java
$java ReadConsole
Enter characters, 'q' to quit.
1
1
e
e
q
q

Reading and Writing Files:

As described earlier, A stream can be defined as a sequence of data. The InputStream is used to
read data from a source and the OutputStream is used for writing data to a destination.

Here is a hierarchy of classes to deal with Input and Output streams.

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The two important streams are FileInputStream and FileOutputStream, which would be
discussed in this tutorial:

FileInputStream:

This stream is used for reading data from the files. Objects can be created using the keyword new
and there are several types of constructors available.

Following constructor takes a file name as a string to create an input stream object to read the
file.:

InputStream f = new FileInputStream("C:/java/hello");

Following constructor takes a file object to create an input stream object to read the file. First we
create a file object using File() method as follows:

File f = new File("C:/java/hello");

InputStream f = new FileInputStream(f);

Once you have InputStream object in hand, then there is a list of helper methods which can be
used to read to stream or to do other operations on the stream.

SN Methods with Description

public void close() throws IOException{}
1 This method closes the file output stream. Releases any system resources associated with the
file. Throws an IOException.
protected void finalize()throws IOException {}
This method cleans up the connection to the file. Ensures that the close method of this file
2
output stream is called when there are no more references to this stream. Throws an
IOException.

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public int read(int r)throws IOException{}

3 This method reads the specified byte of data from the InputStream. Returns an int. Returns
the next byte of data and -1 will be returned if it's end of file.
public int read(byte[] r) throws IOException{}
4 This method reads r.length bytes from the input stream into an array. Returns the total
number of bytes read. If end of file -1 will be returned.
public int available() throws IOException{}
5
Gives the number of bytes that can be read from this file input stream. Returns an int.

There are other important input streams available, for more detail you can refer to the following
links:

 ByteArrayInputStream
 DataInputStream

FileOutputStream:

FileOutputStream is used to create a file and write data into it. The stream would create a file, if
it doesn't already exist, before opening it for output.

Here are two constructors which can be used to create a FileOutputStream object.

Following constructor takes a file name as a string to create an input stream object to write the
file:

OutputStream f = new FileOutputStream("C:/java/hello")

Following constructor takes a file object to create an output stream object to write the file. First,
we create a file object using File() method as follows:

File f = new File("C:/java/hello");

OutputStream f = new FileOutputStream(f);

Once you have OutputStream object in hand, then there is a list of helper methods, which can be
used to write to stream or to do other operations on the stream.

SN Methods with Description

public void close() throws IOException{}
1 This method closes the file output stream. Releases any system resources associated with the
file. Throws an IOException.
protected void finalize()throws IOException {}
This method cleans up the connection to the file. Ensures that the close method of this file
2
output stream is called when there are no more references to this stream. Throws an
IOException.
3 public void write(int w)throws IOException{}

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This methods writes the specified byte to the output stream.

public void write(byte[] w)
4
Writes w.length bytes from the mentioned byte array to the OutputStream.

There are other important output streams available, for more detail you can refer to the following
links:

 ByteArrayOutputStream
 DataOutputStream

Example:

Following is the example to demonstrate InputStream and OutputStream:

import java.io.*;

public class fileStreamTest{

public static void main(String args[]){

try{
byte bWrite [] = {11,21,3,40,5};
OutputStream os = new FileOutputStream("test.txt");
for(int x=0; x < bWrite.length ; x++){
os.write( bWrite[x] ); // writes the bytes
}
os.close();

InputStream is = new FileInputStream("test.txt");

int size = is.available();

for(int i=0; i< size; i++){

System.out.print((char)is.read() + " ");
}
is.close();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.print("Exception");
}
}
}

The above code would create file test.txt and would write given numbers in binary format. Same
would be output on the stdout screen.

File Navigation and I/O:

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There are several other classes that we would be going through to get to know the basics of File
Navigation and I/O.

 File Class
 FileReader Class
 FileWriter Class

Directories in Java:

A directory is a File which can contains a list of other files and directories. You use File object to
create directories, to list down files available in a directory. For complete detail check a list of all
the methods which you can call on File object and what are related to directories.

