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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Particuology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/partic

Effect of ring baffle configuration in a self-priming venturi scrubber

using CFD simulations
Shuai Yang ∗ , Xiangdi Zhao, Wanfu Sun, Jiwu Yuan, Zheng Wang
State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266071, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study uses computational fluid dynamics to survey the gas–liquid flow hydrodynamics of a self-
Received 12 November 2018 priming venturi scrubber with and without ring baffles. Based on the simulation results, we explore how
Received in revised form 11 February 2019 the structure and configuration parameters such as baffle height, opening-area ratio, and baffle thickness
Accepted 19 February 2019
affect the injection flow rate and the homogeneity of the gas–liquid mixture. In addition, we report the
Available online xxx
best structure and configuration parameters for the ring baffle. The best position for the ring baffle is at
nearly 7/16 of the length of the diffuser above the throat. Having the baffle too near the throat causes
Keywords:
large pressure loss, decreasing the injection flow rate. The decrease in opening-area ratio leads to a lower
Self-priming mode
Venturi scrubber
injection flow rate and a more homogeneous gas–liquid mixture. The optimal value depends on the
Computational fluid dynamics requirement of the injection flow rate. For the baffle thickness, 5 mm is recommended; an overly thick
Injection flow rate baffle decreases the homogeneity of the gas–liquid mixture near the throat. All structure parameters and
Mixing degree configuration parameters must satisfy the requirement imposed by the injection flow rate and scrubbing
Scrubbing efficiency efficiency.
© 2019 Chinese Society of Particuology and Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of
Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Introduction baffles in the diffuser is a better choice to solve this problem.

Research has shown that a venturi scrubber with baffles provides
Venturi scrubbers are widely applied in gas adsorption and a more uniform gas–liquid dispersion and smaller droplet size
industrial dedusting fields and offer the advantages of structural (Boresta, 1972; Crawford, 1997; Vigil, 1971; Xu, 2018; Zhao et al.,
simplicity, high efficiency, and convenient operation (Rudnick, 2018), which would enhance the efficiency of the gas–liquid con-
Koehler, Martin, Leith, & Cooper, 1986). Based on the liquid injec- tact. However, adding baffles weakens the injecting capacity, with
tion method, venturi scrubbers can be divided into self-priming the degree of weakening being related to the baffle configuration.
and direct-injection types (Zhou, Sun, Gu, & Miao, 2015). Compared Because the injecting capacity and gas–liquid contact efficiency
with direct-injection venturi scrubbers, the self-priming venturi determine the scrubbing performance of a self-priming venturi
scrubbers can reduce the number of power equipment, which scrubber, it is important to understand how the baffle configura-
improves the safety of nuclear power plants. tion affects the injecting capacity and gas–liquid dispersion in a
Most research on self-priming venturi scrubbers has focused self-priming venturi scrubber.
on the injection characteristics (Zhou, Sun, Gu, & Miao, 2015a; Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an efficient approach to
Guerra, Gonçalves, & Coury, 2009; Yung, Calvert, & Barbarika, solve this problem, and avoids the onerous task of experimenta-
1978; Zhou, Sun, Gu, & Miao, 2015c), ignoring the uniformity tion (Ananthanarayanan & Viswanathan, 1999; Bal & Meikap, 2017;
of the gas–liquid distribution, which strongly affects the scrub- Lu & Wang, 2009; Luan, Liu, Zheng, & Zhu, 2017). Today, numer-
bing efficiency. Although optimizing the structure parameters (e.g., ous fields including medicine, chemical engineering, and materials
inclination, throat length) of a self-priming venturi scrubber can science, use CFD in their research (Mohammadian & Pourmehran,
improve the gas–liquid distribution, it mainly contributes to pro- 2018; Pourmehran, Rahimi-Gorji, Gorji-Bandpy, & Gorji, 2015;
moting the injection characteristics (Zhou et al., 2015c). Adding Sarafraz & Hormozi, 2014; Sarafraz, 2013; Sarafraz, Hormozi,
Peyghambarzadeh, & Vaeli, 2015; Sarafraz, Hormozi, Silakhori,
& Peyghambarzadeh, 2016; Tabassum, Mehmood, Pourmehran,
Akbar, & Gorji-Bandpy, 2018; Yousefi et al., 2017). The literature
∗ Corresponding author. discusses simulations of hydrodynamics in rectors with baffles
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Yang).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2019.02.003
1674-2001/© 2019 Chinese Society of Particuology and Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Nomenclature

