VAlCSyOd- THEDRY OF COMPUTATION ® UNIT I - GRAMMARS Intvducion % Crramman - ‘Types 9} gravrenen, ~Conkxt Free Grammar (¢F6s’) and Languages (ceus) - Deiivakion ond Languages Amb gully ~ Rulationsbp ipadweon derivation and duivation trees — Simplilv cation 9) CFG - Elieindtion. owen aymbele - unit produchom - Nuit produdions - normal yorms - Gre! badh Nona Fon (GinvF) - Chomsky Normal Form Cone) Le UntRoNve TON TO GRAMMAR, Bramman t% a nike ast of formal rules that ane goneraling dyntactt cally correct Aantoncer. The jormal dolinition o qrammar. Je that | it nan our tuples ‘wate a Context free Grammoy Core) a= (wm hi 9 Whee & pb a qramnnon whicr comisls a vet 4 produdion aul. Ut» aed fe Qanerate ‘ishing yo Language. Le A Yale aot variables V' also calud ag Won—teuminals, 2, A yrile Ast of Aymbels ead dermina 7. 3. A Yas nek Of productions P' or rules which to of Ae form Ayo whe At voroble G <0 Shingo ero or terminal. 4 SE Vv & Ae Start Symbot or voviable .Grammar — consttacsils — vy v Gourinal Symnbelo Nen- ‘Terminal Symbols (vaniable) tq: Lower Case Letters fq: Upper cone otters tefar bees Ftefon- Ay vefAreit wd wai teh nr RLY Tyee hd PPS A cee Gs Cv ty PS) Wenene \- voyioble Te Tennunals g - Start Symbols Whose productions ore given by Ay RO Bae which produces the sting ba. sola. hy Ro whae Ve £418) ay b te Sorby saay a pga Ce BHD : pe LA tBa, BOY aun ba ehing 2 produced.Q. TYPES OF GRAMMAR, Grammar | arguege | —_Ruwnaba———Praduction Rule | See aasis ——__—_—. | Tyr 0 | Reomcively | avng Macnte | NO t L$ Brumerable | | yosbich on. Sype-L context - | ew fet inet | Suudive | No dutermintte ol AB YB — = itis ae 4 __ Mashine Type-& | context-free | Non- dakorminisite | | | Avy eee CeCe | ak Bain: Narn | ara ogee aeseeerseeeeeeet Type- 3 | Ce | = Fee Mtl ree A> Rewsesvely Erumeble Content -Seraitive / Context free ¢ Reqular ; ae que . SA ke " ~ Ss nae ce Types of SrammaurB. CONTENT FREE GRAMMAR Cerae’) § LANGuAge (CFLs) A torent - free grammar Core) i» a Yorma qramman which th ured fo gonetcla ai ponitle pattera 04 ahings oh a. given formal danquage . HO dakiud ay dour tuples = (vit hr 8) The context - 4ree Aanquasas (cet) ane vey similar Yo requis ask natavely Km dafoung programming danguages Gh Aperalinng ame notion of Pasting * asingtt ying onalalion 0} Progiamming languages we wn other Shing = PrOCOAIG appt cations Example = comburr a CFO Yor the han guage te i wew® wd o bing mite” 4 dela lor the CFG be ge Cy th PS)Griven: © ca the Antenmediate Symbol 2. Expremton i . e gourd. by api damg Symoot on both side of C. Tne porible Producions ore aca, bCa abeba , bacab fom given (ase) * . “he produciions ane eve E -y aka g + bea whee as Ge (we TP 8) ve feh ge Sayeed se fey to be gue £-y ofa Rue 2 E-y bea Rule 3By Rule 4 By Rule 2 i? y aca Ey ata Ry Rule Q ey aba ey a bEba (from Rue 3) ey abe ba ( from Rule a) ey abe ba By Rule 3 p> de® ~ b abab ( Brom Rule 2) wy paca — (fom Rue +) Ey bacab ( Grom Rule 2’) Gy Rule 3 g-y bEb ~y btb By bt ° ws Granmar torstudid for the Le {wewk |W ba ahing taavd™y Ey C¢ g-} ata Ey bee E> abtha £-y bacaby,ly. DERIVATIONS AND LANQWUAGES @ While vrfouing whathet tho given ugut shing belongs Io the given ceo, Ynere ane & Approaches. \ vashg tne rules {hom veody to mead - Rewrive teperente Q Ubi the ules rom ngad to bodys Dovvalion Rewwcive Inference + Shing ram each voniatdes*v' jn taken, it t woncatendlad in proper order ond tne resltieg ahing (ie) Rroduehions b snyered whale ow the denquage (cL) | ae voui able Sn tre aad. Twa Uke Of grammar vo secursiver an ference « Quivolion : Produdtion yrom Head to body i ured Cie) from Stott Aymbet '¢’ expanding Ai TL veacrer me fren shang. thie vat ef Grammar i» dwivolion . RELATIONS rere are two velakors lbetneon shinge Cvurt * GP ingle duivain bq: too x “ — oy sf Multiple derivation Bg ape a. ssExomple® : ® For the Language = Jwewk \ ws foriy* 4 check Whethor Ane aking B1ct0 hahovags to the vanquase Lor not. doln- let the cea be &= (wit 8) For tne ce, te producions be eae Que 2 Ey 060 Rwle 9 e oy XE 4 Rule 3 Reoussive lajerence gE cto yy 0 \elo fom RWet Eve = oF 0 “from Rule 3 ery tet yk from Rule & & -y 0£0 ging vied shang \njourd, For CFL Produdhana vied “t \ \ c e a a peo fer 3, revo € 3 . we oLcto & \ 1,3i ied at [sf eco] ue 8 oro = [vy bap aed) Rule 8 =y elev fa Fae ey Rule t vi 01t10 bulongs Ta given CFL OL = Qwew® Y TYPES OF DERIVATION ie Lake Mott a a. Bigni mont Quivelin (rm) uivdim am’) Lees moct DERIVATION | Posn step in a duaivabion ; o produdion ia appliad tn tHe Lol matt voutoe then ‘yw ead daytmott deuvatin . Example yak Oe (wisi es) > ve fey, € ge $4,144, & whee P » qven bY Ev Ete even e £ ~y id vara Puck the efmed t dei vabim Yor id aid widola To cont umes duivahion ig tid Id Given: eh eS ewe Rue 2 Ey id iscaull e oy ereé fem, Rule \ € + EF dm. > art tie ek 18 Am yiat BRE es Am a iat ide & ae Am ye yaald ed ie eT am. co iatid aw id Me tele mart tn deeivation |),RIGHT MosT AERATION = @ ebiaie __ ny fipeniat vasioile ta replaced ot each step i» callad Vightmedt duvaion ; Earle : for te dame Shing, id aid A, the ight mess derivalion a by , e ® ERE from Rule & er eke om 4 ne ewe 3 e aid +m gue | evere oe id on * ea eA Rule 3 vid m oh iaaid x iA gles tvid om 442 ga aid VA ia Me nigh mot em Aeivdin Yr ino ven grammar }.Converlions oh CEG Ded vating ® % low coe letes MKE a,b, Cz de teemdnal and als Yee digs 0) (1 2-- 4 ond characters Uke -¢ te ei) ore ano Huminala 4 upper cose letlexs ore Non terminals or vaui able (ie) Ai. RK lower core Greek tetas such a4 of, B are skings or Qrimmnar dymibele toraishing ef Aermbrale and lor vasiabes Lanquagyos o we Ch & a Oe Cv, 5, 0,8) be a Fa) amen Are tanguage | ( 6) be Yng Aak of Aorminal Shing Anak have desivalions Jvom the Stat duystoot« Llayz twa t\ 8 +o] The language qentrdad by CFA Called canter Fee Language (cer) Sentential