INTERNET PROGRAMMING CHAPTER ONE WIZ @VI

1. What is Internet
Internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks. A computer network
is the interconnection of many individual computers to exchange message.

Network is a group of two or more computer connected together.

It uses the standard Internet Protocol TCP/IP. Every computer in internet is identified by a unique
IP address. IP Address is a unique set of numbers which identifies a computer location. Domain
Name server (DNS) is used to give name to the IP Address so that user can locate a computer by a
name.

For example, a DNS server will resolve a name http://www.google.com to a particular IP address
to uniquely identify the computer on which this website is hosted.

Internet is accessible to every user all over the world. So, Internet is a network of networks.

 Advantage of Internet
 Information sharing
 Communication i.e. social networking
 Sharing of resource
 Disadvantage of Internet
 Threat to personal information
 Virus attack
 Spamming
 Cyber crime

2. What is online
We may sometimes hear people talk about “being on-line”. This is just another way of saying that
they are using the Internet.

3. What is World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee, a physicist in Switzerland, invented the World Wide Web in 1992 as a way to
organize and access information on the Internet.

Www is A collection of websites

4. What is web site

 Website A collection of resources

t is a group of well-structured and interlinked webpages.

 Web pages (static / dynamic)

 Media files (images, animations, sound,)
 Style files (CSS)
 Documents (pdf, doc, txt, rtf, …)

Web site has a globally unique name E.g. www.aau.edu.et

Stored on machines called web servers

5. What is web server

 A web server is a computer that stores a web site, and is responsible for checking requests
for viewing that web site.
 Client computers send requests for particular URLs to the web server, which then finds the
appropriate web page, and sends it back to the client computer.
 A web server on the Internet must have a permanent Internet connection, so that whenever
a client computer requests a URL, the web server can respond straight away.

6. What is web browser

A web browser is a program that runs on users' computers and allows them to view and interact
with the web pages on the World Wide Web. The most common web browsers are called Internet
Explorer and Google Chrome.

7. What is web page

Webpage is a single document that may contain text, graphics, and icon.

They are created using HTML and document with a mark-up language called HTML.

The basic unit of information storage on the www

8. What is hypertext
Hypertext is a text document that contains links to other text document.

It allows a user text to move from one web page to another by using a mouse to click on special
hypertext links.

For example, a user viewing web pages that describe airplanes might encounter a link to jet
engines from one of those pages. By clicking on that link, the user automatically jumps to a page
that describes jet engines.
9. What is the difference between URL,URI AND URN
Uniform Resource Locator (URL):- is used to visit a Web site, users type the URL, which is the
site's address, into the web browser.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator):- is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a
computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. It is a format used to specify addresses on the
World Wide Web.

The exact address of a resource on the web

An example of a URL is www.yahoo.com.

URL Format: https://www.example.com/index.html

URI (Uniform Resource Identifier):- is a string of characters used to identify a resource. It can be
further classified as a URL or URN.

URI Format: https://www.example.com/index.html

URN (Uniform Resource Name):- is a subset of URI that identifies a resource by name in a
particular namespace.

URN Format: urn: ISBN: 0451450523

A complete URL is generally made up of three components: the protocol, the site name, and the
absolute path to the document or resource.

10. What is internet service provider

It is a company that provides Internet connections to customers

11. What is protocol

It is a set of rules that govern the communication.

Protocol is a set of rules and conventions for communication between devices. It defines the syntax,
semantics, and synchronization of communication and may be implemented in hardware or
software.

Example: "protocol://www.example.com/index.html".

 Protocol: This is the communication protocol being used, such as HTTP or HTTPS.
 Www: This is the subdomain of the website.
 - Example: This is the domain name of the website.

 com: This is the top-level domain (TLD) of the website.

 index.html: This is the specific resource being requested on the server.

For example, "https://www.example.com/index.html" specifies that the resource "index.html"

should be retrieved from the website "www.example.com" using the secure HTTP protocol.