CD Drag coefficient
dB Liquid-drop diameter (m)
g Gravitational acceleration (m/s2 )
h Height of the reactor (m)
k Kinetic energy (J/kg)
P Pressure (Pa)
Re Reynolds number Fig. 1. Structure of self-priming venturi scrubber.
Sk,ε User-defined source terms
t Time (s)
ug Gas velocity (m/s)
ul Liquid velocity (m/s)
Ug Superficial gas velocity (m/s)
Ul Superficial liquid velocity (m/s)

Greek symbols
˛ Volume fraction
ε Turbulent dissipation rate (m2 /s3 )
ˇ Drag coefficient (kg/(m3 s))
 Density (kg/m3 )
ım Interphase mass-exchange rate (kg/(m s))
 Viscosity (Pa s)
 Stress tensor (Pa)

Subscripts
g Gas phase
l Liquid phase

and mainly focuses on fluidized beds and bubble-column reac-

tors (Gao, Chang, Xu, Lan, & Yang, 2008; Kwauk, 1996, chap. 21;
Samruamphianskun, Piumsomboon, & Chalermsinsuwan, 2012;
Schreiber, Asegehegn, & Krautz, 2011; Xia, Peng, & Wolfe, 2006; Fig. 2. Schematic of ring baffle.
Zhao, Niranjan, & Davidson, 1994). Baffles can break up bubbles
or particle clusters, and thereby increase the contact efficiency of
venturi scrubber due to the pressure difference between the throat
multiphase flow. However, few reports discuss the simulation of
and the ambient pressure.
self-priming venturi scrubbers with baffles (Ali, Yan, Sun, Wang,
To study how the configuration and structure parameters affect
& Gu, 2013; Horiguchi, Yoshida, & Abe, 2016; Mohebbi, Taheri,
the gas–liquid flow characteristics, we analyze the opening-area
Fathikaljahi, & Talaie, 2003; Zhu, 2016), so it remains unclear how
ratio, the baffle thickness, and the baffle height (height above the
baffles affect the gas–liquid flow characteristics in self-priming
throat) of the ring baffle. Because baffles increase the pressure loss,
venturi scrubbers. Thus, applying CFD to solve this problem can
only a single baffle was inserted into the venturi scrubber (Allen &
provide a significant advance.
Van Santen, 1996). The opening-area ratios were 0.36, 0.44, 0.53,
In this work we use CFD to study how the ring baffle structure
0.63, and 0.73. The baffle thicknesses were 2, 5, 10, and 15 mm. The
and the configuration parameters, including opening-area ratio,
baffle heights (height above the throat) were 30, 100, 170, 205, 240,
baffle thickness, and baffle height, affect the gas–liquid hydrody-
300, and 360 mm. There were 140 combinations of these param-
namics in a self-priming venturi scrubber. The homogeneity of the
eters. The opening-area ratio, baffle thickness, and baffle height
gas–liquid mixture and the injection flow rate are used to evalu-
are independent parameters, and the effect of one parameter on
ate quantitatively the influence of these parameters. Based on the
the gas–liquid flow characteristics in a baffled venturi tube can be
simulation results, we report the optimal ring baffle structure and
tested by fixing the other parameters. Table 1 lists the final val-
configuration parameters.
ues for these parameters. The injection flow rate and the standard
deviation of the radial distribution of the liquid volume fraction at
Numerical simulation the height of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 m were selected as
the criteria to evaluate the effect of the ring baffle. In addition, all
System description simulations of the venturi scrubber with the ring baffle in Sections
“Effect of baffle height”, “Effect of opening-area ratio”, and “Effect
The simulation system modeled a three-dimensional self- of baffle thickness” used a gas velocity of 18.75 m/s.
priming venturi scrubber with and without ring baffles and
operated under the cold-flow condition. The venturi scrubber Mathematical model
included a converging section, a throat, and a diffuser, as shown in
Fig. 1. Fig. 2 shows a schematic of the ring baffle with an opening- The numerical models of the two-phase flow can be cat-
area ratio ranging from 0.36 to 0.73. The working media inside the egorized as Eulerian–Eulerian, Eulerian–Lagrangian, and
venturi scrubber were air and water. The velocity of the operating Lagrangian–Lagrangian approaches. The Eulerian–Eulerian
gas ranged between 7.5 and 18.75 m/s. Water was injected into the approach, also called the two-fluid model, was chosen for

