Solved Problems
Solved Problems
" 1+**2+) 1+**2
1*2+**)" 1-*2"
$ &% #%#$% #$#%#*)% (#% $!,
⎡ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤
R (T ) = RT0 ⋅exp ⎢ B⋅ ⎜ − ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ T T0 ⎠⎦
&%+%&$#!% '"&% 821198464 18198364 +
%#$!%'#$%'&$-# %"&% $&%,
R (T )
ln ln
1
RT0 100 = 4689K
B= =
1 1 1 1
− −
T T0 373 273
$ (+ $#$##%!#%ܛ%$! $$%
&%%#$$%%)%!#%&#-%85198424 (%,
⎡ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤
R = RT0 ⋅ exp⎢β ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟⎥ = 100 ⋅ exp⎢4689 ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟⎥ = 11KΩ
⎣ ⎝ T T0 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 313 273 ⎠⎦
$#%%% 1$#%##)% )#"&#$% ( %
#$$%/10%1-%$$)% '#)%%%$#$&%$ % $
182119
!
$ %1$ *%(&+/($ # *%'1*"*+2#+ *1*2 $ *%1*1+**3"
! *1. +1,*"
0+* "
%&$ $#%%% &%!&%' %%#'721 %% !.!$#-
$#'%%2$' %&#$$#)% &!%%' %'#(%
% ('#%!#-
#% $!%( &%%%!#%&#$,
R1 R0 R0 3⋅V0
Vout = − ⋅V0 ⋅ = −3⋅V0 ⋅ =−
R0 R0 + RS R0 + R0 ⋅ (1+ k ⋅ΔT ) 2+ k ⋅ΔT
+
* "
20+,%",0,1*
"#"$!*2!%!""$#"!"" $"%+-,,*
% "" "# &!"!*
0
-2
-4
-6
Vout [V]
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
ΔT [°C]
#"0+-, !!"2)
3⋅V0 1 ⎛ V ⎞ 1 ⎛ 5 ⎞
Vout = − ⇒ ΔT = ⋅ ⎜ −3 0 − 2 ⎟ = ⋅ ⎜ −3 − 2 ⎟= −50°C
2+ k ⋅ΔT k ⎝ Vout ⎠ 0.01 ⎝ −10 ⎠
"(!!#" #"""!('" "# !" +.,1
/∞!# * # !"!"!$" %""'!
"!"!! " !*
! $""-!$"# !! '"#""$"$
"%$ " *
(
R = Ro ⋅ 1 + α (T − To ) )
%"
%'
Rterm
α%"
% #!%&
V
Ro Vo
$&
"!"%,"" "# !)
V0 =Vi ⋅ 1
2+ α ⋅T
%",0,1*
!!"$"'!)
- $
S=
dV0 −Vi ⋅α
= 2
dT ( 2+ α ⋅T )
##$&$)# "+$"# %$ # "$ $' "
$!"$%"- %$$(%$ """ "$%# #"$' "#$
'" $ '"$##$&$)##"-# ""#! #$ $"#$
$!"$%",1/..2-" %$#&%$##$&$)#,
−5 ⋅ 0.05 V
S= = −0.005
(2 + 0.05 ⋅ 100)
2
K
" $$ "# %$ $(%#%"$"" "#%$,
ΔV err= Tris ⋅ S = 0.1* 0.005 = 0.5mV
"! '+&%$!
+'%,+&$ +)*%%"
& ' +%+'%, +'%,
%"*#"
# &$!" +$%#"*$## "" %10.2
B 4500
RT0 = 1KΩ; α = − 2
=− = 0.05K −1
T 2932
"$ !-!-$) $ #+$"$ #!$'!%$ %$!%$#,
V2 − V1 V1 − Vout R + R2 R
= ⇒ Vout = V1 ⋅ T − V2 ⋅ 2
RT R2 RT RT
$310.2$"##$ $$"#$ "#.+" '$"#$ $ "
RT + R2
$# %$ # %, V2 = V1 ⋅ -
R2
%$ $ # $ + $ %# %$ $ ##$&$) " % 10.2 "
31.-
RT 0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔT ) + R2 R2
Vout = V1 ⋅ − V2 ⋅
RT 0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔT ) RT 0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔT )
dVout α ⋅ R2 α ⋅ R2
S= = −V1 ⋅ + V2 ⋅
RT 0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔT ) RT 0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔT )
2 2
dΔT
α ⋅ R2 α ⋅ R2
SΔT =0 = −V1 ⋅ + V2 ⋅
RT 0 RT 0
(
'
! # ! !"
