I was saying then let's go and see o

use the laro space the OECD and in

specific how we can go

use as inter knows I have

some problems with the audio

microphone money in you confirm andrea that

you couldn't hear anything you hear a lot

Unfortunately this is very low in terms of problems

with audio and I would hope for this moment

I hope you feel a little better

I hope everyone feels well

I will continue like this because unfortunately I have

I'm not in this other solution

situation here with every time a

microphone problem I will have to update a

but in systems with many problems that

other then so anyway confirm me

who has less you feel me you feel far away

this is a big problem

I know how to fix how to be able to

fix this thing

now he continues to feel very distant

true confirmed you feel at least I am

feeling a little far away but you can hear it

better than before

ok then I'll take an extra second but

I'll try to solve the problem by searching

to go with the headphones I hope

because now at this time not

could go with headphones why not

hears the microphone and I can't

understand why

anyway I think I can get it ok ok

I think I understood and maybe solved it

problem finally maybe with maybe like this

they feel ok andrea confirm that

Please confirm that you feel better if

it seems that yes ok then I hope to go

carry on like this ok

first then let's go and see

first the concept then how

we can describe a multi stage locke

because clearly we have seen

rocket lounge simulation though obviously

let's understand what type of simulation

what kind of vehicle because there are so many

different types of rockets clearly us

obviously we text the rockets from

rocket launchers

used to carry a load that can

be a manned shuttle or a

satellite in space orbiting

terrestrial or in orbit between slow nal or

interplanetary and therefore this type of

vehicle was born to be defined as

multi stage rocket as per can

carry a load of a certain mass

in orbit it is much better to use

a rocket that was made up of stages

different propulsives rather than one

single stage rocket therefore composed of

a series of thrusters is a series of

tank but defined with of with a

single ignition, single life cycle

in the case of multi stage rocket we have

a rocket that is made up of a set of

states which clearly depends on the type

of vehicle that is to be considered

shuttle had the boosters that constituted

the first stage

certainly yes the shuttle is perhaps a coincidence

of alley launcher let's say space

more thrower maybe a little more difficult

to be identified as multi stage eye

but if we take Saturn for example

5 the rocket of the apollo missions

especially the man on the moon was

composed of three propulsive stages that in

this way here optimizes the space

amount of mass that can be transported in

space in relation to the quantity of

fuel used and therefore a multi

stage rocket is a launch vehicle

composed of a series of elements

independent propulsion systems and theirs

related tanks therefore here on the right

let's see a simplified picture of which

we can see a three-stage rocket

where there is clearly the first stage with

the solid rock boosters which are two rockets

additional in this case here but a lot

often comes in launch vehicles

associated in the first stage also dei

solid rock and boosters that are rockets

during solid state that allow

let's say a much higher thrust in

as solid as the bus and allow

a much greater push

but for a shorter duration of time with a

greater fuel consumption

compared to that for stadium rockets

with liquid fuel thrusters

therefore hydrogen oxygen in the case

standard however in the classic case

there are also rockets called solid

which buses and which are placed side by side in the

initial phase to overcome

essentially the first phase of stamp duty

within the atmosphere where the force

of friction due to the atmosphere point is

very high and therefore is requested

a starting point a lot

high boosters help this

especially in the initial phase when

there is a large amount of mass

considering all the stages and all the

fuel in any case the precisely as

we said a little while ago the objective with

which a rocket is built

multi-stage is that of maximina

maximize the mass of the load from

payload mas vs. total at delta

v total delivered by the rocket and then to the

fuel consumption the delta v comes

identified as that speed which

the variation can therefore be given here

speed at 30 the maximum possible

which can be provided by the rocket and

so clearly if we want

go into orbit to fly for example

clearly the orbital velocity for

a circular orbit varies based on the

radius of the orbit and if we consider

an orbit like that of the station

space at speed

approximately 7.9 km per second

and therefore we are asked and necessary

a delta v sufficient to arrive at

that speed clearly not delta v

not of 7.9 because if we appeal in favor

rotation of the earth our delta

v will be less than that required to be able to

reach Earth orbit or lorbek

has since yesterday that we wish then

so here's one last thing during the

launch the rocket stages

multistage here, sorry, the game of

words the stages of the rocket

they basically run out in

fuel and therefore for example in

first phase for a certain period of time

the remaining fuel is burned

inside the first stage once

than the fuel in the first stage

once exhausted the first will be released and

is done can be made to land

can be done recovery can be

recovered independently as he often does

with the first stage of the Falcon E rocket

so on anyway that was for

make you understand that precisely during the

launch of a vehicle of this type

the different stages once they have

sold out they finished theirs

disabled function kahn have exhausted the

fuel are dropped and this

clearly it is an advantage because the

total mass of the vehicle is reduced and

let's eliminate useless mass which is that

of the metal of the tank of the gods

engines that are no longer needed

when the first state is finished his

his activity gave his delta v and

therefore the mass of the can be reduced

total vehicle thus maximizing the

push because the mass is reduced

push the resulting acceleration will be

clearly greater

and then how is it described as it can

be described the delta v provided by

a rocket

here's the equation I start with what

describes the relationship well

excuse me to describe it exactly

relationship that occurs between the variation

mass of the rocket and the delta had such

provided and we can see it

from the equation some the difference of

speed that end brakes from the spoke is in

relationship is given by a product between the

vie which is the actual speed of

exhaust from from the end speaker from

reactor

so this is the speed at which i

exhaust gases are expelled from the

nozzle of the thruster(s).

after the product on the right we have the

logarithm of the mass ratio

initial the final mass of the rocket

clearly the speed the speed of

expulsion of the former Australe effective

exhausted velocity can be defined

like the force of gravity

at sea level g0 at sea level

soil

sorry it's at sea level it is

multiplied by the specific impulse of the

reactor the specific impulse is a

parameter is a parameter that comes

used to describe performances

of integrators or thrusters

for vehicles for vehicle launchers

spatial

in our case we will see it and refer back to it

we will use this very much

concept of effective souse velocity

therefore the velocity of the exhaust gases

Jetta gives you stadium engines

of the rocket so we now go to

see how we can go about it

analyze and simulate a vehicle

genre then let's see first

we need to identify a system

of reference with which we will go later

to analyze the equations of motion of the

rocket we can see what we want

identify a reference system

body therefore a reference system

body fix from a reference system

which anchored to the center of gravity of the

our body therefore in this case of

our rocket and with an axis as it is

important to consider as the

rocket

sorry, rocket launching vehicles

in general they have this shape

very long cylindrical tapered

we decide to define our system

body fixed reference with the axis

hicks concordant with the longitudinal axis

of our rocket and define the y axis

as the in this case we are we are

working in the field of two-dimensional

so ok let's just define a y axis

the z-axis would be the orthogonal product

sorry about the vector product between the

sics sics that we just defined

but in any case we don't have the y axis here

let's see her because she would be leaving I'm

by showing with the cursor here in

center of gravity of the rocket obviously

pass that he took an eye on this is

just a representative drawing though

you see we have the hicks body axle of the

our reference to the y axis e

coming out from from our from our floor

so from the sheet from from the slide which

we are seeing now and this is what we say

it would be our reference system

fixed with the rocket then we'll see that

there is another axis here also called

hicks ned would be the system of

reference always anchored in the center

of gravity of our rocket though

defined with the north east down axes

that is, they are gods of the axes that form

a reference system that goes to

describing basically is a system

of local reference so it depends

from the position of the ray relative to the

Earth's surface though

basically this axis hicks

would point north the z axis would point

the center of the earth is therefore one of

points towards the surface and the y-axis

this also comes out of the hole of the

our slide therefore parallel to the axis

of the y of our reference system

body would be the cross product between

our left ned is our asset a

mind that we don't see here but what it would be

substantially oriented along the axis

of the weight force which we see as ng

so in this way here we can

go identify and describe the

trust the thrust of the rocket with this

equation essentially the thrust of the

rocket of must be equal to what

It has less strength than other dynamic shots

minus the weight force obviously

projected along the hicks axis ways

because obviously the trust comes and

let's say developed along the hicks axis

of the body of the along the hicks axis of the yes

I'm a rocket reference you can

see here we have the identifier

green which is the thrust vector e

clearly against that direction

that is, the strength of the dynamic territory

which acts precisely in the direction of

motion of the rocket and therefore of im for now the

we call di and then obviously we have the

weight force acting in direction

of the z axis of our system

reference northeast down and therefore

it acts downwards clearly

considering m the mass of the rocket and gila

local gravity force therefore based

at the height where Cipriano therefore there

it would actually be a function

of the height of the rocket for us the

we take g as if it were constant at

cota we are in the launch phase there

Let's roughly consider

constant and so what we have we have

which therefore our drive must be

equals minus the friction force minus the

weight force projected along the hicks axis

ways but then we can show that

they had to we can go and figure out how

The thrust of a rocket is defined as thrust

of a rocket consists of a thrust

therefore due to the expulsion of the mass

for for let's say moment failure

due

sorry capture of the moment

due to mass failure at

mass loss of the rocket indeed

see the term m doctor

essentially identifies the variation

of mass of the rocket then the amount of

mass that is expelled from the and ores

actors from the rocket thrusters

multiplied by the unloading speed of the

with which it is expelled let's say the mass

at the exit from the admirers of the

exhaust gas velocity plus a jump

of pressure x the effective area

of our nozzle and pressure

what you see is the pressure jump

defined as pmp to what it identifies

accurately identifies the pressure of

gas

therefore expelled at the level of the nozzles

we can see it here at the level of

term the bird the gas comes out with a

pressure equal to pie clearly out

from our from our fine gilders

outside the radius there is pious pressure

which is equal to atmospheric pressure

based on the altitude of where the

rocket and therefore clearly the jump of

pressure x nozzle area produces

a boost even if therefore the sum

of the mass of the mass change

for the mass flow rate of

laboratories multiplied by speed

of exhaust gases plus the

pressure jump there to produce the

thrust that allows the rocket therefore to

move and this clearly must

be equal again minus the drag

minus the instantaneous mass because this

obviously we identify m as a

value that would appear to be constant in

this equation here but m in this

case is not constant because gradually

the rocket goes forward

loses an amount of mass that this m

doc that is expelled and clearly

therefore its total mass decreases e

so clearly the equation must

have a mass clearly of some

of is that of the of the rocket in the instant

in which we are evaluating

the equation therefore if we evaluate it

at the beginning therefore this mass

clearly after ten minutes it won't be

the mass that is there from the beginning because the

the rocket expelled fuel during

we see its flight again below

so as we have seen the method

it would be the change in mass over time

and then we will also develop the

term of the dynamic criterion lo

we develop in a simplifying way

so let's not go and develop it

considering particulars

don't tell me the term, sorry

let's go let's develop it considering

too many terms or descriptions

details of the dynamic forces decree

agent on satin of the let's take

the classical representation

considering the coefficient of

total dynamic territory cd and in

this way here so we could we

see that we have the trust at the

left defined as we have seen

first and on the right the force terms

weight that the instantaneous mass is that

of the of the aerodynamic force where

you see that the strength of dynamics

acting the dynamic force of atria torus

people on the rocket

sorry, unfortunately, every now and then the mouse

of the course of the mouse disappears for me then

I clicked by mistake and then it comes back

I would say that you see the strength of the territory

dynamic depends on the density of the air

by the total speed of our rocket

gives the coefficient the coefficient of the

dynamic territory of the so-called rocket and

from the rocket area clearly which

area the area facing in the direction of

motion so it would essentially be

the area of our rocket nose cone and

so with this formula here we see

that we can describe in a way

simplified the strength of the territory

dynamic so let's say enough

carefully but let's remember that always

in a simplified way we describe the

force ordinary Inca people on the rocket

then to the exposed area of the rocket in the

direction of motion with respect to

undisturbed flow and is therefore the area

reference that we use for

calculate the dynamic territory force

cd must therefore be the coefficient

of the dynamic criterion of the rocket in the

area where we have the ogive I the

I'm calling today but actually the final part

of the rocket usually as we have it

seen before

I'll go back to the living room for a moment

previous saw it the queen top is there

there are the two stages the third stage and

after this here for example this

photo described the Atlas 5 carrier rocket

with the new horizons probe inside

second that she went to visit Pluto

who achieved it in 2016 if not

mistake reached ready in 2016 is

been launched

in the middle of the years excuse me in 2000 and

I don't remember 2000 and 5600 anyway

several years ago it took a long time for

get to Pluto

I don't want to say any other random dates because

maybe I would say yes [ __ ]