Creating Directories:

There are two useful File utility methods, which can be used to create directories:

 The mkdir( ) method creates a directory, returning true on success and false on failure.
Failure indicates that the path specified in the File object already exists, or that the
directory cannot be created because the entire path does not exist yet.
 The mkdirs() method creates both a directory and all the parents of the directory.

Following example creates "/tmp/user/java/bin" directory:

import java.io.File;

public class CreateDir {

public static void main(String args[]) {
String dirname = "/tmp/user/java/bin";
File d = new File(dirname);
// Create directory now.
d.mkdirs();
}
}

Compile and execute above code to create "/tmp/user/java/bin".

Note: Java automatically takes care of path separators on UNIX and Windows as per
conventions. If you use a forward slash (/) on a Windows version of Java, the path will still
resolve correctly.

Listing Directories:

You can use list( ) method provided by File object to list down all the files and directories
available in a directory as follows:

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import java.io.File;

public class ReadDir {

public static void main(String[] args) {

File file = null;

String[] paths;

try{
// create new file object
file = new File("/tmp");

// array of files and directory

paths = file.list();

// for each name in the path array

for(String path:paths)
{
// prints filename and directory name
System.out.println(path);
}
}catch(Exception e){
// if any error occurs
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

This would produce following result based on the directories and files available in your /tmp
directory:

test1.txt
test2.txt
ReadDir.java
ReadDir.class

JDBC

JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity, which is a standard Java API for database-
independent connectivity between the Java programming language and a wide range of
databases.

The JDBC library includes APIs for each of the tasks commonly associated with database usage:

 Making a connection to a database

 Creating SQL or MySQL statements

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 Executing that SQL or MySQL queries in the database

 Viewing & Modifying the resulting records

Fundamentally, JDBC is a specification that provides a complete set of interfaces that allows for
portable access to an underlying database. Java can be used to write different types of
executables, such as:

 Java Applications
 Java Applets
 Java Servlets
 Java ServerPages (JSPs)
 Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs)

All of these different executables are able to use a JDBC driver to access a database and take
advantage of the stored data.

JDBC provides the same capabilities as ODBC, allowing Java programs to contain database-
independent code.

JDBC Architecture:

The JDBC API supports both two-tier and three-tier processing models for database access but in
general JDBC Architecture consists of two layers:

 JDBC API: This provides the application-to-JDBC Manager connection.

 JDBC Driver API: This supports the JDBC Manager-to-Driver Connection.

The JDBC API uses a driver manager and database-specific drivers to provide transparent
connectivity to heterogeneous databases.

The JDBC driver manager ensures that the correct driver is used to access each data source. The
driver manager is capable of supporting multiple concurrent drivers connected to multiple
heterogeneous databases.

Following is the architectural diagram, which shows the location of the driver manager with
respect to the JDBC drivers and the Java application:

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Common JDBC Components:

The JDBC API provides the following interfaces and classes:

 DriverManager: This class manages a list of database drivers. Matches connection

requests from the java application with the proper database driver using communication
subprotocol. The first driver that recognizes a certain subprotocol under JDBC will be
used to establish a database Connection.
 Driver: This interface handles the communications with the database server. You will
interact directly with Driver objects very rarely. Instead, you use DriverManager objects,
which manages objects of this type. It also abstracts the details associated with working
with Driver objects
 Connection : This interface with all methods for contacting a database. The connection
object represents communication context, i.e., all communication with database is
through connection object only.
 Statement : You use objects created from this interface to submit the SQL statements to
the database. Some derived interfaces accept parameters in addition to executing stored
procedures.
 ResultSet: These objects hold data retrieved from a database after you execute an SQL
query using Statement objects. It acts as an iterator to allow you to move through its data.
 SQLException: This class handles any errors that occur in a database application.