" !' !! #
( !&
Pel V 2
ΔTSH =T −TA = =
δ R⋅δ
!% ! %! ! ! &
R0
Vout = Vi ⋅
[
R 0 +R 0 ⋅ 1 + α ⋅ ( ΔTSH + TA [°C] ) ]
*# &
1
Vout = Vi ⋅
⎛ V2 ⎞
2 +α ⋅⎜ + TA ⎟
⎝ R ⋅δ ⎠
%
&
!# "%
dVout 2 ⋅ α ⋅V 1
S= = −Vi ⋅
dV R ⋅δ ⎡ ⎛V 2
⎞ ⎤
2
⎢2 + α ⋅ ⎜ + TA ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ R ⋅δ ⎠⎦
*($ *(&
!# *) '%
V2 12
⇒ ΔTSH = = = 10°C
R ⋅ δ 100 ⋅10 −3
2⋅0.05⋅1 1 mV
SV =1V = −1⋅ −3 2 = −71
100⋅10 ⎡ ⎛ 12 ⎞⎤ V
⎢2+0.05⋅ ⎜ −3
+ 25 ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 100⋅10 ⎠⎦
!
! %$" #
RT = R0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔT ) ; R0 = 100Ω; α = 0.005K ; δ = 10
W −1 −3
K
R = 50Ω
Pel RT ⋅ I 2
ΔTSH = =
δ δ
; RT = R0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔTSH )
V
I=
R
R0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔTSH ) V 2
ΔTSH = ⋅ 2
δ R
R 2 ⋅ δ ⋅ ΔTSH 50 2 ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ 0.5
⇒V = = = 111mV
R0 ⋅ (1 + α ⋅ ΔTSH ) 100 ⋅ (1 + 0.005 ⋅ 0.5)
#
+ #
" $!
' ( δ$
•
• /)3$
'% (
[
RS = R0 ⋅ 1 + α ⋅ (T − T0 ) ]
R0 = 100Ω; T0 = 20°C; α = 0.005K −1
I = 10mA; R = 300Ω;
W
δ = 10 −3
K
,#&!!%"#$#$#%#""!'##(!
#!#%#!""#$##!"+#"!$##!,#!
"$"+$#$#%#""##!&! )###!#$!
!"")##!#$!# !""#"!""#!"+$")#%#
###%$##!-,3 ."!""+%#$')#!"/"
#!"!!###%$##,"$!#+
'&!&# #!#$!""!+
#"#)%#"##""!)#*
[
V = RS ⋅ I = R0 ⋅ 1+ α ⋅ (T − T0 ) ⋅ I ]
####!#$! #1/4#"""!'#'#&%#*
[ ]
V = 100 ⋅ 1+ 0.005⋅ (70 − 20) ⋅ 0.01 = 1.25V
-0)' (
14 #41*4&$
*
+
' )1) 1)3( "
1%*) &3$
1*) 2, $
%#"!$##""!02/#&!!!#'+
#")#$!!# $##%!#$#"*
VR Vout
IT − + = 0
R1 R2
&##""!!#!"#")/"$#*
R2
Vout = −R2 ⋅ μ ⋅ T + ⋅ VR
R1
.