I don't remember exactly the date

arrival launch anyway let's say so

it took ten years to improve

always get to your destination but it's not

important now

returning to level this evening one

simplified representation of the atlas

5 and then you see that the probe new

horizons was mounted on top of the last one

stadium lo star strong bravo b and it was

mounted inside the fairing

so what I first called

nose cone that the aerodynamic tip that

the tip that of aerodynamics order me

that rocket is called failing and it is a

let's say hedging system the dynamics

which is then released once it is

been abandoned the atmosphere therefore a

a certain point for clearly the load

is exposed and the sum obviously afterwards

must be released when it has

reached its trajectory and when

he must therefore begin his mission here

inside is the load and this part

final is dropped then cd would be

the dynamic friction coefficient

of our part therefore failing

final of the rocket clearly there

they would be effects of the territory

dynamic also due to the motion that occurs

develops around the rocket throughout the

its length however clearly we are

seeing simplified model today for

let's see how we can do it

the simulation is done quite quickly

rocket launch dance with a

reasonable accuracy but let's not go to

take all the items in

consideration because it would require us

too much time

but then what happens here is what happens

That

we have here we haven't mentioned a

another aspect of our dynamics

rocket because clearly if we

we only take the deposits

equations in the reference system

body fix that we saw the rocket not

we will be able to simulate the pace of the rocket

because we miss it
what are we missing dynamics

rotational of the rocket or now I am

moved on, I'll come back another time

the viscous precedent is back on the sla

a moment of the lover back is me

missed mentioning it before

clearly you see that the weight force yes

projected along the longitudinal axis

of the rocket as a function of cosine

of the theta angle which is the angle formed

between the left ned of our system

north east dow reference and the body axis

so this is the dive angle

basically of the rocket and the angle

which identifies the quantum our case

inclined with respect to the local horizon

it's clearly us to be able to go to

analyze the motion and therefore also the

reaching our orbit

charges then simulate the launch of

this ray comes up into orbit

also required to know the dynamics

of this angle try with what is the

function that describes this tit angle

and therefore this can be done

through the rigid body equations

which describe it to us the equations of a

euro as we can see below

which rewrite the motion with respect to

center of gravity

they are the equations that describe the

rotational motion of a rigid body

you see so we have

the principal inertias inertia 1 the two i

three then we have the angular acceleration

the angular velocities clearly

paired because there are also many

notes of precession notes of notation e

anything else so I don't go too much into

detail to talk about the equations of

rigid body of olero however m1 and m2 m3

they are the external moments acting on the body

and then obviously we have the speeds

angular are the derivative in this case

del the theta angle with respect to one e

roll so the angle fi sorry minor

oil the angle fi and the angle psi therefore

in addition to this equation in

added the equation seen previously

we have to go add the equations

of the rigid body among other things the equation

that we saw before was

represented in scalar form because

we didn't take that into consideration

the mass is expelled with a vector

therefore it is not expelled

of course if we go to afterwards

consider three-dimensional motion

we must also consider the

carriers that play a role in the interior

of the equation of our race and therefore

the mass does not come school is no longer one

scale brought it to her in mass but it is

a vector is also the exhaustive and xaus

velocity therefore also the velocity with

which the exhaust gas is expelled

also a vector is clearly a

vector is defined in the space with

three components in the case of in the analysis

of motion in three-dimensional space a

three dimensions and is clearly also in the

our in our equation that

identifies the dynamic territory there

is more the speed of the rocket is no longer

a scalar but rather it must be there

norm of the velocity vector and then elevated

squared

therefore and essentially creates a

set of three equations

regarding the motion of the center

of gravity and three equations

regarding the motion of always

clearly differential equations of

equation of motion of the rigid body

compared to the center and therefore greta

we have a set of self equations

so it becomes quite complex if

we wanted to simulate these

these characteristics these equations

so here in Simona simulate the launch

of the rocket through this system of

equations would become the complex if

we wanted to go and do it

with the system we saw in

previous seminars where we went to

use the units of the jol integrator

to be able to go and solve the

differential equations here would become

a little complicated because we will have some

many to have to build to have to

pair and I clearly pair with

terms that we see as definitive

so it would become quite complex

the heart of the lake comes into play equally

space the ocst in fact rejected it block

set which is a collection of blocks of

excuse me models of the blocks of

simulinks made with the purpose of

help the user to let's say solve

engineers type problems

aerospace engineering in the field

aerospace faster

therefore make it easier to dedicate yourself

much more to the study of

model and dynamics parameters

of the model rather than

therefore to its implementation

today we are going to use the low

speed block set to be able to simulate the

rocket and therefore be able to resolve these

equations here we have seen so far

now we had seen the drawing

now this black satin here this is

a two-stage rocket launcher

built by the rocket lab agency it is a

rocket is called electro rock and the un

rocket built with the purpose of

carry small sats that are

small satellites small

mass that precisely through an amount of

small dimensions reduce costs

as small sats are small

dimensions therefore do not require rockets

they don't have to don't need to excuse me

large rockets with large

amount of fuel as the

mass is reduced

I'm talking about small sats usually in

therefore a mass of less than 150 kg

they are very small and may may not

require

how to say unrra a large amount of

fuel of powerful power for

to be able to energy excuse me to be able to be

therefore put the rock company into orbit

club decided to make this happen

rocket that clearly in quotes of

small size 17 meters anyway

big though if we compare it to rockets

standard for example that we see let's say

which we know as the falcon for the

transport of the charges towards the

space station or in orbit

geosynchronous or cargo rockets

interplanetary loads with what I have

first saw the atlas 5 they carry

loads up to 3 tons e

they therefore require a lot

fuel a lot of energy in this

case the electro can carry a load of

150 kg at least here we considered a

value of 150 kg now obviously Italy

the values we see here have been

taken from an online document that

roughly described the

characteristics of the laws

clearly to the characteristics

electro rocket officials should

be go should be taken from

a specific article or from other sites

where maybe they are a little more accurate

so these ones we'll take for now

to get a general idea about them

characteristics of this case

implement in our model

sorry, I had to change my mind for a moment

microphone
I had a problem with the computer

and so I wouldn't have been stuck

simulate that we should pass soon

simulink sorry

so as I was saying a little while ago we got it

into consideration these these the

characteristics of the electro rocket e

so we're going to use these for

do our simulation then

let's just see briefly quickly

before moving on to simulink we have a

coefficient c of we considered a

dynamic friction coefficient for

regarding the exposed part

direction we saw before that

we analyzed before we

considered 0.25 I always remember taken

so spannometrically it is more or less the

dynamic triple value for quantum

the coefficient concerns a cone

dynamic territory regarding

a cone and then we have a weight a

inertia matrix because inertia is

clearly fundamental in how

we saw before for the na them for the

simulation of rotational dynamics

of the rigid body and so here it is

we had to apply one

simplification for the hard times in

generation in this exercise of

this example here later

we want to improve therefore generate

something even more realistic then

and ai of three basically using

this matlab function we generate a

identity matrix therefore essentially

we are hypothesizing that this rocket in

in reality it does not have an area as inertia

what we will see some would be

that of a 17 meter high cylinder and of

diameter 1.2 meters but it is as if it had

a unitary inertia here this is one

very high simplification though

we did to simplify the

problem and also speed up the

solution we will implement later

also its inertia with a little more than

accuracy today we will use

a simplified inertia then we'll see

the mass of the different stages we have one

mass for the first stage of 9,250 kg

fuel plus 250 kg of the mass of the

same stage the second stage and 2050

kg of fuel mass plus 250 kg of

mass of the stadium 150 kg

hooks for cargo on board the rocket

within the failing we decided

an exhaust mass flow rate of 8 kg

per second per engine per thruster is

a discharge speed of 3050 meters per

second so approximately three

kilometers per second

a pressure and a pressure a and xaus

pressure exhaust pressure of 100,000

pascal and let's consider that electro

rocket to under him 9 endo reactors

small size that are those

present here we can see it here they are

these here

I can't even use these photos on them

site the model of their endo reactor

which is a small worshiper

they mounted 9 of them under the first stage

and these nine each of them produces one

an exhaust a mass flow rate of a

ex out but if therefore a is released

mass amount of 8 kg per second with

a speed of 3050 meters per second

for the second stage which is this part

the final one that you see here at the top is

the second stage we consider only one

engine with the same characteristics

that we saw above

ok then now let's move on to the editor

of simulink and let's see how

implement what we have seen

inside in simulink exactly

ok then we meet here as usual

in our matlab interface

let's proceed to open first

simulink we are in the home this la

matlab 2020 version

then to enter simulink

you can click on the simoni button

you see above and it will open to the editor

at this point we go to black model lo

you can see here

and at this point we have our a

new model

we have our own editor the pain editor

empty because we start building now

our our simulation of the

our electron rocket that we have

of the electro rock we've seen

first then how do we proceed

first of all let's take out the

block of fundamental importance for

this simulation that is the block that

goes on to describe those equations of his that

we saw in the slides a little while ago and what

and we can find this block

inside our library

simulink here simulink free library

browser

let's go under air space blog set and after

that we went into the expenses block

set

we can go down to and those songs of

motion we can see it here then

within those songs of motion

we see three types of different categories

three days of freedom six degrees

freedom and point mas

we are going to consider the case of six

degree of freedom

because exactly as we have seen it as

we have previously seen the case of

six degrees freedom is our case

precisely with the six equations that provide us

they are used to describe motion

sorry again I say things sometimes

very quickly and maybe a little

confusing because the first time

We present an exercise a little further

complex and I have to be honest that ad

experiences would have come easier to me

explain why in English and in Italian

many of the terms

I know them better in English therefore

same cause a bit of confusion or me

I missed something

clearly interrupt, you can ask me too

questions that will be in the chat and

we will correct or respond

what I said if not if I'm not

it was clear anyway six degrees

freedom let's go inside and go to

select the block we need for

simulate our body with

equations that we saw then for

example we can at the beginning we have for

example there is fixed marks fixed marks

so already these for me

I'm not interested in them now because they are

all fixed ground our how

we have seen before vehicle is certainly

described with a variable mass

analyzed with a variable mass

so already we have to go under and

go look for the blog a block that

also consider the mass variation

so let's take a custom variable mas

and we always take it considering six

degrees freedom had by necessity

we are inside Messrs. or freedom and

but let's go and look for what

meets our characteristics

because here now we see body the angles

notebooks a quaterne wind wind ingles

which of these should they take let's go

to take the one such that the

arrange the position of the object and the

basic reference system both etf etc

I say it like this in Italian therefore art

center and ert fixed because since we

let's consider the vehicle as

part that starts from the surface of the

earth from coordinates that we will define

soon it must reach an orbit

terrestrial we want its position

is described with respect to the

center of the earth as the dynamics

then orbital clearly refers

to the vital ray which is the definition

of the position in three coordinates

therefore compared to the center of the earth

let's go get our block that

therefore defines the position in art

center d'art fixed but sorry I am

went too fast with

with that though they look at quater nyoni ok

I was remembering wrong I was convinced

that it was you delangle they hope notebooks

a so let's go get the this

block here that we can see

I have selected some that are custom

variable mas etf quaterne on

we drag it and we have ours

block that describes so this this

block here basically and it's that

contains the equations within it

which we saw earlier in the slides

obviously babbles several different inputs

output we can go and see them a lot

quickly

we have the strength this input goes

essentially requires input

the set of forces is the resultant

of the forces in body axes therefore these

they are the forces that need to be defined

in the axes of the rigid body in the sense

of the reference system that

we saw before

if you remember precisely with the axis

hicks agree from the city of kindergarten

an area of the rocket so here we need to

give input the forces defined in the

frame body nor excuse me in the frame body

then fixed in the attached frame

fixed to the body these are the moments

always defined in the system

body fixed reference anchored to

center of gravity of the body the mass of

body therefore the mass of the body that we

we are describing the we can give it in

entry here we define it

we say how much mass we can

therefore clearly set also

variable, we will decide it

how to define the change in inertia