Form “tu Stings Le produced \deived rom Ane Start Symbol vo called a dentertial dorm. % Ge Cut Pps) tO CFG thon of th (vor)*S gah bh @ Ametial pen iy © Sc, men db ep mat (om a ante pon § Bk ahen db ight ambedial fun. rnCzamgle 7] ghow hak the als and W's : ee gy ab\pale Ay as\bnala p -» bs | abe|t gy ab gy ba ove NYO B»bs 8 -yabd Bab dla: From gave nyas prbAA As Bas le w be & shing dl Giy whe cor A) AVA com 8 -y ab | BA fe ey Bae sy ab ea payba oS Ae g dates equah 0 of a's and we, Q, \adudion city we Sy aw Aes ov BoE 1 gy ab ye ab gy &S7bA pas ov AAS ao S -y ba ybae oo Sze S har equalnoo, a's & ble S YOR SBA ¥ aand () Ryose) appbaa (yarhh) ~y aabe (BY) ~yopan (FAY -yoabb (" Bb) -ybbaa ce ata) gy bbaa “gy aabb S derives Oquol no % a's big one we tondudd that $ duives the Sita w Conarthng 9 equal number a's and tle }. Iq out e tomider He CFA dafinad by produdiont — gor elo\1 \oso| ist, grow that Shing w in a palindrome y ond only wt gontiatid by the above CFG a. nape CFA for cFL obs Lor |n 714 wih on or more ole fallowed by equal number | 1's.PARSE TREE 8 ® Th Se 2 derivations con be veprerertad by bee ab ‘pam, bee’, In omni v mpilers pare tree in wad as a data Shucure to represent the Aource program. bet Gz (vite 8) be @ grammar. Te pane tree +H a le Bosh tatenior node to Aodaohed by a vatiowle oA v a. Bodh Mol fn Laloehed by aire o voyiable , 0 Atininal oF € 3. Han Guteder rode db raatled A ond it oildren are X Xo, Xe, Yom deft chen” Yabeld RX, eye XM too produdlion ir P we dh Ave, men Ad tonidered to be tro Label . Rromple: Corsbuct pose bee Apr the qpromnmnar ev ert gE orid ola: Tre porte Wee ts ombud 0b g /™ E+ E+E ee ©: S taatd ' The bret Parse bree haa “a | OR ae deri vain //,‘The Yyuold 4 o Parse free @ * Ww any ovaid oy toncatenaling Ae eaves 4 a par tree pom Joye in calla ytd of parse bee x the yind v ol ous duived trom vest . Hence root 4 Start Symbol. KRU (eater re labled aire wlth a dorminal or € , ‘tw the yilld ® 4ecminrol ig. Leample For tke Grammar dajinad by the produ lions 8+ Ade A-roale ay sblwle Find the pane tree dor the pields, tty Loot cil worl ily Soott dela? Uy 001 Start rom Aw wet == Sy ALB SYA aw [2 42h sy von Cy BY 08) ¢ SS wot xy ook ("! By 08) Sy o0ie (+7 By 18) xe Cr peasy‘Tre neraperding| Porse trea @® $ xi A 64 6 : IN € o © os Ane qd w ool j}. i o 8 IS \ 6 \ & iH otel ; bre start from root The pase . vo Tc sus oy DANS (ene) Ad 7 ye 0 OA tnrek) ; ey ie yy 00l8 (2 are) fs A Ay 001 08 (7 88) — ay 0010lb quer \e) : oy 000 te ete) e ¢ $ 2 goto tu yud o0lo! J.Wii) C0011 Start {ean the «root soy A 1B & okra (8 A oA) mood e (AO) Sy oooata ( A 08) 3 «sore, (AS 4} oo0lte Cv e+ 18) =} ooo Cv ere) * S sp ool 4, he Parse bree to given By s fi A te fi fe ee eee ee ae IN \ The qd ” o A e = 6oo\ jj. oAnyerence ( Durivelion ond forte Tree @ Given a grammar Gay, oP, S) The Apllowing one equivalent with erivatinns and parse trees. Le The Peourtive bnference