Creating JDBC Application:

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There are following six steps involved in building a JDBC application:

 Import the packages . Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC
classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will
suffice.
 Register the JDBC driver . Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a
communications channel with the database.
 Open a connection . Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to
create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection with the database.
 Execute a query . Requires using an object of type Statement for building and
submitting an SQL statement to the database.
 Extract data from result set . Requires that you use the appropriate ResultSet.getXXX()
method to retrieve the data from the result set.
 Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus
relying on the JVM's garbage collection.

Creating JDBC Application:

 There are six steps involved in building a JDBC application which I'm going to brief in
this tutorial:
 Import the packages:
 This requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice as follows:
 //STEP 1. Import required packages
 import java.sql.*;
 Register the JDBC driver:
 This requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications channel with
the database. Following is the code snippet to achieve this:
 //STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
 Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
 Open a connection:
 This requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with the database as follows:
 //STEP 3: Open a connection
 // Database credentials
 static final String USER = "username";
 static final String PASS = "password";
 System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
 conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);
 Execute a query:
 This requires using an object of type Statement or PreparedStatement for building and
submitting an SQL statement to the database as follows:
 //STEP 4: Execute a query
 System.out.println("Creating statement...");
 stmt = conn.createStatement();
 String sql;

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 sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Employees";

 ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
 If there is an SQL UPDATE,INSERT or DELETE statement required, then following
code snippet would be required:
 //STEP 4: Execute a query
 System.out.println("Creating statement...");
 stmt = conn.createStatement();
 String sql;
 sql = "DELETE FROM Employees";
 ResultSet rs = stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
 Extract data from result set:
 This step is required in case you are fetching data from the database. You can use the
appropriate ResultSet.getXXX() method to retrieve the data from the result set as
follows:
 //STEP 5: Extract data from result set
 while(rs.next()){
 //Retrieve by column name
 int id = rs.getInt("id");
 int age = rs.getInt("age");
 String first = rs.getString("first");
 String last = rs.getString("last");

 //Display values
 System.out.print("ID: " + id);
 System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
 System.out.print(", First: " + first);
 System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
 }
 Clean up the environment:
 You should explicitly close all database resources versus relying on the JVM's garbage
collection as follows:
 //STEP 6: Clean-up environment
 rs.close();
 stmt.close();
 conn.close();

First JDBC Program:

 Based on the above steps, we can have following consolidated sample code which we can
use as a template while writing our JDBC code:
 This sample code has been written based on the environment and database setup done in
Environment chapter.
 //STEP 1. Import required packages
 import java.sql.*;

 public class FirstExample {

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 // JDBC driver name and database URL

 static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
 static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/EMP";

 // Database credentials
 static final String USER = "username";
 static final String PASS = "password";

 public static void main(String[] args) {
 Connection conn = null;
 Statement stmt = null;
try{
 //STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
 Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

 //STEP 3: Open a connection
 System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
 conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);

 //STEP 4: Execute a query
 System.out.println("Creating statement...");
 stmt = conn.createStatement();
 String sql;
 sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Employees";
 ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

 //STEP 5: Extract data from result set
 while(rs.next()){
 //Retrieve by column name
 int id = rs.getInt("id");
 int age = rs.getInt("age");
 String first = rs.getString("first");
 String last = rs.getString("last");

 //Display values
 System.out.print("ID: " + id);
 System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
 System.out.print(", First: " + first);
 System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
 }
 //STEP 6: Clean-up environment
 rs.close();
 stmt.close();
 conn.close();
 }catch(SQLException se){
 //Handle errors for JDBC

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 se.printStackTrace();
 }catch(Exception e){
 //Handle errors for Class.forName
 e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
 //finally block used to close resources
 try{
 if(stmt!=null)
 stmt.close();
 }catch(SQLException se2){
 }// nothing we can do
 try{
 if(conn!=null)
 conn.close();
 }catch(SQLException se){
 se.printStackTrace();
 }//end finally try
 }//end try
 System.out.println("Goodbye!");
 }//end main
 }//end FirstExample
 Now let us compile above example as follows:
 C:\>javac FirstExample.java
 C:\>
 When you run FirstExample, it produces following result:
 C:\>java FirstExample
 Connecting to database...
 Creating statement...
 ID: 100, Age: 18, First: Zara, Last: Ali
 ID: 101, Age: 25, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
 ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
 ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
 C:\>
 SQLException Methods:
 A SQLException can occur both in the driver and the database. When such an exception
occurs, an object of type SQLException will be passed to the catch clause.
 The passed SQLException object has the following methods available for retrieving
additional information about the exception:

Method Description
getErrorCode( ) Gets the error number associated with the exception.
Gets the JDBC driver's error message for an error
getMessage( ) handled by the driver or gets the Oracle error number
and message for a database error.
Gets the XOPEN SQLstate string. For a JDBC driver
getSQLState( )
error, no useful information is returned from this

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method. For a database error, the five-digit XOPEN

SQLstate code is returned. This method can return null.
getNextException( ) Gets the next Exception object in the exception chain.
Prints the current exception, or throwable, and its
printStackTrace( )
backtrace to a standard error stream.
Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the print
printStackTrace(PrintStream s)
stream you specify.
Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the print
printStackTrace(PrintWriter w)
writer you specify.

 By utilizing the information available from the Exception object, you can catch an
exception and continue your program appropriately. Here is the general form of a try
block:
 try {
 // Your risky code goes between these curly braces!!!
 }
 catch(Exception ex) {
 // Your exception handling code goes between these
 // curly braces, similar to the exception clause
 // in a PL/SQL block.
 }
 finally {
 // Your must-always-be-executed code goes between these
 // curly braces. Like closing database connection.
 }
 JDBC - Data Types:
 The following table summarizes the default JDBC data type that the Java data type is
converted to when you call the setXXX() method of the PreparedStatement or
CallableStatement object or the ResultSet.updateXXX() method.

SQL JDBC/Java setXXX updateXXX

VARCHAR java.lang.String setString updateString
CHAR java.lang.String setString updateString
LONGVARCHAR java.lang.String setString updateString
BIT Boolean setBoolean updateBoolean
NUMERIC java.math.BigDecimal setBigDecimal updateBigDecimal
TINYINT Byte setByte updateByte
SMALLINT Short setShort updateShort
INTEGER Int setInt updateInt
BIGINT Long setLong updateLong
REAL Float setFloat updateFloat
FLOAT Float setFloat updateFloat

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DOUBLE Double setDouble updateDouble

VARBINARY byte[ ] setBytes updateBytes
BINARY byte[ ] setBytes updateBytes
DATE java.sql.Date setDate updateDate
TIME java.sql.Time setTime updateTime
TIMESTAMP java.sql.Timestamp setTimestamp updateTimestamp
CLOB java.sql.Clob setClob updateClob
BLOB java.sql.Blob setBlob updateBlob
ARRAY java.sql.Array setARRAY updateARRAY
REF java.sql.Ref SetRef updateRef
STRUCT java.sql.Struct SetStruct updateStruct

 JDBC 3.0 has enhanced support for BLOB, CLOB, ARRAY, and REF data types. The
ResultSet object now has updateBLOB(), updateCLOB(), updateArray(), and updateRef()
methods that enable you to directly manipulate the respective data on the server.
 The setXXX() and updateXXX() methods enable you to convert specific Java types to
specific JDBC data types. The methods, setObject() and updateObject(), enable you to
map almost any Java type to a JDBC data type.
 ResultSet object provides corresponding getXXX() method for each data type to retrieve
column value. Each method can be used with column name or by its ordinal position.

SQL JDBC/Java setXXX getXXX

VARCHAR java.lang.String setString getString
CHAR java.lang.String setString getString
LONGVARCHAR java.lang.String setString getString
BIT Boolean setBoolean getBoolean
NUMERIC java.math.BigDecimal setBigDecimal getBigDecimal
TINYINT Byte setByte getByte
SMALLINT Short setShort getShort
INTEGER Int setInt getInt
BIGINT Long setLong getLong
REAL Float setFloat getFloat
FLOAT Float setFloat getFloat
DOUBLE Double setDouble getDouble
VARBINARY byte[ ] setBytes getBytes
BINARY byte[ ] setBytes getBytes
DATE java.sql.Date setDate getDate
TIME java.sql.Time setTime getTime
TIMESTAMP java.sql.Timestamp setTimestamp getTimestamp
CLOB java.sql.Clob setClob getClob

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BLOB java.sql.Blob setBlob getBlob

ARRAY java.sql.Array setARRAY getARRAY
REF java.sql.Ref SetRef getRef
STRUCT java.sql.Struct SetStruct getStruct

Sample Code:

This sample example can serve as a template when you need to create your own JDBC
application in the future.