over time because clearly if the body

clearly to a variation I believe

have though

maybe selected to ok I was

forgot we would get there soon

I apologize
I'll have to do a first ok then

we can then see that we have the

variation of inertia and also the

possibility to define energy

externally that that clearly that

we will do it clearly here is the

variation of inertia over time would be

interesting because we could vary

the inertia of our body

considering the fact that he comes

released a stage that is exhausted

of fuel, however, would require a

additional block from us to owe

define us quite complex that

must should also consider the

variation of fuel geometry and

precisely of the rocket itself what

we said before, in short, that for today

we consider simplified and then we have

the effective inertia of the rocket

therefore considering the structure not

variable over time than the one that

we have always seen before is that

we consider it to be unitary

obviously here but missing from the definition

of the mass flow rate of the change

of the mass

then we double click on it and do it

includes masslo was the velocity sides as well

you see what you add

they add some sorry yes

they add some new elements in

this case and which are the variation of

m above the variation of masses in kg

per second and the speed is relative

of the expelled mass and therefore this will be

our speed which we will define as

we saw ours and xaus first

velocity of our fuel ok then

at this point we have our we have

defined first imported and already

Having prepared our block, let's define the

his conditions before going to

add to other systems

so let's first define its

initial position geodetic latitude

and geodesic longitude and height these

coordinates here that we put is there

therefore position of this body on the

surface of the earth in fact here

you can see we also have a table

which is called planet where we can

go and specify what type of

planet we are clearly on

default only defined us

the vg s 84 which is the model of and the solids

triaxial of the earth considered

let's say standard from the community

scientific international as far as

concerns reference systems

terrestrial

sorry about the geometry of the earth

we don't keep this fixed though

clearly if one knows what he wants

implement his to the possibility

clearly how to do it can be found

in the description as it is enough

complex is not immediate easy

explain what in a short time

in any case let's define it

initial position geodetic latitude

longitude and height which we put

then let's suppose we want to launch the

our rocket from suppose we want

throw for example from the sheath

French therefore from the place they come from

basically launched the rockets of

of the European Space Agency very much

often where they are launched from

satellite different payloads for missions

scientific coordinates are I ce l

I've already downloaded them from

internet just easily go to

look for them, they are easily found online

the coordinates of the launch site are

five points next obviously

because they are duty while all the figures

next day it's 5.24 degrees

latitude and minus 50 2.76 next 77

degrees of longitude and then we have a

height above the ground of one hundred

sorry compared to the sea level of

110 meters

ok then we need to define speed

initial of our body then in

our and sorry in our case the

rocket in the initial instant a

zero velocity in body axes

let's remember always defined al

velocity initial velocity in body axis

so what is the initial velocity in the

our body in the reference system

body fix is initially null because

obviously the rocket instantly

the initial orientation is unsettling

initial with the pci ei or of the rocket then

as we consider our radius

initially as if he were lying on the ground

we must clearly as our

ray will fly contrary to respect

to the z axis that

clearly we can see it here too

in the graph it would point towards the center

of the earth our radius therefore must

be placed erect upwards and

so we need to put a corner of

pitch of 90 degrees if you remember the

rocket was initially configuring

sorry in the rocket equations that

we saw before

you saw that the dynamics depended

from the theta angle to the pitch angle

of a nosedive and therefore us initially

our comfort and vertical therefore the angle

formed between the body hicks axis of our

radius of the system axis

ned reference i.e. that compared to

the surface, excuse the term

the local horizon must be 90

degrees

at this point we apply we have

initially configured the

no characteristics of our radius

I underline one thing that some of

these parameters could also be

settle better above all

also considering the system of

art center and art pixel reference

there are very different ways and methods one

can do everything in the inertial system that

maybe later on

we will actually propose it by modifying a

inertial system which has a little more

easy but today we continue everything with

using the blocks that the

rejected blog if we see it in this

so here ok now we have configured

the initial conditions and let's go to

define what we are going to define

of and the additional elements that

they will describe the tanks and stages

because now obviously getting into the into

in the heart of our simulation

first of all since this blocks more

stadiums and other elements will be

defined within a subsystem

which we will simply call it rocket

let's identify some

parameters and output from our from

our

from our subsystem blog therefore

we need to create a block of

subsystem so look I can

insert like this then double click

subsystem here it is found then

this is the subsystem that where us

inside let's build our rocket

I call it electron rocket this is the

our subsystem that describes from the

rocket and let's take our our

it costs a bar maxixe didofido bloc

I go against the ex to cut him off

I enter my electro subsystem

rock and I'll paste it in here

so now we have moved the block

within the subsystem that

will identify electro rock and

so I will now define in my case

then when you choose you can

you choose how to define the io outputs

I define them so we have exit 1

I chose to have the mass the output that

tells me what the current mass of the

rocket therefore in the meantime creates a brand that

I'll leave it here for later and then I'll decide

my second outing of the block then

In the meantime I'll copy this and continue with it

copy paste and I will change the names you can

doing so also associates them with each

release of this this will be mine

city I will call vs then the speed

of our rocket in art center and fixed

then I go to end that the others then

sorry about the speed

this was the sila speed and this is

the location so this is xss then

we have the coordinates in geodesics

therefore like those we have defined

at the beginning you can see these here

keys and call them latitude comma

longitude comma taller than these

are the coordinates the result is the

result of

sorry this is clearly these i

results that are made by the gup are

post call call and so I'm the

position latitude object in

latitude of the rocket after they have been

Once the calculations have been made, these are the ones

fitet angles at psi

therefore it would have been the roll

let's call it roll theta the angle of

dive and yes the yaw angle of the

rocket then let's go and bring out what

these elements here of cmb of cmb and of

cmf are fundamental for us

we'll see it shortly because they are the

rotation matrices or director direct

line matrix from the ex excuse me as a recluse

in matrix and are the matrices correct me

If I'm wrong I'd go I don't remember who you are

directions direct sorry andrea not me

I never remember if direction what you have matrix

joost matrix right don't give so matrix

a fool to say this sentence here

in action online matrix sorry to have

ninth

melide I repeated it because I was afraid to say

in the wrong way fry direction what have you

matrix so I said it space

sorry from the beginning

here these are the matrices of

rotation that we will need later for

transfer the forces that we define in a

inertial reference system e

move them into a reference system

body fixer tell the system with which the

block six degrees of freedom that

we have here calculate and solve the

equations of motion so these are 10

m this one here is there from cmb that carries

from body reference system to those

inertial this one below

transforms from the reference system

body to the reference system art

center heart pixel and the one below that

I don't remember the one below

I have to go and see it because there are some

as we can see the

denomination of these matrices is the

easiest way and go and do a

double click you can do a nice

help and let's see directly

in the help as we saw in

precedence to understand how it is structured

clearly everything is explained here

what I have told you so far

you see we have our body that makes us

see compared to which he knows what they are like

defined the position of of our of

our then the xy z la coordinates

speeds are defined with respect to

center of the earth clearly to the

local center because you have to excuse me

at the center of the earth defining that zf

of the art center artix adapt is like

that of the wounding system

inertial except for the axis

hicks and the y axis which are clearly in

rotation because it is considered that Lecce

as it is fixed with the earth it rotates with

the angular velocity equal to

angular velocity of the earth down here

they explain very well how they are defined

the forces in which reference system

the rotation the matrices and clearly

below they finally explain the

matrices that we saw before just for

see them quickly let's see that the matrices

which I can't find in this now

At the moment I was hoping how he would show her

here

I was hoping you'd show them to me here and there

however they are not described here

Always

ah no no sorry

here it is they wrote to each other when I

I was expecting to read differently

here it is so let's see that fifth

because obviously how many does it show us there

output from the first all

to the thirteenth optional we in this

moment we want to know

1234 the fifth element from the fifth to

seventh and we see that the fifth element

is the 3x3 matrix monna that transforms from

an inertial reference system a

the body fixer one then from the system

northeast reference from a fixed body

a of the art center reference system

heart pixel we assist reference

north east from a therefore substantiates

basically basically sorry about

new

I'm eating my words and we can see

that these three matrices here therefore there

allow rotation from a system

initial reference to that body from

reference system nor from that

body and from the firth fix one to the ned one

or in any case let's continue because otherwise we won't

will we ever end up here then let's add

also the other releases here and there

speed is the speed of our body

in body axes sorry the game again

of words so this is the speed

effective however expressed in the system

body fixed reference then let's go

always vector this is a vector

as is this as is this

vector of three components

then we have the angular velocity

relative to the body's center of mass

so this here is our home e

gabi sorry omega from the related to

center

sorry no

I don't want to say something stupid

new I'm going to check more security

Here LEDs always come in handy

here it is, sorry, it contains it

angular speeds with respect to a system

of inertial reference expressed in

body frame ok while the other one holds up

to angular accelerations a

forgive me these no sorry I'm

causing a bit of confusion for a moment

just that control

here it is sorry ok this is the

angular speeds with respect to the system of

reference to north east dow therefore le

let's call sorry if I said ho

wrong said a mistake before these

I'm a and I prefer to call her

so a heads and these are rubik are

the angular velocities with respect to the system

initial reference art center e

sorry art center inertial here

therefore we have angular accelerations

Let's define the accelerations

we can call them angular

I I I call them that then then the

you can call common triangular rates

sorry angular acceleration I know why

these are the auspicious accelerations

to the variation of omega called sorry

fair then we have the acceleration

always expressed in aces stroke respect

to the inertial reference system

the actual acceleration which however does not

we will need it

in our case we call a bb as

defined here so now we have

defined all the outputs there

interest from our model if you see

if I went back to the root

initial said that you are ours

subsystem has populated itself with all the

exits we took from our

custom variable but six degrees of rino

freedom let's continue with the entrances

then we define input 1 le

forces so we call them forces body

fixed the first input is the second

input we call it moments

body fixed so we always define

these as the elements that go to

identify the forces moments however in the

body axes

we can already connect this and later

let's identify another entrance

number 3 we call it via pressure

atmospheric
we'll see shortly why why this

we will need it as the inputs of the

our system are forces, moments and

the atmospheric pressure

because if you remember well first the

trust the push on excuse me with which i

our thrusters generate a part

of the total thrust depends on the assault

of pressure with the external pressure la

external pressure is not constant

will be standard atmospheric pressure a

altitude where the launch station is located e

so at sea level it will be pressure

nothing when we are out of the atmosphere

therefore atmospheric pressure will be zero

and therefore the variability of this

of the pressure trend lo

we will describe we will use it with a

another block from the aerospace block set

now we have defined we have defined

all the inputs we need

let's complete what I am

the inertia that we have decided to maintain

constant so I'm going to add two

constants that I always call with quick

in sert my first one here will be

simply a null matrix for

as regards therefore I define 10 per

heidi 3 will therefore be full matrix

nothing just zeros and this is mine

amateur describing the variation

of inertia as we consider it

the inertia of the rocket is constant and after the

we define the inertia matrix itself

simply as a and of three therefore

a 3x3 matrix of identities and therefore the

we also consider it constant with that

milk value after which we go to

identify we have to give to excuse me

not identify we have to go to

build our stadiums

so let's go do two more subs

system then we consider that in reality

there are two more propulsive stages

the load and we can identify it with

three different subsystems so let's do

subsystem let's create a sub system and this

will be our our stage 1 the

first stage and we begin construction

of this the others then ripley them

according to we will replicate it because it will be

same as the first except with a difference

the characteristics of the of the mass and of the

fuel inside it therefore

we enter stage 1 we are inside a

other sub system

we delete the seam between

the input and output and we define which ones

are the inputs and outputs of these gods

these of this stage

then the entrance of this stage will be

atmospheric pressure and after another

that what it does basically tells us

whether this stage will be active or not