, %
$% %'#%&# &!# !#%) % !,!*%&##%%$#$
#$$% #$$
Vref
I=
R
*%%#$% #&# $$-%%$"&#&%!#%&#$+
Pel
Tfine = Tinizio +
δ
$-%%%"&#&$
2
RT (Tf in ) · I 2 RT (Tf in ) · Vref
ΔT = =
δ δ · R2
#603152.6111
# %%#$% ##%#$%$*(%.60315046041*%#$$%%$
&%
"
- %
1 1
RT (Tf in ) == R(T0 ) · exp B · = −
Tf in T0
1 1
20 · exp 4000 · − 93 = 3.88 KΩ
333 2
%#"&#'
%$,
R2 · δ · ΔT 10002 · 0.01 · 20
Vref = = = 7.17 V
RT (Tf in ) 3880
&(#
$ ! %)$!
δ "
τ!
# !
#!
R
Vi T1
$%) 671;82;/+
- 2841:+3 821:
+ Vo 821+ 820+ 82110+
T2
δ=1-12/+τ82$
Rh
#%%%$$ #671 ##%)( #$(
Vs %$$(%' %##%5-
%' &# %$.%!# $$$,
⎛ ⎛ t ⎞⎞
T =T + ΔT ⋅ 1− exp⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
iniziale
⎝ ⎝ τ ⎠⎠
( 671 %$#$ %$&% &$)( #$&##%$ &#$-&$
%$$ #!%%% (#%!#%&#( #$$%!#%&#$$ #*(%
%#$ #*)%' %# !$ (#%5-
%$(%$ !*% &%!&%' %$,
Voopen = −μ · T2 · R = −10−6 · (273 + 10) · 1000 = −0.283 V
%#%$(%$ $* $% %#%"&#&'&,
Vi2 52
T2 finale = T2inizio + = 10 + 2 = 35°C
Rh ⋅ δ 10 ⋅10−2
%3$$$%2*% &%!&%$!# ! #% % 3% ($%!# #$$'
#$ %!#%&#-392% &!&%' % $$$%'% 2
2 !
$(%%(%%( ' &#$ &#$(382841:-
'
* "
⎛ ⎛ t ⎞⎞
T2 = T2inizio + ΔTequil ⋅ ⎜1− exp⎜− ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ τ ⎠⎠
⎡ T − T inizio ⎤ ⎡ 30 −10 ⎤
t = −τ ⋅ ln⎢1− 2 2 ⎥ = −1⋅ ln⎢1− ⎥ = 1.6s
⎣ ΔTequil ⎦ ⎣ 25 ⎦
'("$#+!
Voclose = −μ · T1 · R = −10−6 · (273 + 30) · 1000 = −0.303 V
&"# !%!"$# "" "# "#"#"$")
T
35
30
10
to time
V 1.6 s time
-0.283
-0.303
$ * *
+ +$ $
% !
#
α
I(V, T ) = G · T 3 · exp (V − Φ)
T
• ) */+)0 +/,)0$
VA
R0
D2
VA D1 +0.5 V
/)$+-%,"
(/**)))% "
-
V0
t
&/*$*+
+
-0.5 V )/*'
T/2 T/2
T=0.1 s
$"!# !!"!" "$' % $ !*/+
-! % !, $ !!(".+"!"!!%"!"
"!""*
.
* #
##!%!"$!!#"#"(+&"#$#
"&#"!#%#"#%%$*
α
VA = +0.5 V → V0 = −R0 ID2 = −R0 GT23 · exp (V − Φ) = −1.167 V
T2
3 α
VA = −0.5 V → V0 = R0 ID1 = −R0 GT1 · exp (V − Φ) = 0.489 V
T1
#" $!&%""'#!(#%$""'%')
V + + V0− −R0 ID2 + R0 ID1 −1.167 + 0.489
V¯0 = 0 = = = −0.338 V
2 2 2
#! !-.*!
* ! ! !'
• ! % ! !'
• ! !%# ! !
'
V VT = k ⋅ (T −Trif )
T AD590 + μV
k = 50
R K
Trif
Rx V = 5V ; R = 3KΩ
Vt + V0
-
amplif.
strumentazione
( )
Vout = −RX ⋅ μ ⋅ Trif − k ⋅ T − Trif = −k ⋅ T + ( k − RX ⋅ μ ) ⋅ Trif
#!!)