procedure dotermines tat tediminal aig wa i we language 0 vasiobla A. 2 » > > x 4 p= € € > € we a | 5. thee va pase wee wih rect A and yidd w Cquivalene — Praqram. oye moat Di valion — Quivdin Right Mod Pervalimn ~—<¢—__Rase Treo a Ruuustive wyerere Wow ra a Joe mort deri voliin fom A, Amen “ue durely has a dot votion yon A Sie letmatt daivatin io aloo a dt valiba The i) dome dor right mest dei vation «Prom: Womider The Qvarnmad wilt produdlions By EXE gid check wihashet Ae ytd idtid tid Vo having Pavel tree with Twat Eornet data: e Ete Rose Tree dor rel idaidtid ¢ & Sere re (7 Exete) 2% e+ eé& ayiasiana( se 114) J/™ \ Me a e+ € ‘d Le apidtiqaidy, | Tam ya bas pase ee | ia 1d eit aid Exomple comider the Qrammar with — producions ERE KE & id Prove Wot idk WA Kid th detived by £, dol yy ide id wid ee im tueaid) > wa £ HE cpa ene) * wef ( a he aptanid aid Side e p (278) Am sa 4 woved aia ae e (rear i» Reveal. mfy RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN QERW ATION AND ‘TREES From \nterence to Trees Qheovem : hat rie (vise, S) bbe 0 CFG. the reeutive Grfexenve procedure jello that Aho toxminal Shing wo h th te Jan guage 6 variable A, Ahon Aner io & porse tree with root A and wild wi. Solution : Mo prove: WA SS wa, Ahere % a Parse tree with root A. Reo, & By taduciin hypothenia \s Basidh- By bonis bok he no 6 Ghepe ured lee Z. Then the tree hay duigle la} , Ay Oy OR, aK (ory Aye So tk producer the yi we & or wa, a2,-.. ak then anure in a. parse tree with rook A ond yiold w. A A | a g, % 49... On € Ronse Vee Ay one Step derivation(3) Q. Gnduction Vek tee no 64 Steps uned bent | hesume Anat ‘here @ a parse ree for all te varables B anf stings x hfewed drom & vaing n or lew sheps. Conmider Ya Shing wth Reed from Variable A ayes nt Sheps, nen boat step onsures w fo th lanquaye of A. Say A, ke Are Bay = Xe (Where *f be Aevtninal ) we Wy We. We Were , the eo Canes ole Aa & Yo Ri a terminal, then wi 2 xt Ui uy mohow varoble , Anen Wi Shing Anak wad greviowly byewed Ay be in language 1 in akmest M1 Sheps, tb) >A Sy us) wt Wk > em eT “ A Sw xt A J \ ae Raxse Wee Bese 4 dav dy ey Ci fee Oe Thus Me yd i oblained by AA 4 Ww, concaran ating fhe Sub trees fren A % Joye ” be hun Ahcorem Proved.From “ers to Rervakion Theorem: Lot Giz (V5) AS) be a CFG. Suppose there io a parte free with rook A and with ped we fran Anere io a. leftmost derivation . eae ho =P wh Grammar G& dm & Proeh fo Prove K => w Am Let va prove thin theorem by th dudion on tho wate 8 hrees, hoa + gy Aw haignt | ‘he parte bee w 1. A 7 wy Forse Wee of Wight 2. + Tha produclions ane Aw a 4 pew one Shep Lemos dui vali. > a 2. Snduslion + F] the dwight ©} Are pone hee in ty te parce hee is att ie aig =n - 2, : Parse tree with [oa 2 MeNigume thot Anee edt a kytmeat dexivalion Aw 4a vay Pane bee of height lew thon nn. Conidu parse Bree of height A lat the ofkeest dui velion be x Ke Xe XQ Ka Am the t's may le ster Aerintnal