because since we are considering a

multistage rocket clearly the stages

they are released as they rocket

it flies and we should define this

next we have to go to

therefore define a sort of input

on off we call it on off and after

we'll see how to make it work for now lo

we identify as an on off which

turns the outputs on and off in this stage

the exit of the stadium will be the push that

I call trust so he comes out of the stadium

a push then the maflow then comes out

how much mass is expelled

then we have as exit from from our

stadium

the relative velocity r of the expelled gas

from our thrusters then we have the

current mass of the stadium because

clearly the mass of the stage of

that single stage is variable in

time and then we finally have the mass

sorry for a flag that I decided to

call empty tank which basically

tells us allows us to tell our

system that will then turn on will deactivate the

individual stadiums says whether the stadium has

out of fuel or not

so how do we define our the

our stage as we can be

natural then we must first of all

go and define the element that

describes the push given by our

nozzle so from our single from

our single reactor so let's create

let's create this right now

I'll move up here for a moment

let's create another subsystem that we call

nozzle so sorry I went inside

this subsystem too quickly

we call it nozzle because that's what

basically describes the push

due to pressure assault ok

let's also enter here we are with inception

you see we are gradually entering inside

we enter many sub-subsystems here

inside

and let's also define for the nose

of the characteristics

then what does the nose have in input

at the entrance our nozzle will have the

our sorry I say it in English was

better than English Frattini in fact

we have our own and pink nozzle's

our gilder will therefore have a

inlet atmospheric pressure will be

defined by a pressure of and xaus of

discharge from the actual area of our

the effective area of our nozzle

the one we saw before in

slide and then we have the fuel that

what is to come is entered

out of this already out of this

subsystem must come out the

pressure trust or push

caused by the pressure jump as

clearly sorry fuel is not the

fuel that goes inside I don't

I remembered more it's so big that

unfortunately it is created

I wrote in a chain of things after that

continues, excuse me because obviously I

I'm comparing with my solution

with what we are seeing now

almost sure that everything goes because the

system is very large and clearly there

you can easily get lost if you learn it

memory is not so trivial

anyway here's to building this

It took me a while to get here

achieve it well in this system and

so I must and want to follow the letter

to avoid making mistakes then

in here we need to add a block

of sum for now I call it of sum

but in reality it is not a sum but it must

there be a subtraction here because if there

remember from the equation in the jump of

pressure we have that the approach the

trash is given by external pressure

of the e xaus of exhaust or not the

atmospheric pressure

so we have the sum of the two and

then it is multiplied so it puts me

a nice product comes in here

multiplied by the effective area of the

our nozzle so like this here

we made the product between the jump

of pressure and the nozzle area after

what do we do let's go and put a

selector

here it is, sorry, I was wrong, it's not

a selector but it is therefore a switch

Let's define a switch what this does

switch we'll see it immediately I'll also add

a constant with value 0 e

essentially fuel is not the value of

fuel is a flag is what it does

this flag here tells us if the fuel

is there any fuel coming in or not

in fact when the fuel runs out

nothing comes out of Mugello anymore

so we have to do it this way

a configure the fact that when the

fuel runs out our salt

pleasure trust must be null

clearly so let's say

we simply simply put

fuel in here so this flag if

this fly will be greater than zero then

a pressure trust will be selected

while otherwise sorry a little

trust is based on pressure balance

otherwise it will simply be set to 0

so this will simply be a

hug between small until he's not there

good fuel our nose is with

finished so if our

configuration of the at the trust is

finished and let's go back

went up one level back returned

behind the stadium descriptor e

let's configure a series of

parameters that concern the nose and the

let's say with a lot of constants

simply therefore the constant of the of

this stage for these nose all here is

that we have a pressure is an ex haus

pressure than we saw before

one hundred thousand pascals so I'll put it in here

a 100 thousand and this 100,000 is my ex

Austrian Pascal and after and therefore this

and we already connect it to and xaus pressure

defined here and then we go on to define

a constant a constant that describes and

what a thing that describes the area of our

nozzle so this is

this is our news in the e area

the nozzle area of the electro rocket is

0 0 5 square meters approximated 0.05

meters square meters

ok at this point let's also connect

this to our our nozzle area

and it remains to connect the fuel flag

let's connect here excuse me here I have

moved everything up a little, he replied

atmospheric pressure because

we also connect the pressure

atmospheric that comes from outside to ours

gello is like this in this way here we have

prepared the del configuration

our of our nozzle now let's continue

with the other elements of the stadium

then we need to define what

we have to go and define the

quantity of engines used in

first stage uses 9

so we just add a profit

after the night at the nose without having to

replicate the nose that would be nine times

nice because we could actually see

also exactly nine subsystems

equals that describe each individually

single knot but let's do it first

so let's define a in here

number of thrusters equal to 9 however

attention you see I'm defining the

number of thrusters as a carrier

because it is clearly like the pressure

trust is as resulting is a force that

we must direct ourselves appropriately

body fixed system because in the end

what we are doing now a

create forces but modeled them

considering the physical elements of the

problem we have to take into

consideration that these nine

first stage thrusters are

orient everything along the hicks axis of the

our body

so they will be oriented us

we consider the push positively

in the opposite direction to that of motion

so we put 9 so that 9 times the

press trust will be oriented for a long time

this is the hicks axis of our body

as if it were the value of the forces in

three cartesian axes hicks y and z

ok let's define like this and connect and like that

we have the does we have defined

basically that the new ones with this

here we define our number of

thrusters so here we can do

number number nam engines and so

this basically describes number

of engines present inside the

our of our stadium I specified

here the number of motors along the axis

body hicks and let's get ready too

another another another problem if

let's start building another one too

we have defined that problem for now

which identifies in nine engines however

we miss what we miss

actually to take in

consideration

you see then now we have defined

practically trust due to the nose the

but we must also define the

vr the relative speed of exhausted and lo

Let's start by first defining one

constant also here is where this

clearly constant is our effect

the exit velocity therefore the

exhaust gas velocity e

clearly this must be the case too

defined in body fixed axes therefore body

fixed frame clearly and as

we know well that our engine

expels our and bricklayers expels the

their gas from from the birds to a

speed of 3050 meters per second

in the opposite direction to that of motion

so it is essential to make a mark here

negative therefore 3050 00 because this

speed and the ex haus is all oriented to

along the body axis

we apply but we still have to

consider other elements

we have to go and define the

ra the mass flow reit therefore the flow rate of

mass and mass flow rate too

and we always define it as constant

this is the mas flow reit this

we clearly define it for all

engines therefore engines in kg per second

so let's go in here

essentially the mass flow rate

total due all engines

as engines are nine and of course

mass flow rate is negative because yes

removes some rocket mass, let's say minus 9

with a bang and reminding us that eight is 8

kg the second we found them

from the characteristics of the electro ne

they were also present in our slides

milliners first so we have that the

our but florette will be minus 9 for 8 kg

per second

let's add two more constants

which describe the mass of the stadium

so when I like to define fuel mas

of this stage in kg therefore also

this is 9,000 250 kg for how they are

we had defined before in ours

in the slide here instead we are going to put

therefore the mass of the stadium itself

this is the signature if this is the

playload mas we call it excuse me la

stage mass then the mass of the stage

in this case this stage here

weighs 950 kg and I noticed a

problem in the slides before I had

indicated I had indicated the mass of the

first stage like 250 kg forgive me

the error the first stage has a mass of

950 kilos not 250 so it's not like that

as light as it seemed so I corrected it

let's correct it and 950 kg so this is

let's remember both in kg and I'll write it down for myself

me too to make sure I did

all right

so we have our stage signatures

mass etc well now what

we have to go to institutions we have to

go and add a little about yourself readers

a few parameters that tell us that

what is going on

then I first of all as the mass

total is given by the sum therefore

I add a sum here from from who of what

thing of the flue elmas plus the mass of the

payload so we connect like this and then

both on adds to but must

subtract this mass the value of

maflow repeats so I add another

sum block sorry I added a

here it is another block of sum I

I have Philip because I want the sign

the more it is upwards

so I do a nice rotating flip and then

I'll do it if he doesn't let me do it

very bad I don't understand why ok

here he is phillip bloch no flip bloco

in this direction

I had to flip I'm talking vertically

but since you don't flip vertically I have to

rotate it clock wise and don't even mi

maybe like punk counter clockwise or not

I still like it

maybe because maybe if we do it more

happy like this no nothing

I don't waste too much time I'll put it on

rectangular and many greetings like this

we see better in rectangular format c

I remove the first sign so we have the

our block done better ok but

clearly ours enters into it

hamas loretta and plus this adds up

so what happens what comes

decreased the total mass of our

stage using mass flow

defined above

however I made a connection here

made a wrong connection what do you mean

to say means that in this way here I

I'm constantly subtracting this

the value there is, sorry, I'm subtracting it

this value without taking in

consideration that this value must

integrate it over time because this is kg

a second but in reality I have to

subtract from my total mass

the integral of this of this magnitude

mass because I want mass

effective and not a mass a speed

of maximum mass flow I want one

effective mass so we cancel the

connection I made here and

Let's add an integral supplement

a supplement and this connoisseurs here

for me it is the fuel consumption therefore the

fuel consumption

this integral defines me when it is

the fuel consumption of the stadium e

we input this so what

it happens every second it will be integrated

this value therefore we will have a consumption

of fuel clearly that will increase

the more time advances because the

mascolo net of nine for 8 kg per second

At this point, however, we have to go

to add another selector before

connect this and this selector

this switch this switch here will be the

switcher that does what

This switch I don't understand why I'm there

It's taking a while

sorry, have patience ok perfect

now a little back because it's starting to

make everything a little bigger

exposed this this selector what

will basically decide when it

stage turns off it no longer has to produce

massive great

we'll see later why we do this is

one way generalizes let's say

generalized to handle the problem

without having to put a thousand blocks afterwards

of sum decision to choose which one

is to use those no why

let's remember here we study model

but obviously we have to say

at what moment to activate a force in

how much to deactivate it to simulate the

behavior of a ray of this

like this selector here

it will basically tell us if there is consumption

of fuel or there is no consumption

fuel because the stadium ran out of fuel

fuel and then we define a

constant we simply set it to 0

this value is chosen then comes

chosen a zero consumption value which

maybe we call this case nothing

consumption show consumption when then

there's no the rocket is off and the 10 the the

flag that allows you to decide whether this

whether it happens or not is what we have

defined above the on off from before

if you remember we defined it earlier

an on off that essentially said if

whether or not it happened it was on or not

stage we are using let's take

the exit

now finally about this supplement

that you tell us the consumption and we give it to him

his tractor that gives us the mass

effective of the current stage with the

sum that we see here clearly

which sign already minus so we have two

more

after what else do we have to go to

do here we need to add gods

identifying selectors that tell us

the current mass of the vehicle

so the mass cd to flag excuse me that

tells us if the tanque is empty and if the

what is the current mass how do we do a

do that then we add another switch

let's add another switch

this switch will tell us if the carbon the the

so it's empty and this switch here to two

constants 11 so when we decide that

when the always takes a while

adding these things to me is eating me up

a lot of the time I don't understand why for

every now and then to reach a constant

decides to take too much time yes and no

I actually added something wrong

I don't know why it took a while

I copy and paste the constants

sorry about this but unfortunately a

Sometimes mine makes me a little slow

series of mine then I define one

constant equal to 1 to say that the

tank is not full

it's not empty sorry it's not empty no

times and while I define a constant

which I set to 0 which says that the tank

it is empty and connects it to the other

our selector's input to this

point we have to see when

the fuel actually runs out

how do we decide to understand if

we do the spent fuel

therefore seeing the integral from before

adding a switch that controls

if the fuel has run out before or

less how do we do it well a lot

we simply add another

switch square this switch what does it do

takes in input

the total mass of our of our

stadium

what we have the mass excuse me

total instantly then considering

also the fact that we are studying ourselves

the mass flow rate and we subtract and there

let's subtract we'll see it now with a

sum block however is not a block

in short, because they need a minus sign

so here we add a minus sign

here so what do we do in this

way here now sorry I want this

really rotate because I need it

rotated ok

what does this take in input the

mass of the stadium

[Music]