μV
k 50 K
k − RX ⋅ μ = 0; ⇒ RX = = = 50Ω
μ 1 μA
K
-.+&!"!!#'-.+/,(#!"#'&#""!"#
&!!!'*
V − ( R + RX ) ⋅ μ ⋅ T > 4
V−4 5− 4
⇒ Tlim = = −6 = 327K = 54°C
(R + RX ) ⋅ μ (3000 + 50) ⋅10
! ! & /,*'
R = K ⋅ε
% !# /+**( ΔR )'
! ! ! '
!% " /- ε/*'
! & & # ! ! "
( ! %
)'
! " % !$/+ $/+'
+*
(
* ! ! & !
'
L − L
=
L
!$
# ) & !'
L L2 2 L2
= x2 + →= x2 + −1
2 4 L 4
! #! ! (
V V 2 L2
Vout = ·k·= · kcdot x2 + −1
4 4 L 4
5 2 402
Vout = · 100 · x2 + −1
4 40 4
Vout = 125 · [0.05 · 2
x + 400 − 1] x in cm
"!"!$#!& " % !(
" %! #! '
dVout 2x
S= = 125 · 0.05 √
dx x2 + 400
mV mV
→ Sx=1mm = 62 Sx=1cm = 625
cm cm
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
V [V]
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
x [cm]
%
" $
-.) $
•
$
• ! $
% $
[
RSG = R0 ⋅ 1+ k ⋅ ε + α ⋅ (T − T0 ) ]
R0 = 50Ω; k = 2; α = 10−3 K −1 ; T0 = 25°C
μA
I = 1mA; I AD590 = μ ⋅ T ; μ = 1 ; Vi = −6V
K
! "%$
μ⋅T =
RSG ⋅ I − V0
; μ⋅T =
[ ]
R0 ⋅ 1+ k ⋅ ε + α ⋅ (T − T0 ) ⋅ I − V0
R R
V0 = R0 ⋅ I ⋅ k ⋅ ε + ( R0 ⋅ I ⋅ α − R ⋅ μ) ⋅ T + R0 ⋅ I ⋅ (1+ α ⋅ T0 )
!$
R0 ⋅ I ⋅ α 50 ⋅10−3 ⋅10−3
R0 ⋅ I ⋅ α − R ⋅ μ = 0 ⇒ R = = = 50Ω
μ 10−6
"#!"$$
dV0 mV
S= = R0 ⋅ I ⋅ k = 50 ⋅10−3 ⋅ 2 = 100
dε ε
direzione di sensibilità
g
-)
dell'accelerometro !$
#
()
V a = V0 + a ⋅ K V
ADXL50 V0 = 1.8V ; K = 0.019
g
!
& '
• )
&('#()&α'
• )/* α/,)0$
+ Vo • )
- *0 α/,)0$
Vrif
R1=1K R2=2K
*+
'
Va = V0 + K ⋅ a = V0 + K ⋅ g ⋅ cosα
Vrif − Va Va − Vout ⎛ R⎞ R
= ⇒ Vout = ⎜1+ 2 ⎟ ⋅ Va − 2 ⋅ Vrif
R1 R2 ⎝ R1⎠ R1
⎛ R⎞
Vout = ⎜1+ 2 ⎟ ⋅ (V0 + K ⋅ g ⋅ cos α ) − 2 ⋅ Vrif
R
⎝ R1 ⎠ R1
R1 ⎡⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎤ 1 ⎡⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ π⎞ ⎤
Vrif = ⋅ ⎢⎜1+ ⎟ ⋅ (V0 + K ⋅ g ⋅ cosα ) − Vout ⎥ = ⋅ ⎢⎜1+ ⎟ ⋅ ⎜1.8 + 0.019 ⋅1⋅ cos ⎟ −1⎥ = 2.22V
R2 ⎣⎝ R1 ⎠ ⎦ 2 ⎣⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 6⎠ ⎦
Verr = α ris ⋅ S π
α=
6
dVout ⎛ R⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ π mV
S= = −⎜1+ 2 ⎟ ⋅ K ⋅ g ⋅ sin α ⇒ S π = −⎜1+ ⎟ ⋅ 0.019 ⋅1⋅ sin = −28.5
dα ⎝ R1 ⎠ α =
6 ⎝ 1⎠ 6 rad
α ris = 1° = 0.017rad
Verr = 0.017 ⋅ 28.5 = 0.48mV
$!