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Table 1
Configuration and structure parameters for CFD simulations.

Case Opening-area ratio Baffle thickness(mm) Baffle height(mm)

Case 1 0.73 5 30
Case 2 0.73 5 100
Case 3 0.73 5 170
Case 4 0.73 5 205
Case 5 0.73 5 240
Case 6 0.73 5 300
Case 7 0.73 5 360
Case 8 0.63 5 205
Case 9 0.53 5 205
Case 10 0.44 5 205
Case 11 0.36 5 205
Case 12 0.73 2 205
Case 13 0.73 10 205
Case 14 0.73 15 205

this simulation. In the two-fluid model, both the gas and liquid
phases are considered as a continuum. The governing equations
are summarized as follows:
Mass-conservation equations:

∂(˛g g )
+ ∇ · (˛g g ug ) = ım , (1)
∂t
∂(˛l l )
+ ∇ · (˛l l ul ) = −ım . (2)
∂t
Momentum-conservation equations:

∂(˛g g ug )
+ ∇ · (˛g g ug ug ) = −˛g ∇ pg + ∇ · (˛g g )
∂t
+ ˛g g g − ˇlg (ug − ul ), (3)

∂(˛l l ul )
+ ∇ · (˛l l ul ul ) = −˛l ∇ pg − ∇ pl + ∇ · (˛l l )
∂t
+ ˛l l g + ˇlg (ug − ul ). (4)

In addition, an appropriate interphase interaction and turbu-

lence model should be selected in this simulation to close the
two-fluid model. For the interphase interaction, the drag force was
considered to provide the dominant contribution. This study uses
the Schiller–Naumann model of the drag force (Naumann & Schiller,
1935), which is expressed as follows: Fig. 3. Boundary conditions for venturi scrubber.
 CD 
  
FD = 0.75˛g 1 − ˛g l Ug − Ul  Ug − Ul , (5)
dB C1 = max 0.43, , = S kε , S = 2Sij Sij , C1ε = 1.44, C2 =

+5    
 
C3ε = tanh  u , YM =
∂u   ∂ t ∂ T
24 1 + 0.15Re 0.687 /Re, Re ≤ 1000 1.9, Gk = −ui uj j , Gb = − 1 gi Pr ,
∂xi ∂T p
t ∂xi
CD = . (6)
k
0.44, Re >1000 2ε RT , k = 1.0, ε = 1.2.
The eddy viscosity was computed from
The turbulence model consisted of a realizable k–ε model. The
transport equations are as follows: k2
t = C , (9)
  ε
∂ ∂   ∂ t ∂k
(k) + kuj = + + Gk + Gb where
∂t ∂xj ∂xj k ∂xj
C = 1
∗ , U∗ ≡ Sij Sij + (˝ij − 3εijk ωk )(˝ij − 3εijk ωk ),
A0 +As kUε
− ε − YM + Sk , (7) √ √  S S S
A0 = 4.04, As = 6 cos , = 13 cos−1 6W , W =  ij jk ki3 ,
Sij Sij
  
∂    1 ∂uj ∂u
∂ ∂ t ∂ε Sij = + i .
(ε) + εuj = + + C1 Sε 2 ∂xi ∂xj
∂t ∂xj ∂xj ε ∂xj
Boundary conditions
ε2 ε
− C2 √ + C1ε C3ε Gb + Sε . (8)
k + ε k
The simulations were conducted by using the CFD software Flu-
where ent 16.0. Fig. 3 shows the boundary conditions for this gas–liquid

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Table 2
Boundary conditions.