empty mass therefore without considering the

fuel the mass instead is total

you see I'm linking it here

including fuel and what

comes out of this operation is the

our control flug why why

if I take that total mass there

they subtract that of the stadium from one

certain point when the fuel will be

this operator here has exhausted the sum

will return zero and therefore that

What happen

as long as there's fuel.there up

this sum here does not know is not negative

that is, it's not sorry, it's nothing from us

a positive number while when the

spent fuel subtraction

clearly between the total mass and the

mass of the stadium that remains its own

the one at the stadium is zero and so what

happens that in this in this block

here we can easily see that

when this sum is greater than zero

the fuel didn't run out then

pass first input otherwise pass

second input which is nothing other than the

mass of the stadium itself

this is done to overcome problems in

which at some point during the

simulation

we continue to use the previous one

stadium because let's remember that we the

first stage continues to be anchored

to our rocket as long as it doesn't

we unhook and then it masses and we have to

consider them in our solution if

we don't consider it anymore let's do a

error so we must consider it

as empty mass until unfounded

that we don't unhook it and connect it too

under the same flag we did

above so what happens now

using the flashback tells us the

sum that tells us if it is still there

fuel or not also allows us with

next selector to respond

to output 5

if our tank is empty or still full

let's connect send to connect the flag

fuel that we defined above here

below so what happens now we are

also connecting to us all

all all our our system of

fuel management because it

let's do it this way it's because it's like this

Sorry, I'm moving the color a little

there is set up they are added

several lines connecting to a

Of course, this widens it a bit

which makes it easier to understand

ok perfect what happens now we know

that even the nose will check if it is there

still fuel or not and if there isn't

clearly the nose will no longer produce

no push so so we took

also recommended
This

at this point we have finished the

first part on the left and now we have to

put it all together right like

let's get everyone together let's go to

build a matlab function that now

basically we do it to reduce

the number of conditions and switches that

that we use for what happens

Now

we will have to cancel the push there

maflow and the relative speed in

function if we decide to turn on or

turn off the stadium

and whether the fuel ran out or not

so let's do a matlab function and

this mat lab function decided to

call it controller stage controller and

here in this matt laug function ne

I know the pro so let's go prepare for

avoid it

and what he will have will have a couple coming in

of information will have input first

on off which tells us if a flag that there

it will tell if the stage is active or inactive

a flag if it tells us empty tank if it is the

tank is full or vote

and the input a and b which is basically going to be

the entrance we want to go to

select I call them to and out

we will have out simply there is the

result of the selection as the

let's define this function let's do

simply that if on off is greater than o

equal to 1 and then add an and

healthy tank equal equal to 1 so in

substance if the stage is active and the

so it is not empty because if there

remember one was to identify the

tank I do not vote then the car will be

set to

the parameter a otherwise we set the

parameter out undergoes and so we close

let's delete this last part and the

We have defined our controller

so with a simple has clearly

now we have to go and save the

I didn't have our model yet

saved if you haven't done so too

save it we call it rocket electron

I call it electron electron rocket lo

let's go save let's go back to ours

in our simulink editor and let's go

to see that we now have ours

stage controller we take our own

stage check and let's start again

connect a few things then we

we want a stage controller for the

trust so this one here will throw out a

trust then we have a stage controller

for the maflow therefore which will control the

mass flow is a stage controller

for the xaus speed of our in

our stage for our thrusters a

I almost forgot we could

safely connect the curia as well

masper that we had finished and was left

disconnected here at this point let's go to

identify what to connect here

then first of all on the on off items

let's connect them all with the

control flag below that

let's see below

no sorry you looked at me wrong

flight on off and up here

you remember it on off so here it is

let's connect one here at the top connected

then we connect the second one

and then we also connect the third one now

we need to connect all the flags there

they say if the tank is empty then the

first the second and the third and then

we have to go and connect the inputs

a and b then what happens

Let's add another minus selector

forgot here before because then what

what happens here was missing an element a

if elected a switch we go

insert this switch here what it does

basically decides whether the output should

being a trust must be pardon me

I'm confusing the step here

I had made the selector that we

we definitely want to connect here

Now I'll mount it and I'll get it

mind because I had put a selector in

this point this selector responds

always this this on off

ah ok I think I realize it now

this selector is used to understand whether

we are turning on less i know i

thrusters

here this is another additional element

that I forgot why through

This is how we decide whether or not to turn on the i

thrusters as simply if i

thrusters then the stage is on i

thrusters are turned on and then it comes

expelled is emitted of is produced

a trust due onslaught of pressure

otherwise we simply have a

ultras and here we are going to define it like this

a vector 000 and then this comes

used if the flag is on off

is set to off

we praise with entry to what comes instead

passed to the trust as a condition b

so now I realize that maybe I have

added a selector probably

a useful fact I realize that

maybe this is a test typo

previous ones I had done, let's keep it

so why does it work now I wouldn't want to

never make a change that we arrive later

at the end of it all everything is lost for

road so we keep a it would seem

be redundant this selector that

I put I noticed it now in

as much as the Hon

it was probably handled by this

stage controller and this one more though

however if the who can be that there

It's also a reason why the name escapes me

I remember because I had done it a while

time ago but let's keep the present

so let's keep this switch

I essentially turn the trust on and off

even if later in the stage controller it is there

the same with this subsequent check

it is redone twice anyway

part for the nose it's okay now let's go

to see regarding the maflow

therefore the maflow is at the input

what the actual maflow then

before fuel consumption we have the

maflow and we connect it is put

out in minus 9 by eight because this

will go inside a
the six degrees freedom block while in the

case in which then as is all on or

the tanque is not turned off or empty

Excuse me if the pole is all lit up

empty the value is thrown out

of the Loreto farm

otherwise if it is all empty it is put

out

a value of zero so we connect to

a constant already present here which is zero

which corresponds to that of consumption

but since we put out

simply a null ledger

when everything is empty we reconnect

simply to the value of nur

consumption we finished like this too

for the maflow and finally connect the ex

out velocity alex lowes velocity what there

we connect we connect our

lowes alex lowes velocity we have

defined here obviously creates there

there are several lines here but you can see the

path that we have defined as exposed a

so we'll see it better, you can see it here

we have our own unrevealed city

previously defined which will now go

to hook up to our condominiums comes

socket is passed out if everything on and

if the tanque is not empty otherwise

a null vector is taken and ci

we attach to an already existing one

and that of the trust be careful not with

funds is not that I'm putting on

speed of an exit a push

no I'm just putting out a

null vector because 000 excuse me a

vector of zeros instead of the vector

coordinated minus 3050 00 for the rose the ex

quick to indicate ex velocity in case

of stadium and turned on and full of fuel

but I'll pass him the ultras one

anyway it is always a zero vector and therefore

that's fine too

at this point it's incredible but I thought

not to finish this part here anymore

we finished our descriptor

of the stadium and this is the first stage

now one says god we have to repeat everything

for the subsequent parts as well

no we have prepared everything for the first one

stage for the second we do

just copy paste you see

how fast did I do against the c

and then against the v of the subsystem

stage an automatically become

stage 2 thanks to simulink which does in

This thing is automatic but be careful

we have to go inside and change

some parameters of stage two because

we know that stage 2 only has a

engine so they are no longer nine engines

but rather one therefore less simply

here it will be minus 8 kg per second, not plus 9

for eight the mass of the stadium is 250

empty mass and 250 kg while the mass

of fuel is 2050 kg ok

so we fixed the year reveal to the

always the same because it uses the

same thrusters as the first stage e

therefore we also defined the

second stage then stage one summer 2

ready third stage the third stage not

exists because it's our payload is the

load, however, we define it with a

subsystem for doing nice things

or rather, much more simply, excuse me

I went back let's do a

string and we finish a constant and this

constant is the mass of our del

our paying load of our small

sat

so this is the payload in parentheses

let's pretend it's a small sat

mini satellite and this one here is there

mass of the veil of kg 150 kg the maximum

possible in this case

in kg ok now what do we have to do we have to

add we need to activate and put

together all these results that

we defined then first of all

Let's add a few things together then

in short, let's add some sum blocks

for the push what does it mean

that all the thrusts of each stage

they must be added together then active

not active clearly if it will not be

active push by contributed by

that stage will be nothing and therefore in the

its while ra10 so let's define first

the sum of the trust to which we connect

the second stage trust and to which there

we connect what we connect to

sum that we define it just before

external forces enter here

so I want to turn this into

rectangular because the trust

if you remember in the equation enters

game comes into play in in the equations

of the motto of our rocket so here

we will have that the total forces so this

we call it total force will be the sum

of external forces body fixed that

we would then define the external forces afterwards

than to define gravity and force

of friction plus that of the trust of the

push and so we closed the first one

set of equations so these are the

equations we have closed the equations

regarding the due forces

to the trust pressure jump treasure

trusts and external forces

now let's work on what the

resulting regarding for

regarding mass flow

Here too we add a sum block

to which we add the mass lo mass of

first stage second stage and then

let's go and connect to the Sudeten DM then

within the mass reach of our bloc

and you see that in this way here we have

also that the mass of the two

enter into the aforementioned dem of ours

of our custom variable mas six

degrees frida a blog

we must also prepare the sum

of exhausted speeds therefore

clearly it will not add up to

be careful not to add them

unloading speed of the first and the

second stage because it would be

physically wrong because actually

what we are going to put here

in short it will only be the value of the stadium

current because when the first stage is

active the second is off and therefore trouble

if zero and therefore substantially la

xaus velocity would always be constant

However, we were able to define it as constant

we want it to be 0 when there is zero

if totally when the first stage

second stage are still turned off i.e

when we are still on the ground so that

we decide when the rocket

it starts when they unhook the stadium and it's there

a time a time of lasko in which yes

activate the second stage and so on

well ok we have also defined the

Ours, sorry, I connected it to the ground

of the wrong rocket I had to connect it to

vr down here meters per second here

because we defined it in meters per

second first ok now but the

total mass and the last part

fundamental because the mass that enters

in play during the solution of

equations is the mass of the stages only

who are active so how can we

proceed here we build another

matlab function another matlab function

we call this matlab function lam

stage selector

and in this function what we define

inside this function

let's input the mass of the

first stage second stage and third

stage and the selector selector I do

this is always as we said before

so as not to have to create 10,000 switches that

which would cause me some problems

therefore as the output of the selector there is the

mass of the vehicle and how the input la

mass of the stages and the selector of the

stadium

at this point initially

initialized mass equal to zero e

let's say that if the selector and if

selector excuse me about one because

selector to a vector so it is a

vector with three components and the three with

three values that correspond to each

stadium

so if the first component of the first

of the selector is equal to 1 then

we want the final mass to be equal

to the mass of the rocket plus the mass of the dl

entry 1 so that's very simple

what I'm doing now is simply

checking if to if to my block that

simulate the rigid body I want to go

I want to give the mass of a one stage

entry fee or not I make a copy

paste because I repeat everything for myself

selector of two equals equals 1 ci

I add mass 2 and if selector of three

equal equal to 1 I add mass 3

clearly this thing is not super

optimized it could also be done

differently with a mask

directly by passing a mass

a vector of masses considering

selector and concatenating the elements e

considering selector as selector

but right now here

I prefer to do it this way because it's more

explanatory so we can know if if

if selector 1 imports one to

total mass is added to that of

hair finches from and so on

let's go back to our model and see that

our state selector is ready lo

we connect to the mass input of the

our body rigid and input and what

we give them input I call that the mass

1 is clearly that of

mass 1 is that of the first stage

therefore m1 will be the mass of the first stage

current mass of the first states therefore

that also includes fuel

during consumption and so on

the second mass is that of the second

stage and the third mass m3 is that of the

our payload after which we go to

define what we are going to define

now there's a few things in the middle here

which moves them a little forward let's go to

define the selector vector as lo

let's define define a mix what is a

mux allows me to merge three elements

multiple different elements in a single vector

than therefore at the entrance it may have more

signals that are concatenated into a

carrier as our breeder

with three inputs there are three possible

conditions we give here you see I connected

the mux directly to selector and here there

they are the three components of our

selector the first is clearly is

the one aimed at the first stage and what it is

the value of the first element is that

of the ept i tank because automatically

what happens if the the first if the first

stadium is not empty

then this is set to one and

so in our mass of our