This sample code has been written based on the environment and database setup done in
previous chapter.

Copy and past following example in FirstExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages

import java.sql.*;

public class FirstExample {

// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/EMP";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";

public static void main(String[] args) {

Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//STEP 3: Open a connection

System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);

//STEP 4: Execute a query

System.out.println("Creating statement...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();
String sql;
sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Employees";

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ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

//STEP 5: Extract data from result set

while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");

//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
//STEP 6: Clean-up environment
rs.close();
stmt.close();
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
stmt.close();
}catch(SQLException se2){
}// nothing we can do
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end FirstExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

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C:\>javac FirstExample.java
C:\>

When you run FirstExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java FirstExample
Connecting to database...
Creating statement...
ID: 100, Age: 18, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 25, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
C:\>

JDBC Drivers Types:

JDBC driver implementations vary because of the wide variety of operating systems and
hardware platforms in which Java operates. Sun has divided the implementation types into four
categories, Types 1, 2, 3, and 4, which is explained below:

Type 1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver:

In a Type 1 driver, a JDBC bridge is used to access ODBC drivers installed on each client
machine. Using ODBC requires configuring on your system a Data Source Name (DSN) that
represents the target database.

When Java first came out, this was a useful driver because most databases only supported ODBC
access but now this type of driver is recommended only for experimental use or when no other
alternative is available.

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The JDBC-ODBC bridge that comes with JDK 1.2 is a good example of this kind of driver.

Type 2: JDBC-Native API:

In a Type 2 driver, JDBC API calls are converted into native C/C++ API calls which are unique
to the database. These drivers typically provided by the database vendors and used in the same
manner as the JDBC-ODBC Bridge, the vendor-specific driver must be installed on each client
machine.

If we change the Database we have to change the native API as it is specific to a database and
they are mostly obsolete now but you may realize some speed increase with a Type 2 driver,
because it eliminates ODBC's overhead.

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The Oracle Call Interface (OCI) driver is an example of a Type 2 driver.

Type 3: JDBC-Net pure Java:

In a Type 3 driver, a three-tier approach is used to accessing databases. The JDBC clients use
standard network sockets to communicate with an middleware application server. The socket
information is then translated by the middleware application server into the call format required
by the DBMS, and forwarded to the database server.

This kind of driver is extremely flexible, since it requires no code installed on the client and a
single driver can actually provide access to multiple databases.

You can think of the application server as a JDBC "proxy," meaning that it makes calls for the
client application. As a result, you need some knowledge of the application server's configuration
in order to effectively use this driver type.

Your application server might use a Type 1, 2, or 4 driver to communicate with the database,
understanding the nuances will prove helpful.

Type 4: 100% pure Java:

In a Type 4 driver, a pure Java-based driver that communicates directly with vendor's database
through socket connection. This is the highest performance driver available for the database and
is usually provided by the vendor itself.

This kind of driver is extremely flexible, you don't need to install special software on the client
or server. Further, these drivers can be downloaded dynamically.

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MySQL's Connector/J driver is a Type 4 driver. Because of the proprietary nature of their
network protocols, database vendors usually supply type 4 drivers.

Which Driver should be used?

If you are accessing one type of database, such as Oracle, Sybase, or IBM, the preferred driver
type is 4.

If your Java application is accessing multiple types of databases at the same time, type 3 is the
preferred driver.

Type 2 drivers are useful in situations where a type 3 or type 4 driver is not available yet for your
database.

The type 1 driver is not considered a deployment-level driver and is typically used for
development and testing purposes only.

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