cory vawables cy H Xt fr femminoh » than Xi = WI ; - hee cl) ay xi Be vanatle, Aten kml ve ok te oith sd wi 1 Wwignt Wow Hann Ry raion yea * x = o we Wrwo-- NK Pritt Qo Ky Keg AK hen. * «Ke . sn Sy wyome Gt Ptah Pie FH km a Ky be tevinal cote dole Hei > wloble (MT tow pp wy Wao fhe “hwo proved. ci Xt A OC yb ahi dr dn© From Qerivetiim ty Rewaive Inference Theorem: Lek Gre (iT T Pre) be a CPG Gp tees A Kw, thee reuusive ‘njeunee procedute applied To 4 dsteumines that wi “a Language le A. oy vontab) ‘ sho Pree \ndudien on Vana detection Pass t A > ww (Productive) oh ay (wb te sanguage 4 A) Tnluchn ; Gf duivetion fares ntl SHR A YX Rou. XW rhe * ow Rreak won Wy WQ ... Wy where ch xe ag teamhah , then wi = xf * th YX wo voniable, then x? wer A YQ RK * = wy Ng... Xe ® Fy wy WR... XK * WwW i 30 Thus the theorem prrved jp.Appicains o1 eFe \e Rawsers 9. YAce passer - Generator 3. Martup necgeaa de XML and O79 Prample: Consider tre Giramman with 4a producdiins EY ERE Bayid Prove that ide id wid oo decived by E. BS BE + oe cae Am ide EE ide Woke id id eid Fyus3y Fy tA tania eid jen@ b- AMGUITYIN GRAMMAR ANA LAN QU AGES Thre to on ocemrance 4 ambi quaws aantercey th a Language dimitaaly Thee ino ponibliy haring ‘nto duikvadns Jor He Aame thing in 4, Ambiquows Gramm on, Rog Ge Innis) ambiquour 4 Awe» otleat one hing wt 7% i warring two dient porte trees, eaun ith We dae moot Sond done yold We Example: Hh in He Grammar sy ¢ +e | se s|q chao Wot Gb nt quo olny Lok Ws Qk Ak @ 8 an ee $ YGxS e% a KS 7 7 pee a s * s ar ses om \ im | i\ / \ Se ‘ze PARAS a oO tm \ Sy a kaka, | | a oy m {aj most“ny out: : @ ye Show tak Me qromman — dufired by gredudiny in ambiguus a. gg + as\ ale p> abs \a ¢. By erelene|a By» exeleweleer| 1 4. Stmeciftentiens of CFO * Edforabing vases Pxodudllon A tompiing me Geroaing and Reashaile dymbols + BYiminating B- Rrodudiins * Riienating yuk Rrodudions Ao onguage i a CL, then ik Anouba have grammar some pede orm. To oblah ae down, we requires dinplifreaum of Context Free Qannns *Normal forms 4 Cankext free Grammars ®& bv cL ob qonnatid by a CFG th which all productions ase 4 fon Ay be where A Bl oF Vanialdes are a Tumin al Tho dorm of erin ie called ar eharaky Wormal. form (ewe) W And the wh, we need 40 befown folowing speraliins , ‘+ Elimuinale uncles symbols (re) durnbela or terminals which do Net Oppear ov on dorivelions 4 4 foaminal, Sitage yon. to tart bymbol Ertmbhatle & produdins whith one of tm dem Ave Yor dome variable A: 3 Etmiate unit Produdions whidi af © tre fon Aye for vorighle A ond 8, A. BLImMurATiNg USELESS RRopue tions Lat Ge Wh tS) be 8 Grammar A adywbet x So vadul Sh ae, 8 0, dexralion s 5txp Su Yor seme h , B ard w where wir ir T*, othewice St fo uncles. Thane are fwo ways fe unefulnen .te Some tetmsral Shing must be deivatle from a. X mut oer cr dome Shir desi vaple rom & A unehal aynibst with be bet. qosraing and Aeachalole . Cammputing he