political mass will also be added

of the stage when the body when the

stadium runs out of fuel

automatically the selector will understand that

the fuel is exhausted and will never come again

added the mass of that stage to the

our rigid body but rather the stadium

it will come let's say it's as if automatically

was released and therefore the mass of

that stage disappears from ours

equation this is also equivalent for the

second while the third the third

condition we always put it on

because because we want the third mass

always part of our system because

the mass of the payload so this it

I simply call on and connect it

here therefore the third grader always

equal to 1 because we always want

that the payload mass has added

to the mass of the other stages

well we finally finished it

definition of electro rock

Let's connect the last elements then

the atmospheric pressure for the first

stage and for the second stage

sorry, every now and then we rotate badly ok

perfect and then we are missing an element here

not off so here the latest ones when yes

they have to turn on these stages lo

we can define with two blocks

so we do it with ramps

I define a ramp and it will be a stadium

one is a ramp to the second stage

there were two because they choose ramp

because for me it allows me to define the

moment when that ramp will begin to

therefore acquire a positive value

we decide following how to say more or less

what they have they do with electro

rock and then the first stage

clearly it turns on immediately then

I leave 0 so this ramp takes on a

positive value right from the start of

our simulation

but then I want the second stage yes

therefore light up 129 seconds after launch

I almost insert a start time 129 at 129

seconds after launch

we are sure that our rocket the

our second stage will be turned on well

we finished building ours

lector rocket remains one last output from

connect that is the current mass e

we connect this value

simply at the entrance to the m of the

our block that we defined earlier

ok electro rock and now it's ready indeed

if we go back

you see that everything we have

done is inside our block that

describes electro rock and now we are

we're at a good point, I'll speed up to finish

in fact I didn't appreciate how much before

it would have stretched out so much

I thought I could do it faster

show it

so what should we go and do

now we have to define

the forces at play first of all strength

of gravity

this is the fundamental we must

define immediately let's make a subsystem ok

we have defined subsystem this is the

we call newton gravity

sorry Newtonian gravity and how

we define and we define it by remembering a

bit what we had done too

the other time with the seminar

precedent regarding the

preparation of the orbit but let's go to

define using a matlab function

this time therefore instead of using

a supplement use a function

what matlab should have as input

our block that simulates the strength of

gravity must have the input

position clearly because it depends

from the location and in this case we in

entrance we will have hicks etc

so the position of our rocket in

meters and art centers and pixels

but since we have to transform the

Newtonian gravity force evaluated in

an inertial reference system

transform it into the reference system

body fixed at entry

we need to add the matrices of

rotation those we saw before

then the first one we introduce is da

rack sorry the mat the direction kozhin

matrix that transmutes goes from in the register of

fixed and that sorry but from the art

sandler fix from ned is the one there

it transformed from dal into the fixed e album

more clearly the mass of the vehicle

so the other element is the mass of the

our object

at this point what are we going to put

what do we want outgoing outgoing

we actually want the weight force

so mg of nassi body and at this point

we have to go and define ours

our gravitational force due to

ground then I make a matlab function

and I call it art graph gravity

sorry for the pronunciation ot newton jan

gravity I open it and what am I going to do

define in here I'm going to define

the equation that therefore planes gravity

defined in the sense of the problem of two

bodies as we have also seen in

seed simulink previous input

that is, r which is nothing other than the position

of the body

at the exit there will be acceleration of

gravity we define ourselves as the coefficient of

gravitation the planetary coefficient

for the land m hawk is given by the product

of the gravitational constant

universal ge the mass of the earth which

resulting in 3.98 600 44 18 times 10

at 14 cubic meters according to this framework

is the mou control value of having

written right I will be able to ok and then the

our gravitational acceleration g sar

act

equals minus m divided by the norm of

radius cubed we know exactly what it is

the equation of the two-body problem

of the dynamics of copi then divided the

norm of the premium per cubic product

element wise then dot asterisk

Let's always remember why the product

it is done by elements and is not a

vector product in this case is a

product element wise why what for

the radius r given as input

I put the two parentheses there for

convenience is ok

our newton e in gravity is ready

described simply by the equation

simple of gravity second plus

largest of bodies

let's go back to our bed at the rocket

We have ready our artoni toni

in gravity, however, is before arriving at the

end result we have to do the

product for the two rotation matrices

what we can use we can use the

matrix multiplication or matrix multiply

you see I always found it with mine

quick search this matrix multiply of mine

which at input is the acceleration of

gravity in the reference system

inertial and ours as a recluse in

matrix that converts from the art

sorry about the acceleration of gravity in the

hearts system enters

with the equation we just saw

and at input the data contained in the matrix

which converts from art center heart pixel to

ned and after so now excuse me I said

I made a mistake by saying it first

artoni low tones from here and there

clearly should be defined in

an inertial reference system though

whereas at this time

we consider the earth with a point of

mass propose it in health center fixed or

in art center and inertial in this

he doesn't give us any details at the moment

problems so we keep it that way

we have our mar

matrix multiplication also for how much

concerns rotation from system of

ned reference to that body after that

clearly before producing the

result we have the product because

what we have now

the acceleration then we have produkt

product of acceleration and mass

of the vehicle then finally produces the

our weight or gravitational force

here we go well so we're done

also the block that generates the force of

gravity this will then be added to

drag and it will come into play inside the

dl I don't understand the term sorry del

our electro rock that would perhaps be there

purely need a break but

we're almost done then

would speed up at this point not to

to lose too much at this point

we have to go and define strength

dynamics let's create another sub system

sorry I created the wrong one

so let's create another subsystem block

and we call it aerodynamics force e

let's go in here too on our sub

system well what do we need it for

describe our friction force

aerodynamic at the entrance we will need it

always hicks and chef's location

our vehicle loses in this case

the speed of our body and in this

case we want speed in the system

body reference expressed in meters per

second

the one you remember first

in the equation a means for don qua non

he took or missed a half robu

c.di a framework in this case we want it

here so ruby in meters per second

so the strength was wheat body

and outgoing what we want we want the

simply force then from there

we call it the friction force

the drag and then we want the pressure

atmospheric

because this block generates strength

of gravity

but we also want it to be there as an exit

atmospheric pressure because we need it

if you remember well in our electro rock

block

so this is away in the middle we have to

go and define a couple of little things

too long fortunately

Let's first define what

a block that how

loses our position and chef hicks

our position in the topic of

reference art center and fixed in

latitude longitude coordinates e

height because we don't need the height in

as much as the atmospheric profile that

we will use needs in input

of the height of the object relative to the

soil so here we go and look for it

I do with library browser see theme

by bre harris browser

I always go to the space block set because

these are always related in the

space the ocst vaden utilities I go in

access transformations and I find an ex

position to hell belle ei that is latitude

longitude tall I take it I drag it and

so I can convert my my

coordinates in latitude longitude

and height at this point I'm going to define

we can do the atmospheric model

finding this in here is very nice

let's go here there is aerodynamics no forgiveness

sorry environment atmosphere and here

we have a few atmosphere models

already prepared, now I want them

use the isa atmospheric model

international standard atmosphere that

this one here that requires input

the height and output gives us temperatures

falling in of the atmosphere acceleration

sorry wind speed pressure

atmospheric and density of air in

entrance so let's avoid at the height that

we know we are already in meters and out

you see we already have our psp there

atmospheric pressure to give

then outgoing which we will use in

electron in the model of the electro and now

however the definition of the

of the of the aerodynamic force as

we can prepare here then we must

use a block that is here too

The dynamic area is very useful

forces en moments and where where it

we can find this we can

find aerodynamics of horses moments

inside aerodynamics I don't know why not

know why they made this new to

ok ok I remembered it without the drawing

I see that they made it new very nice

even with the wing profile this one is ok

essentially this block simulates the

forces in axes in bodies nassi body

input considering

so moments sorry forces moments

I was dynamic considering entering

the aerodynamic coefficients in axes

body the aerodynamic pressure the

center of gravity and the center of

pressure then since we don't have

we don't have time to go to

check precisely where in the center

of pressure where at the center of gravity

of the rocket go and check everyone

how many those could there be

coefficients for aerodynamic moments

of 30 dynamic let's go do something

very simple we create two constants one

for the center of gravity at which

we consider to be centered at 0 0 0 e

we consider this to be equal to

center of pressure so we create a

we call the other one cp this center here

play at always at it goes well

would be the center of pressure or at

the center correctly calling it though

anyway we take cp we also connect

cg and these are already defined a lot

we just need the pressure now

dynamic how we can build it

nice dynamic pressure we can do

very quickly doing a matlab

function then creates another matlab

function we call it I call it dynamic

pressure the dynamic pressure now that

I opened it will have to come out cook is

the value of the dynamic pressure is in

entrance

the density of the air and the speed

vector of our of our body is

immersed in the atmosphere then therefore q

it will simply equal one half

considering the pressure equation

dynamics which is a half robelo cites al

square

in this case we will have a means to

the density for the product Dr

dv to get is the product

between the vector thus obtaining the

square of the vector therefore the dop between i

fundamentals and remind ourselves that in this

case I have to do doctor

not framework considering v which is a

vector so we have insert we have

the dynamic pressure defined with

this matlab function therefore a means

rho dr

v there is the speed of the nassi body well

we also have our own pressure

input dynamics 15 we get vi

you see the vector velocity the vector

of the speed in input body axes

the density given to us by the isa

model atmospheres and then kula we connect

to our block that simulates that simulates

dynamic moments and forces

at this point we can go

to define the vector of coefficients

aerodynamics so let's create another one

another constant this will be i

we call them aero aerodynamics

contemporary sense and these air coefficients

dynamics of we must define are in

total 63 for forces 3 for moments

we consider only 0.25 with the

coefficient to the dynamic territory

along the hicks axis if you remember correctly

as we had seen in the slides given by

the aerodynamics of the feeling and let's say

null all the others always because

in fact we don't have time to model

more completely more accurately the

system we consider only the long one

the direction of motion as a value

actual

we could obviously put i

aerodynamic coefficients for moments

and it would be nice because we will get a

very realistic dynamics of the rocket for

today we will keep it simple model la

in short, it can be up to you, let's say

your discretion to try to

also add these dynamic centers

and different

be careful I made a mistake here

dynamic pressure that follows the we must

convert this output into bars

out in pascal

so let's put a simple model that

a simple game we call pascal

to bar and this value to convert from

pascal tobar is one times ten to the negative 5

this way we can convert from

pascal to slash we connect it here to

our blog is a little wide so it comes

It looks a little better outside, sorry

It's starting to wear out my voice though

I won't stop because we're almost done

so if there should be any

request

I will be able to answer then let's connect q

we convert it from pascals to barre

we connect the coefficients to the territory

dynamic upon our entry here is though

careful we have to go this block

if we don't open to parameters in

entrance

you see it here and we have to go to

define what then here not not

say excuse me or change the input

access regarding the

dynamic coefficient are no longer body

but let's move on to wind because the

aerodynamic friction coefficient in

this sense here if we don't put it in

user axes wind nassi

we have to provide two whole children

dynamics that are variable and dependent

clearly from the setup etc

and above all we will not have to provide one

dynamic pressure no longer scalar but

vector in this case here I want

maintain in a simpler way to have the

scalar vector the dynamic pressure e

I want the speed to be

provided in the form of a vb vector which

what we have input evidence of

I forgot about it when I connect it

to tell you so remember to

select the option then go here

inside double click select options

input access and put them on wind after the

axes the axes for the forces for the moments

we keep them body reference area

this is the air that is used

in the equation one half per v squared e

blah blah blah as we saw it before

in this case we are giving them to

dynamic pressure will therefore be

simply qcd then has the area

this in this case here

the reference area is the area of

feeling which in our case is 0.78 meters

square the fading area then that

that is actually exposed to

direction of motion and that is what

produces the most the most

amount of friction in this case

clearly simplified the spread

reference we keep it 1 the length of

reference is therefore 17 meters

actually our satin is 17 cm long

meters so how do we put it

17 meters because the length of

reference is the length in this

case it would be the length of the profile

winging us in our case is the length

within which the motion develops to the known

aerodynamically develops and clearly

the motto affects the initial part of the

feeling then develops throughout the

length of the rocket which is 17 meters

so this is the length of

reference referent land therefore

let's say 17 meters what's missing now one