ω
⎡ V⎤
V = V0 + k ⋅ a ⎢V0 = 1.8V ; k = 0.019 ⎥
⎣ g⎦
• ω
•
# ω$!
! ! ! &
a = k ⋅ω 2 ⋅ r
!% ! ! " &
V = V0 + k ⋅ ω 2 ⋅ r
#! ! !
" $
dV
S= = 2 ⋅ k ⋅ω ⋅ r
dω
Verr 0.019
ω ris = ⇒ Verr = ω ris ⋅ 2 ⋅ k ⋅ ω ⋅ r = 0.05 ⋅ 2 ⋅ ⋅10 ⋅ 0.1 = 0.2mV
Sω =10 9.8
!"
+ "
* $
" 6257 1 *
"! )
V
2
( 1 2 )
V = 0 ⋅ k ⋅ ΔP + k ⋅ ΔP 2 " 610 161 (260*1
+1 +2
61 *
*
- ") P ⋅V = n ⋅ R ⋅ T .
!!" !#"!""""- .%!#"*
Verr Verr 10 −3
ΔPLOD = = = = 0.5 ⋅ 10 −3 atm
S0 V0 10
⋅ k1 ⋅1
2 2
$ "" "# !"$ " !!# "!
"#" !!'#" " "!%+*
V
ΔT = ⋅ ΔPLOD +
n⋅ R
", !!""" !!# !%"""'!
-!".%"!""$#+ %""""5246"
!!# ! 51")"$ "#" " "!%*
V T 273 + 25 K
= 25 = = 298 +
n ⋅ R P1 1 atm
−3
$"#')"" "# !* ΔT = 298 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ 10 = 0.14 K +
""" " "'&"" !#"" !!# "!!! '"
!"("" "# "!! !%"# '0+13+
Vo
$
+
" ! *
-
!$ "
6300 61 *
LVDT
m
! 102*
"
%$"
!)5/&"610 ,*
(
R
-#60.*
!$
$ 6100/(
& %% "
-61 6300.* !$δ610+3 ,*
6
+ " *
• 05-.
• 0
! 1*
14
dV0 k
S= =−
dm 2⋅ m
1.71 V
Sm=1g = − = 27 ⇒ V0, err = mris ⋅ Sm=1g = 0.001⋅ 27 = 27mV
2 ⋅ 0.001 Kg
si osservi che il valore di V0 in corrispondenza di m = 1g è 54mV il doppio di Verr
# & !
4/ 40.5&
) * " &
&
& ,&
!!& &
$ .&1
• $ # &
• .&
•
Vi + 4/ %/4/..+
V0 4.3)/2·-*%.4/..+%40
VSG -
41.+%,4/.'0 (
R1
RSG Rh
R0 (1 + k)
Vi = VSG
R1 + R0 (1 + k)
ΔL ΔC Cf in
= = = −1
L C Cin
4 3 3√
3 3(2π) 3
V = πr ; C = 2πr → C = V
3 4
Vf in 1.1Vin
= 3 −1= 3 − 1 = 0.032
Vin Vin
100(1 + 2 · 0.032)
Vi = 1 = 0.515 V
100 + 100(1 + 2 · 0.032)
0&
/1
Vf in Tf in
pVf in = nRTf in ; pVin = nRTin → =
Vin Tin
Vf in Tin + ΔTSH
=
Vin Tin
V02 Vf in
ΔTSH = = Tin −1
Rh δ Vin
Vf in
V0 = Rh δTin ( − 1) = 500.01293(1.1 − 1) = 3.827 V
Vin