Boundary Pressure (Pa) Turbulence specification method

Turbulent Hydraulic
intensity (%) diameter (m)

Gas pressure inlet 4895 3.8 0.1

Liquid pressure inlet 1862 30 0.014
Pressure outlet 0 3.8 0.11

Table 3
Summary of parameters used in simulations.

Under-relaxation factors 0.3 for pressure, 0.7 for momentum,

0.5 for volume fraction
Time-step size (s) 0.0005
Maximum number of iterations per 30
time step
Flow time (s) 20
Convergence criteria 0.001

Fig. 5. Comparison of simulation results and experimental data for injection flow
rate in baffled venturi scrubber as a function of gas velocity.

Fig. 4. Simulated injection flow rates of venturi scrubber for different grid resolu-
tions.
Fig. 6. Injection flow rate of venturi scrubbers as a function of height of ring baffle.

Results and discussion

simulation of the venturi scrubber. The gas and liquid inlets were
set as pressure inlets. The top outlet served as pressure outlet. For Validation of numerical model
the pressure boundary conditions, the method of specifying the
pressure and turbulence must be given, as shown in Table 2. In To verify the numerical model, the simulated injection flow rate
addition, the no-slip boundary condition was applied on the wall in the baffled venturi scrubber was compared with the experimen-
boundary condition. The other parameters used for the simulations tal data (see Fig. 5). The simulation setup was the same as case
are given in Table 3. 1. The simulated results are consistent with the experimental data,
especially at higher gas velocities. Because the water level was con-
stant in the simulation but varying when injecting into the venturi
scrubber in the experiment, the simulated injection flow rate is a
Grid check bit higher than the experimental data.

The computational domain and grid were created by the Effect of baffle height
computer-aided-design program GAMBIT 2.4.6. Two unstructured
grids with interval sizes of 10 and 15 mm were used to test how To test how the baffle position affects the gas–liquid hydrody-
grid size affects the simulation results. Fig. 4 compares the injec- namics in the venturi scrubber, a single ring baffle was added into
tion flow rate of the venturi scrubber with different grid resolutions. the venturi scrubber at different heights (see cases 1–7 in Table 1).
Once the system becomes stabilized, no obvious differences are evi- Fig. 6 shows the injection flow rate of the venturi scrubber with
dent between the simulation results. Considering the accuracy of the ring baffle at different heights. Compared with the baffle-free
the results and the time required for the simulation, we selected a case (Yang et al., 2018), the baffled venturi scrubber shows lower
grid interval of 15 mm for the subsequent simulations. injection flow rate due to the pressure loss. With increasing baffle

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Fig. 7. Comparison of liquid volume fraction distributions in venturi scrubber with

ring baffles at various heights. Gas velocity is 18.75 m/s.
Fig. 9. Injection flow rate of venturi scrubber with ring baffle as a function of
opening-area ratio.

Fig. 8. Standard deviation of the radial liquid volume fraction distribution in venturi
scrubber with ring baffle at various heights.