fundamental part which is to prevent

problems during integration

in the solution which is that of

verify that actually not me

I also forgot about an exit here

dictated by the somewhat tiredness that

it's time I was dynamic so here

change this input to input 3

it is not entrance 2

you can change it by double clicking

giving the port number and I want that

input 2 for me is m

I call it m aerodynamic moments e

this is the drag queen of this lo

we can't connect it yet

excuse me because why now let's put

two if two switch 3 switch what

they make these three switchers simply

decide whether to activate or deactivate the

dynamic force based on altitude

for what if the vehicle

reaches a very high altitude

what happens then are the forces at play

they begin to be very small and the

solver risks diverging or

don't find a solution

so it is better to turn off the force

dynamics above a certain altitude because

the international standard atmosphere

model

sorry don't be patient because the dynamic

perhaps seismometers could produce one

result

how to say initially not incorrect

when the vb speed is very low or is

very high so let's continue

let's add some switches to

simply check if the speed

at input it is greater than zero therefore

this and above all also for the beginning

Sorry, I'm a bit confused

of confusion

we the strength of the dynamic territory there

we always keep in our simulation

but we must be careful when

let's turn it on because if we turn it on

when bubi and 0 c gives an error immediately

solver at the beginning because he

there is no convergence due to the fact that

this bubi is not initially defined

because this is clearly comes to us

given by the six degrees of freedom block

but if six degrees hasn't happened yet

initialized with parameters then

just like saying the dog bites itself

tail

we are giving this vb to him as it were

closed cycle when however it is not yet

been initialized so it is

It is essential to check that this

force initially crossed torpedo

initially zero when the speed

initial zero otherwise the solver cannot

therefore it cannot have an initialization

we define a force as a constant of

force nothing, that's what we call it

simply do not force and this force

null is a null vector 000 coming

given output for both strength and

the moment when so when the

slower speed is not greater than zero

so I clearly mean which one

the vb speed considering the woman and

its norm so if not if the

we would not treat this as carriers

it would work, in fact I made a mistake here

sorry we have to add one

we have to go add another one

block here that we call it generals

expressed in the f c n therefore this

block and a fc n you can write it

doing fcn allows us to customize

our function and it is simply the

norm thus we obtain the norm of

speed and we do it very simply

we write it like this square root of

component of the vector 1 squared plus

vector component composes second

component of the vector entering the

square plus third component al

square

ok this is how we defined it here

the Euclidean norm of our of

our entry speed to this

point we connect vb correctly and

so now our exact check

so it happens that when the speed

clearly it's not zero so it's not

our solver has still left

force will be zero so let's prevent

convergence type problems

solver ok so this force comes

given then the aerodynamic force comes

taken into consideration when the

speed greater than zero

ok for the start

here too I'm afraid I made a demo of

have produced a certain redundancy that

but I apologize for the problem though

I trust myself to keep it as I had it

left the feints there was a reason and

let's leave this umpteenth redundancy in

which I do yet another check in which

is given to him at the entrance

this then this is given

otherwise force che is given by him

let's connect here let's connect here too

maybe you can check this too

you if this problem that I have that I have

clerk

it's a problem it's not it's not a reality a

problem ah no

sorry, sorry, I'm very tired

I was feeling a bit tired

it wasn't fair like Leo Messi I'm not

redundant because first we tell you

I was saying that we will keep the dynamic force

but always to speed up the solution

we prefer to turn off the force and

dynamic when this is super when the

altitude higher than 100 kilometers so as to

therefore speed up the solver a little

We put this condition here

on the height you see that I linked

basically the switch at height lo

we also connect for the moments and the

condition is that the height when it is

greater than 100 thousand meters therefore 100 km

we deactivate the dynamic force e

let's go back to null force for i too

moments we clearly connect that

we also attach in the force for the

moment down here

for the aerodynamic moments below

and there you have it and finally we have

closed the ring even for how long

concerns the dynamic forces of with

This is how we simulate dynamic forces

taking aspects into consideration

of errors that can happen when

there is no initialization or gli

aspects of slow convergence of

south of the model

sorry for the slow dissolution of the

model or possibly in some cases

convergence if

with a too high athlete they can

be using interviews too

small or in accurate problems

anyway in any case I said one

passion for things and in my opinion someone

I didn't say it right or wrong though

it was to make you understand that we say these

selectors are the omitted to be

sure not to slow this down too much

model for today and to have them conditions

initials correctly

ok come on I was ready dynamics finally

and finally we can go and connect

everything and launch the simulation

ok what's missing but there's just one missing

couple of other things then let's connect

first of all a few of our releases

electro rock and between the blocks of forces

so position here xs finally

let's also connect this for don

unfortunately I don't know why sometimes

OK let's connect here vb let's connect

also vb connected here then we go to

connect the vehicle ground to the

force of gravity

this is current mass so ne

let's take current mass and go to

connect to ground here ok

OK, then let's connect the matrices

of rotations the rotation matrix b e

to the co-dispots to the fair consideration

sorry for all the lines that then yes

on their own they unfortunately move out of the

I'm trying to fix my control now

so we can see clearly what I'm doing

ok well perfect this was hicks and if

do it like this we can see it better and connect

finally also the rotation matrix and f

so that to move on to the ned year there

its right entrance that we have defined

ok at this point again I don't know what

There are some little things here and I wouldn't want them

Luca Vetro, however, if you no longer understand

Nothing

ok now we have connected them too

endowment matrices correctly

now we have to go and connect what

we have to go and connect pressure

atmospheric output directly on pri

and we have to go and add some

forces so let's put a profit

some we call game that clearly

we could no sorry forgive this

this gain here is not necessary I have

I put it

wanting if they wanted we wanted

putting the mass directly here is a

typo of an old thing ok add here

let's add up a few things what we have to do

add here we have to add force of

gravity and friction force I was dynamic

so I define my beautiful sum king

I connect that sum block and there

we connect the sum of the forces of

gravity mg is the sum of the forces of

aerodynamic friction and therefore the appearance

forces we finished the moments of

friction I was dynamic we don't insert them

have been merged you can add them

modify us but since they are null

we are going to add in this

moment is now let's go and introduce that

what body frame moments are

first part crest and here it opens

the last the very last parenthesis that I know

I was very long I was hoping for ends

the first to say hello I wanted to be many though

Unfortunately I thought it would be an act

faster aside on the rocket and we miss it

control because we now have

a rocket ready to operate

let's say they are simulating but it would only work

straight vertically because clearly

the rocket to the nozzles those that have

the controlled gelli system

sorry about the rockets that have a

control based on the geometry of the

nozzles the movement of the nozzle

It then determines the direction of the rocket

rocket starts vertically first for later

begins to make a trajectory

ballistics until it becomes tangential

relative to the earth's surface e

reach after the pre-established quota

with the speed required to enter

orbit is clearly this condition

which one can be achieved if we are at

define adaptive control over

motor objects us today

Suppose we have a geometry

sorry a constant push always in

xp direction and let's check i

moments acting on our rocket

we'll basically just check

only the moment of dive like this

we will be the ones to tell you how to change

its swoop angle to be able to

basically go have tongues

go to have the right geometry for

be able to make the rocket curve and

reach orbit as we can do

At that time

Let's build a very last subsystem

I assure you that this is true

the last one being our system

autonomous driving very simple I have

come I made it very simple because

precisely they are also for reasons they were

here another two hours to find a system

of control let's say realistic that

follows a real ignition profile

etc. etc

we do it very simply and

let's call launch control and this

let's go inside this subsystem and that

what do we want at the input of the tape

lounge checks what we want in the entrance

we want the angle of as input

nosedive because it will be the corner that we

we will use for

make decisions so this will be

fi excuse me tete a tete a outgoing

we will have what output we will have i

moments the aerodynamic moments therefore

here we will have imho mens excuse me the name and

moments in body frame and what we go to

introduce here let's introduce a

pia and proportion intact controller

derivative so luckily simulink

already offers us against the rapid see it

added simply by searching on

quick search pid

maybe but not ok I took that

wrong sorry

I wanted a pizza with an entrance with the

input reference

so we can go all for example

I don't remember how long I've been in the library

inside the library I look for pid

Unfortunately it takes a while because I don't have it

done indexing before now

unfortunately it's taking a

eternity

the first search is always long every time

I hadn't done it yet, it takes forever

a bit

ok here it is pid controller with two

degrees of freedom so we take pid

controller closes shouted freedom lo

let's insert inside we have our

foot controller

at this point what do we give in

input to come reference come set

point of our controller is

clearly we will have the corner at the entrance

of age so but be careful we want it

in in degrees so let's do a search

as pictures we already have them

converters that rudd today makes

I don't know why Radian studies grease

here it is they found radians a

degrees so we converted the angle

theta from pleasant radiants we give it to him

as a reference in our controller

output from our controller will be there

our long aerodynamic moment

along the axis along the z axis sorry

along the y axis therefore in our corner

boobs our moment and dynamic

cloud aerodynamic moment along the axis

y for the dive angle theta is though

we must pay attention to one

first thing we must remember that

when the rocket reaches orbit

when we finish the launch

we want the moments to stop

otherwise this controller will tend

always continue towards a set point

that we gave at the beginning that since

as I told you, I don't have an example

chose a pre default profile but I have

defined a constant profile with a

ramp and then would continue to rotate the

rocket then for simplicity

let's add a against a

selector a switch what does it do

this switch basically controls

how many seconds have passed

from the beginning how can we control

how much time has passed since the beginning is

very simple

let's put a supplement a supplement

let's put a constant

therefore a constant of one second

are integrated a are integrated

sorry unfortunately ok they are integrated

a second is integrated let's say a

constant that defines after how long

we want to deactivate our system

of control so let's make the

Our launch therefore lasts 260 seconds

this will be the time when the system

automatic control will no longer curve

the rocket sorry 250 out of 250 260 seconds

yes sorry and obviously we put a

tractor so excuse me for an abstraction

so I always put sum block then

you change signs and it adds a lot less

so what do we subtract from 260

we subtract the countdown and add here and

so let's check when the

subtraction becomes when excuse me

as long as it is greater than zero then

our exit our moments will be

those controlled by our feet

otherwise when we reached

the orbit the exit will be moments

null and moments we do not always define them

as vector 000 null and this is that

which we will give when we have exceeded 260

seconds after launch well so we have

sorry, there's a little piece missing here

I went too fast

Sorry, I'm missing a mixer here because

be careful what is expelled from us

outside the pid is a scalar

we have a series of three moments

clearly one for each axis is the only one

that we control and those half therefore

we are going to set a vector with

this mux where the half component is

that of the pid

the other two are simply two

constants with a value equal to zero

so we define a constant 0 and la

let's enter both the first one

component therefore we do not control either the

first moment in the second

ok now we can pass it

correctly to the selector and we are

So let's get our controller ready

automatic is ready but one thing is missing

so now everything works fine but

we have to give him instructions

the instructions and this brand that I

start preparing the shot one and

we need to define a brand here and

we decide our strategy

I control how we decide ours

control strategy i.e. like the

we can define then we can

define it this way here then

Let's first define the angle of

initial nosedive that we want the

rocket reaches then we want that

initially our rocket indeed

Let's make something more fun this way

let's put the input from the outside like this

we manage directly from ours

complete interface then that

let's put titta and this will become the

our set point

ok we're sorry this wasn't the set

then this reference these set points

Before proceeding we must set the

pid parameters

I've already prepared them I've already prepared them

get ready so just take

the ones I'm putting on now

parameters I chose for this

controller to make everything work is

a proportional of 0.01

therefore there could be no integral

that simply a pd in fact you will see

which later will become no I don't think so

do it yourself

no we can do it so we can go

to choose a pd because the supplement

we don't want it not whole not

we use an integral ratio a

incredible parameter and derivatives vi

let's put all the other les at 0.01

let's leave one hundred here and the other 11 well the

our pd controller so please forgive

it was never p heidi a pd has these

characteristics a fano showed

so maybe I'll show you for a moment

so you can see them see 0.01 for the

proportional 0.01 for the derivative ok

now let's go back so it's ready

also our control system

automatic

ok let's go back so what

nor now we have moment body frame here

we connect it to the moments of the opposite

to control the moments of ours

electron rocket and now let's go give

incoming titta then titta from where

comes out comes out of this

three component psi fitet vector

so let's take a multiplexer instead

let's take one of the multiplexes that isn't

nothing more than a block that allows us to

transform what we are given by

so this time we have in the entry

a vector and is decomposed at the output

the carrier based on the instructions

that we give them so I click two