Sensing ond Reathable dymbsls 3 x du fa dome imal Sing w. & 0 dotivelion ¢ By ok Xp for sowed @ fe Gyenetating dayrnbots vor 2 (vit Pps) be a Qrammon . Jo Commpute Me qorwating Siyimbely of Gr, we need So el plowing % Byun dymbel of Ti qorsating therefore UL qenesatia itsell « * y A -¥ % , then Ae also qussing qad et ods é Roachable adymbools bak Qe CTF) be a ranma «The ppllewing Steps ane used to Yd are reochatle syraoola . lows the a St reachable eA A to readable , then all produshions wih A, ort reachable .8. ELIMinatING &- PRoductions @). A produidiion which ee called €~ procuaion , He eh Ca) _ a to met powitle ta LOK) % auinnrale all €- productions fom G. Th also not powtble iy & to not fr i (a) ~y For ea vanable A, ah Aye, then A Called as nullable vestatle . PT Bar ECan Co whe ah o* natabl thee delat 9. ELAMINATING UNIT PRODUCTION & hunt produdim: % aq pwodudiim which of tte toon A “YB, whore beth A ond ® ane Variables. uid Pah ¢ UH tha dequence ef derivalion Stepl ane Ay ® = Ba =e... Bn AM Hen rena urik produalinns cre replaud by a non-unlt productions br wt ety ee te) Aya Therefpte (18) dur at A Bem by called unit par « vad Production Eliminahim Let cr be Ga (p44?) $)) with Unit Rods wes be Gee (G8) 1. PAA alk Ae unit paw 4 4 a. For cade unit pale (aus): JY here 4 production AY 6 voolace we dh A Yh GRY M groducium nn &.Problems : Example fi Comider He grammar — B -¥ gle moka vompale goutaling dyntols Bala “the ack 4 geneating Symbols ore ch MA terminals ane geet ating boy inal Le, ay Ub shee 2B hha no generating dyke ya & $0 & Kes) Aininaled , Leayze ‘ Generating yarodle ave Lease AY, Baanple A: Vat Me grammar py Mela AeA Pind He veadhable dymbosls. sane By rela haya Hore bt Start Symbol and has pro duclions So &, 0, B and a ane veashable '. The veadhalle Symes are fea 8,04),Consider the qrammon Rxample & ge AB ny annle inky € = udu pr bee \e oln tn Tate BY BBB RK OKRA Bye Aye . tratlale Symboola A Rw!’ Br é a. The produduoms gy he Combh nallable Syne wine «=e 8 are nullade edygrlbalo & : ’ 9, For produdions , 4% grammar G thon 8 + AB The your ways arranging wdhout € ane g >» pela le Win ons -p - bee AY anlar \an\o a+ vee| vt |eo |b g-y evlale Ar anel \an}o tl othe Gramma Gi! b‘i Bu, Brample Hs Given a ceo Gre (v5, 8) whore 0% given by (ai) e+ lett Ty Pltar Rhimnate unt produdlions , Fy fia dolq: Griven: Read ,aF E+ Ett Ty IKE Fo id i g T=" \) Two unit produdim ane t+ a) Reglace ce by va Rom sae gal aia Cretia) a4 t (148) xi4 (2 eed) 1K Ba itd The equivalent ofvammar wtthout unit produckions Evid lett Fy idla we b+id IlA ch G& ty converted ilo on equivalent cfm that las no “ar Aymbol, @- produiinu or uni produchions , Ways te abtodn Rquivalent CFE \. Bumrale €- produdions Q. Ruins ale UAL productions 9. Pumrale vaselers Symbols . Io. WoRMAL FORMS The two hype 9 ravmal fotiny are 1. Chomaky Nermal for Cent’) 3, Greibad Normal form Cant’) Choral, noma form Cen) A qrammen