height, the injection flow rate remains almost constant and then Fig. 10. Comparison of liquid volume fraction distributions in venturi scrubber with
rapidly rises to between 170 and 240 mm. From 240 to 360 mm, ring baffles with different opening-area ratios. Gas velocity is 18.75 m/s.
the injection flow rate decreases initially and then starts to increase.
The baffle installed at a height of 240 mm gives the highest injec-
tion flow rate, which indicates that the ring baffle at 240 mm gives improved in venturi scrubbers with baffle heights of 205, 300, and
the lowest pressure loss in the self-priming venturi scrubber. 360 mm.
After comparing the injection flow rates, we now compare the Fig. 8 shows the standard deviation of the radial liquid volume
uniformity of the radial liquid volume fraction distribution. Fig. 7 fraction distribution in a venturi scrubber with the ring baffle at
compares the liquid volume fraction distributions in the venturi various heights. Points that fall outside the plot area due to the
scrubber with ring baffles of different baffle height and with a gas superposition of baffle position and monitor height are not shown
velocity of 18.75 m/s. For all positions of the ring baffle, some liq- in Fig. 8. As the height above the throat increases, the difference in
uid concentrates below it because it decreases the liquid velocity, standard deviation in Fig. 8 becomes negligible. This indicates that
making it hard to cross the barrier. As the baffle height increases, the ring baffle improves the uniformity of the radial liquid volume
different radial distributions of liquid appear below it. The baffle fraction mainly in the lower part of the diffuser of the venturi scrub-
height of 30 mm leads to the worst performance in terms of liquid ber. However, the standard deviation of the radial distribution of
dispersion because the ring baffle is too near to the throat. The baf- the liquid volume fraction seems have no regularity in Fig. 8. Baffle
fle height of 240 mm, which is the optimal position for the injection heights of 100, 170, and 205 mm lead to lower standard deviations
flow rate, results in the liquid seriously adhering to the wall. When of the distribution of the radial liquid volume fraction. When the
the main scrubbing reaction occurs near the throat (i.e., within gas velocity near the throat is relatively high, the distribution near
almost 20% of the length of the diffuser (Yang et al., 2018)), the uni- the throat of the radial liquid volume fraction is worse than at the
formity of radial liquid volume fraction distribution near the throat upper part of the diffuser. Considering the uniformity of the distri-
is vital. Thus, the distribution of the radial liquid volume fraction is bution of the radial liquid volume fraction and the injection flow

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Fig. 11. Standard deviation of radial liquid volume fraction distribution in venturi
scrubber with ring baffle with various opening-area ratios.

Fig. 13. Comparison of liquid volume fraction distributions in venturi scrubber with
ring baffles of various baffle thicknesses. Gas velocity is 18.75 m/s.

Fig. 12. Injection flow rate of venturi scrubbers as a function of thickness of ring
baffle.

rate, a baffle height of 205 mm provides the greatest improvement

in the gas–liquid hydrodynamics with the least pressure loss.

Effect of opening-area ratio Fig. 14. Standard deviation of radial liquid volume fraction distribution in venturi
scrubber with various thicknesses of ring baffle.

Ring baffles with different opening-area ratios were inserted

into the venturi scrubber at 205 mm above the throat. Table 1 with decreasing opening-area ratio, especially near the throat, due
lists the details of the structure parameters and the arrangement to the decrease of the injection flow rate. In addition, the ring baffle
(see case 4 and cases 8–11). With increasing opening-area ratio, with lower opening-area ratio plays the role of distributor to redis-
the injection flow rate increases, as shown in Fig. 9. This result is tribute the liquid. Therefore, a lower opening-area ratio leads to a
attributed to the larger opening-area ratio reducing the pressure lower injection flow rate and improved radial liquid dispersion. The
loss when the gas gets through the ring baffle. Similar results are choice of the opening-area ratio should be based on the minimum
shown in Fig. 10. The liquid volume fraction in the diffuser thus requirement of the injection flow rate.
increases with increasing opening-area ratio.
When the opening-area ratio is less than 0.44, the injection Effect of baffle thickness
flow rate is nearly zero, and the uniformity of the radial liquid
volume fraction with the opening-area ratio below 0.44 is mean- Fig. 12 compares the injection flow rate in the venturi scrub-
ingless. Fig. 11 compares the standard deviation of the distribution ber for ring baffles of different baffle thickness. The injection flow
of the radial liquid volume fraction in the venturi scrubber with rate decreases slightly as the baffle thickness increases, which indi-
ring baffles of different opening-area ratios. The uniformity of the cates that the baffle thickness has only a marginal effect on the
distribution of the radial liquid volume fraction clearly improves injection flow rate. This result is attributed to the pressure loss

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Please cite this article in press as: Yang, S., et al. Effect of ring baffle configuration in a self-priming venturi scrubber using CFD simulations.
Particuology (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2019.02.003