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Lecture#4

This document summarizes a mathematics lecture on plane transformations, including: 1) Translations are performed by adding vectors, represented as columns of numbers. Matrices can also be added or multiplied by scalars. 2) Reflections flip points across an axis, represented by multiplying vectors by a matrix with -1 in the appropriate entry. 3) Rotations around the origin or another point rotate vectors by multiplying them by a rotation matrix with cosine and sine values. 4) Examples demonstrate translating, reflecting, and rotating points on a plane algebraically using vectors and matrices. Exercises provide additional practice with these concepts.

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21 views15 pages

Lecture#4

This document summarizes a mathematics lecture on plane transformations, including: 1) Translations are performed by adding vectors, represented as columns of numbers. Matrices can also be added or multiplied by scalars. 2) Reflections flip points across an axis, represented by multiplying vectors by a matrix with -1 in the appropriate entry. 3) Rotations around the origin or another point rotate vectors by multiplying them by a rotation matrix with cosine and sine values. 4) Examples demonstrate translating, reflecting, and rotating points on a plane algebraically using vectors and matrices. Exercises provide additional practice with these concepts.

Uploaded by

tokaliabdelrahman05
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

Collage of Engineering and Technology– Smart Village


Basic and Applied Sciences Department - Cairo

Mathematics
Lecture#4
Plane Transformations : Plane
Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices

Dr. Mohamed Ibrahim Dr. Mohamed Salah


Plane Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices

Descartes coordinate system.

The Distance Formula


The distance between two points
(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 𝑖𝑠
(𝑎1 − 𝑏1 )2 +(𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )2

write the pairs of numbers in columns. Thus, for example,


1
instead of (1, 2), we will write
2 2
Plane Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices

Example 1:Translations
1 −2 −1
+ =
2 2 4
1 −2 −1
+ =
2 −3 −1
1 1 2
+ =
2 −1 1
1 4 5
+ =
2 −3 −1

The vector that starts at the origin and ends at the point A
in the plane is called the position vector of the point A.
3
Example 1
Perform the addition of the following points (given
through their coordinates).
−2 2 4 −4
a) + b) +
0 2 1 −1

4
Plane Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices

Matrices
𝑎1 𝑎2
A two-by-two matrix. 𝑏 𝑏2
1

The numbers 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 and 𝑎4 in the matrix are called the


entries of the matrix.

n-by-m matrix is a rectangular array of numbers with 𝑛


rows and 𝑚 columns. The numbers 𝑛 and 𝑚 in this setting
are called the dimensions of the matrix

5
Plane Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices
Add the matrices
1 2 3 4 1+3 2+4
+ =
−2 1 5 6 −2 + 5 1 + 6

Multiply the matrix by the number


Example: multiply by 3
1 2 1×3 2×3
3 = :
−2 1 −2 × 3 1 × 3
The product formula:
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑐1 𝑎1 × 𝑐1 + 𝑎2 × (𝑐2 )
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑐2 = 𝑏1 × 𝑐1 + 𝑏2 × (𝑐2 )

6
Plane Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices
Example 2: Multiplication by a Matrix
1 2 −1
We will find the product of and using the
3 4 0
product formula:
1 2 −1 1 × −1 + 2 × (0) −1
= =
3 4 0 3 × −1 + 4 × (0) −3
1 2
We see that multiplication by the matrix
3 4
rearranges the points in the plane, each one
being moved to the product of the matrix
1 2
with that point (as a pair of numbers
3 4
written in a column). In the shown Figure we
visualize what we have found so far.
7
Plane Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices
Example 3: Some Reflections
−1 0 𝑎
If multiply the matrix in any vector
0 1 𝑏
−1 0 𝑎 −𝑎
=
0 1 𝑏 𝑏

Geometrically, this means that


both points are at equal distance
from the vertical axis, but they
are on the opposite sides of it

8
Example 2
1
Find algebraically the image of the point under the
3
composition of the reflection with respect to the
horizontal axis followed by the reflection with respect to
the vertical axis.

9
Plane Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices
Example 4: Rotations About the Origin
(Algebraic description of rotations
around the origin) To get the
coordinates of the image of the point
𝑎
(a, b) (or ) under the rotation around
𝑏
the origin through an angle α, we
simply need to multiply the matrix
cos 𝛼 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑎
by the point .
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 cos 𝛼 𝑏

10
Example 3
1
Find algebraically the image of the point under the
3
rotation around the origin through the angle of 45°.

11
Plane Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices
Example 5: Rotations about Any Point

𝑎
the image of any point under
𝑏
𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝐶, 60 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣 °𝑟𝑜𝑡(𝑂, 60)°𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣
cos 𝛼 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑎 −2 2
Are + +
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 cos 𝛼 𝑏 −3 3

12
Example 4
1
Find algebraically the image of the point under the
2
2
rotation around the point through the angle of 60°.
3

13
Example 5
𝑎
Find a formula for the image of any point under the
𝑏
reflection with respect to the line y = x.

14
Exercises Page 87

15

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