As for the URI and URN:

 URI: This is a string of characters used to identify a resource, and can be further classified as
a URL or URN.
 URN: This is a subset of URI that identifies a resource by name in a particular namespace.
An example of a URN is "urn: isbn: 0451450523", which identifies a resource by its ISBN
number.
 There are different types of protocols, including:
 Transport Layer Protocols (e.g., TCP, UDP)
 Network Layer Protocols (e.g., IP, ICMP)
 Application Layer Protocols (e.g., HTTP, FTP)

12. What is the difference between TCP/IP

 Internet Protocol (IP)
 Routable, connectionless datagram delivery
 Specifies source and destination
 Does not guarantee reliable delivery
 Large message may be broken into many datagrams, not guaranteed to arrive in the
order sent
 Transport Control Protocol (TCP)
 Reliable stream transport service
 Datagrams are delivered to the receiving application in the order sent
 Error control is provided to improve reliability

13. What is hypertext markup protocol(s)

 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):- It is a communications protocol.

It defines mechanism for communication between browser and the web server.

It is also called request and response protocol because the communication between
browser and server takes place in request and response pairs. Simply, it is the means by
which computers on the WWW communicate.
 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):- is the foundation of data communication on the
World Wide Web. It is used for transmitting hypertext documents, such as HTML. HTTP
operates as a request-response protocol between clients and servers.

 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):- is the secure version of HTTP. It is used on web sites
where sensitive information such as bank details is exchanged.

HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure):- is an extension of HTTP that is used for
secure communication over a computer network, typically the internet. It uses encryption
and authentication to ensure the security and privacy of data transmitted.

14. What is hypertext markup language

It is the language used to write web pages on the WWW.

15. What is extensible markup language (XML)

It is an alternative language for writing web pages. Whereas HTML pages describe the format of the
data’s presentation, pages written in XML describe only how the data is structured.

Fundamental of provides a standard format for the movement of data in and between applications.

The data in an XML file usually requires some other application to interpret the data and display it
in a useful format.

16. What is World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

It is a group of experts who meet regularly to develop common protocols for the evolution of the
WWW.

The W3C agrees on standards for HTML, XML and other web technologies, and for how web
browsers should interpret them.

W3C is an international community that develops open standards to ensure the long-term growth
of the Web.

17. What is HTTP Authentication

HTTP authentication:- is a method by which a web server can challenge a client request for
credentials and verify those credentials to allow access to its resources.

Web protocols are communication protocols and data transmission formats used to exchange data
over the World Wide Web. Some common web protocols include HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, and
DNS. These protocols enable various functions such as file transfer, email communication, and web
browsing.

18. Web content validation

Web content validation – is the process by which content of a web is checked/tested for validity.

 Web content can be validated:

 On the fly -- checked while typing (tags are checked)
 Full content – by uploading the whole content (full structure is checked)
Validate all markup documents on this “validator.w3.org”

Web has to be as the following:

1. Accuracy: The information on the website is factually correct and free from errors.

 Who wrote the page & Can you contact the author / webmaster?
 What is the purpose of the document?
 Is the author qualified to write this document?
 Check for: e-mail address postal address or phone number
 A webmaster, is a person responsible for maintaining one or many websites

2. Authority: The website is considered to be a reliable source of information and is backed by

credible sources or experts in the field.

 What are the author’s credentials?

 Where is the document published?
 Is there institutional affiliation?
 Check the URL domain for clues:
o .edu, .org, .gov, .com,
o .ca, .on, .au, .uk, etc.

3. Objectivity: The website presents information in a fair and unbiased manner, without any bias
or personal opinions influencing the content.

 What are the goals of the web site?

o … to persuade
o … to inform
o … to entertain
o … to sell , Are the goals met.

4. Currency: The information on the website is up-to-date and reflects the latest developments in
the field.
  How detailed is the information? ]
– too simple, just right, too complex?
 What opinions are expressed?
 Is the information free of bias?
 Does the site promote advertising?

5. Coverage: The website provides comprehensive coverage of the topic or subject matter,
including all relevant aspects and perspectives.

 Is there a balance of text and images?

 Do the links complement the web site’s theme?
 Is the information cited correctly? Coverage
 Is special software required to browse the web site?
 Is there a cost to view the information?
 Is the site organized