where ere produdion ‘a aire of the 49m Ay Be OO AWS Whang A,B ec of vavaloles cb Awmunrols « Gyedioath tworercl Form Cone’) A ceo 4, Sofa he be th Gwe th fooal Language theory y alt protusin voles hh fght Ade tugiss wth darminal dynbol optimally 4eltowed by dome vrarables.Chomaliy. Normal form Ewample 1: Comider te grammar ( Sena, Laby , fi nag produ citona ge bAlas tonvut ik alo ene yh -> banlasla py 068 \vs\b sale fad produdlions whfch ewe ty @ Crveaady wn the fring ewe) By b % ReflueHe eemfiale on Want boy new rable Sy bA Sy o8 he ws B-y bs Here , Sy bA = Op m 2 Sy Cea Whe = (,yb @ s)”we Sy ab ; &) -y Cob j gee Cab Ca¥ % A -¥aS A> Gs -y Cas Cay a By bo ~y tbs B+ Cys toby o % Revording he uk, sight hand etdo chould contain ony Qasiek h -y BAB B-y Abe Replae the foumuial ha Cyan Ce Cpxe): ay Cade (Or) No more ton & yyaat able , She A Cd By Cada pio AA aa a. The productions — rey p rh Da eB ge ton | Cob Cay a A> Ca a\ Co mila as mol Cabal to- b |.Tague Convat the CFG tht uve gy aelka sy» anila wy bee |b. Gretbach Normal Form Brample . convert te {puowtr a Grammar vib ANF. Aye Aah Sy AB hay AA \b (ea ay 68\b Ag Acfala ey aala dol Ryen: Ay -y Aa As + O ne 1K? hay ash lb + @ whe fat, hay Mhala = © Comider equator (3) Ag Aika Sub Ay AQ DS th aga ©) hay Agha gla Ce M7 es) + Agm As Ag) Cv hat Aah ) bw Aa hala hoy b‘From thin , Ay -y Aa As Aa y As Ay \b Asay Aga Aahg \bAs fala i oy A Wes AIA > e wore i=] Tnrtroduce new variable Bs ho -y & Ava Aa J bAs Ag la Be -Y Ay Asha Bo -Y Aare be hg -y BASAa Bs |b hehe he + abala The renultant preduduons 42 hy -¥ Aa As 4 0 fy -¥ Raa, Ib +O ha >» bas AzBs| 28s | bAaMa | a+ © Be -» AAasha \a,Aa fobs (i)AN\ produc on “a Should Star with Aetmuin ao- Sub Volum yr Aa & Aa GAL th Aa Ay Bg Ago? bashes A: | afs Ay |b Asha A lan |b A phehaBahs Aa) abe Ai Aa| bass Ay hal aa ws \bhs Ba -y bag hg Bs Ai o3 82 Ae \ abs AAs As Pal phaa A Aa da Aa\ at Asha hs |bashat) bAg fa Bs AAs Ao Ba\ abs hy Aa As Pe | Agha dy As hats] aAiAsAs ho Ba lbp erat A Ro : Me . Ay -y bas habs MNS Ag y bas BoB. Ay “Yad: hy _ Aa oBa AL phe Ao Ay hts ky ho YY bAg Ag Ay & Ar -¥ aay Be fg Yah have hs AgybAahs Bs Ra “¥ O83 Kay bAshe As “Fy.Example Q: Convert the ology produdio unto ANF S -yrala ny ce\b eh’ Gtven Ss A ala Ary Atala YQ Cer a4 ss\b hay nal. #® Spis Ln © Fat Ched gag no need charge A, xAaAala In © fai CW gar , need charge Ray a Asse -y fafa As | af, \b Sb On © he veoultant —productiny ane Ay Aafala Boy Aaa Ar | at |b. hep a> “The Ag Ay Ag M2 BY Tnbeduce new vaiabh BeBa —y har \ha Bi Ka cr aA) \b con be Ray OAi\ qa ,B |b) Ba he vepultant produdioms are Ay-Y fafa la +O aay afi \aaje2 \Pl a2 +O Bo -¥ AoA \ Aa Ay 8 A® cep 3> Sab ra in O nye fee |e “yay Aa\ a Arts Aa \ pa \ baofala Sup Aa ® BaF ahh | a ABB. ae | bAL | oA By lan taht GNF Produdins are Ay it aAhal ofa Aa \ bAa| berta la hy amr \ a Aiea\ bealb Be -y ares LaniAr Bal a 182A | apy. A 8a | 46 oA WB Bio \ bAr|pniBe.