sometimes I say output number 3 because I know

that there are three buses and I connect fitet

ap yes so I know the element in

half theta as written here well for

reminding me first is our element

from which we do not want to give as

reference for our system

check

now we have to define the set point and then

we are ready to go as we define it

the set point the launch then we define

that initially our our

our dive angle is 80 let's say

that the rocket just left already

it tilts about 10 degrees

so let's put 80 here after that

let's add it won't be immediate

he'll come a couple of seconds later then

we'll start first at 90 degrees then we'll give a

an axis so these are the initial ones

from which however we must go and subtract

the control value then there

let's put another sum here

let's put a plus and minus

and what do we want to take away

these 80 decreases not up to

get to zero because the vehicle

space the rocket at the end

shutdown will be parallel to the

Earth's surface will therefore have a

final angle of 0

so let's define here

basically another constant ce

we already have 80 sorry one product

now we will see why this product is

let's insert it here

the release of this product will go to

surpass yourself in value at this value here

that we put inside this product

so what are we going to put here

now a ramp that is a system

simple with which we can define

a linear variable setpoint this is

a set point and linear is a straight line that

it starts from the moment in which we define is

clearly varies as a function of time

simulation so we decide that

this this ramp what does this

ramp goes to we define it with one

slot of 0.00 85 with a star time of 15

therefore approximately 15 seconds after launch

the rocket begins to dive

so after 15 seconds it was indeed from

days the rocket begins to dive

let's input this something

it happens that after 15 seconds

these 80 come start come

multiply by 0 to 0 85 subtract 80

so after 15 seconds what will it do but

begins to act and therefore the angle of

dive begins linearly to be

lowered to bring the rocket parallel

to the surface of the earth

we connect to the set point

ah no for don I was missing a little piece

last piece on I'll define immediately

we define that the degree of inclination

final will not be exactly 0 but it will be

slightly negative because when the

rocket begins to beat we want

try before entering orbit of

cancel the speed as much as possible

vertical the vertical component e

try to maximize that

horizontal develop it to have

zero component of the vertical one

when they admired themselves in order to have a

it orbits nearly circular like this

we can do it here

adding a slight negativity

to the final PC corner we use

to get in order then I add them

a switch I add a switch and

added this switch I go

simply to take what I

comes out of control when the

control is greater than negative negative seven

degrees so what happens practically

as long as this is the value of the set

point and greater than minus seven degrees

the control continues to work at

throwing out moments continues to

control the lasso when it passes instead

the minus 7 we want you to stop and not there

is more of a set point and but probably

at that point we would have already arrived

orbit, however, it is important that it

we accept because if we are not yet in

orbit control continue to work

if you remember before 260 seconds there is it

automatic control shutdown

this value in this constant is minus

7 because the final value that we give

minus seven degrees so now we have

the set point ready so this that

we see here on the left at over to the

set point that acts on these moments

as if it were the action of the control there

automatic counter decision on

profile of ascent that must follow the

rocket to reach orbit

clearly this thing here is fictitious

I did it at speed to see that the

model worked to see gods

results

let's say they showed me what a rocket

reached followed the profile more or

less realistic

but if one wanted to be precise

could chris build a profile of

rise well calculated with matlab and then

give it input to this

before automatic control

simply using the sim in the

blog si menu that takes data in one

time series defined in matlab

workspace in this case we define

this fictitious control system here

ok I'm checking but it should be

everything is ready and I would say we are almost there

ready to launch so now

we will launch soon

I'll only add two

I aim to see some results

then we want I want a a scoop that

will show us screen a few

information

what the screen will show us will be

three different graphs so as we have

learned in previous seminars

we can go here define that in

entrance the layout are three doors with

a stack layout and one above

the other

Here it is, now I'm going to check it out

again that ok scalke a layout

vertical and it's ready what we would have

in these three and in these three in these

in the information if first of all

let's show

we show the laxis le board for time

and let's go and see also with an exhibition

of the legend automatically after 7

I row the ladder as far as the

Cartesian axes however for now in the meantime

let's move what here we connect what

we want to see we want to see the share

therefore the meeting fee

so to see the rocket altitude if

do you remember we need the converter is

chef tu l position tunnel and that's it

that we used inside for strength

dynamics to have it share so we will have

on entry the position is cerf here and in

exit

we will have the share that we put as

second

sorry, what is the first piece of information?

the second piece of information we can

I want to see the speed of the rocket

so let's go and put the norm because

we just want to see the speed la

standard card of the fast therefore the

velocity magnitude we do

with a fcn like we did before

so in this fcm there is the root

square to make it the norm or one to the

squared plus v2 squared then le

single components or three squared e

let's go down to from the input vb the speed

in body axes we use that like this

we are sure that there are no problems

we give other compression at the input

to our purpose and the very latest

information we want to go to

see is the mass of the rocket to see the

moments when the mass of the rocket changes

there is the change of turning off the

stage everything we saw

until now and we give him entry

simply taking care mas

well we are finally ready let's go

I'm going to run the simulation now

then we'll go and see the latest one

result in but club so I hope that

parties leave everything in any case if not

there is already one ready already pre-built

so we are sure that it works that doesn't

I missed something along the way

I don't think I don't think though

now let's see then I'll wait

fundamental let's specify here

the duration 7 thousand if we commit 5,000

seconds more or less would be the duration

would allow us to see both the

launch profile is a partial one

orbit propagation why not

I want to show it all because there

it takes a long time because when we

we want to propagate a model like this

complex for such a long duration with

all this set of sites of forces

models it takes it would take a while

time therefore the only solution for us

now to work properly is

reduce the time and possibly

take the final state of the rocket e

use it with our old one

simulink propagators for orbits

so that's usually how we do it

gets the status of the vehicle when finished

of entry into orbit and then propagates

the orbit with a preparer so yes

they always divide things, not everything is done

with the same program you go to

also simulate the dynamics of the launch

of atmospheric flight

ok 5,000 seconds let's check the

settings of our solver and mi

I lose a bit with that no because I am

used to I'm used to here it is

modeling model setting and I want

use a be sure that

we use a variable step with one of

45 dormand prince that works well is

I live and want a relative tolerance of

one times ten to the negative 6

so you too do it let's consider that

to have states as we have them

now let's work with one times 10 to negative 6

ed ormond prince or 45 ok to this

at this point I would say we are ready

let's take the graph and if everything is fine

separate compilation that will take us

a couple of seconds everything should be fine

good is not good in fact there is a problem

multiple matrix I made a mistake

on inside the new tonia in

gravity

I probably transcribed it wrong

parameter here I control it on the fly

ok let's go check our earth

gravity is given in and out

output g however the product is not correct

I dare say I may have reversed it

reversed exactly I reversed

pay attention here the first one

element what is the mistake I made

the first element is always the matrix

clearly second element to the vector

or how to seize therefore here too

vector and then matrix ok now I should

have corrected the problem except the

correct and relaunch a simulation

ok everything seems to have started well

then no it didn't start correctly and

we can see it very clearly from

I must have done something wrong somewhere

implement something you see it's there

radios in high is falling instead

go up even if the speed increases

so actually somewhere I think

that I made a mistake setting a

parameter however for since here there

there are thousands of parameters and clearly

go and see again we will get lost too much

time now we spend this is the

same as what we saw before

except for the control that already

outside is the same as what we have

just seen just that I'm sure

of the legislative decree on its functioning

here clearly here I probably have to

have made the wrong settings

somewhere about activating the

because then there is one thing to say to him

statuses lit up correctly

because if you see the stages there are

varied their mass correctly

we can see here now I will love you in

this phase

let's expand so we can see well you see that

the mass is first decreased and then there is

first stage shutdown status

where the mouse cursor is here

switching off the first stage activation

of the second stage switching off the

second stage however unfortunately the

share was therefore decreasing from

somewhere it probably has

made a conversion error on the

long and over distances or I'm missing a

conversion parameter somewhere

in any case it is something that must must be

simple enough to fix not

it should be a particular problem

In any case I'll show you the graph

exact working therefore beyond

of the king that I may have committed by writing

in here which then gives me a little

bother not not knowing what it would be

interesting to understand what it is to be

sure where at the time

I would say the speed varies

correctly 4 100 have passed here

260 seconds so it went up too much

slowly

so there might be a problem

due to the input forces are

connect that connected correctly

correctly I double check in general if

I can't find what it could be

let's say the catch

I'm not going to waste too much time here

let's go and see right away probably

must have plugged one of these into the

wrong point

we can we can must races and find

absolutely where is the problem

and surely this is somewhere

I must there must have been a point where I

connected badly so let's see what not

let's talk after time and review the data

exactly

here it is so this is the data that

we get let's just take them up to here

because afterwards you clearly see the

automatic control system must

be back well because if not

this happens

the orbit I got that now

number and we will see it well with the launch

of the rocket see first stage

second st second stage shutdown e

then the cargo in orbit here in this

moment here where I'm doing now

we can go introduce we can

go introduce a vertical line

sorry, a memory where it was from is fine

show with the mouse

because otherwise we become a stop to another

now just figure out the vertical cursor

however, you see here is the switch-off

of the rocket where I am with my mouse now

and a speed of 5 7.9 was achieved

km per second that the speed for

actually go into orbit at one

altitude of approximately 300 km 200 km then down

I'm clearly saying it from there

let's say so spannometrically yes

could do the calculation as a root

square of mou divided by r or let's say one

you can calculate what they would be

determine the speed you want

reach the quota that Inter hope for

what happens that everything went well the

rocket arrived in network orbit 250

kilometers from the surface

approximately 200 km 180 from the surface with

a very high speed which in fact it has

led to having a class of around 500

km only then it started to go downhill

again and the orbit was not complete

so this is more has come out more

a result of a trajectory

suborbital in fact in fact now

I conclude everything because this data is there

they show the speed of the rocket you see

that 4 at the first stage second stage there is

a decline in fast speed changes

because clearly there is a shutdown here and

restarting with just one engine

different profile then and then shutdown

final speed and the remaining speed

clearly it is constant

clearly no speed in orbit

we have more friction force at least forces

38th unloaded and reduced so it remains

of the velocity remains the orbital one

clearly then we have a descent

but here also the mass you see that first

stage consumed according to now only one

payload load mass of our

now let's go and see

let's go and see for a moment

ha by the way I just agreed

now excuse me I apologize to anyone

of Microsoft Watch
unfortunately I think I had to install

windows for problems and I don't have any

forgot to reactivate it with mine

license and then pass the fact that yes

no sky yet in trials mode

In any case, let's take a look

the very latest thing from the simulation

from the simulation you saw here

me with blocks that we didn't put

still in our simulation in

our model are presented here

here you see that with blocks to work

space I basically saved the

working simulation result

the observer workspace why why

so we can go and see

the orbit let's finally use it

a script made in matt called

we had used it the other time too

Whoever may have looked at the simulink leaves

strengthening seminar on

simulink upgrade we had done

the propagation of orbits in symbols

that we had seen how to see the orbits

entered we will do it today seeing the

rocket launch profile then

to see it as we must have also

the correct position is good for us

let's go and see now unfortunately I think

which perhaps we will see in the position

[Music]

ok let's see if it's correct, run mine

script you see this and to show you

that they can be used i

data taken from our simulation

simulink to go and view then

results here it is

here it is, let's take a look

great

ok unfortunately I must have made a mistake

settings but I can't find it

our orbit must have touched

something because the results are ok

sorry indexing position due xxx at the race

mound I would say that out a

unfortunately in my output there is an error a

okay so we have unfortunately gods

wrong data

clearly there is little I can do about it right now

simply the simulation

original so let's see I also hoped to

don't have to do it for it takes a while though

we'll wait a couple of seconds

we will see the council together

the launch is working, in fact we can

maybe go and edit just this

last parameter here to go to be

sure you can get in

correctly in orbit without having ok

260 seconds good I'd say so

it should be fine now I will laugh as a mule

I'll check everything for a moment with the model

so take let's consider this as

so what we did up

now it is certain in some small king a

there was a catch

given that error the chi cannot be calculated

correctly

ok you see you see the cancellation we are

by executing we are following the solver

here it is ok 150km and shut down ok

let's let it propagate the simulation for

another up to 1000 seconds

ok you see we have reached the speed

you see we have reached the quota

except that probably now it is

we can see maybe we don't have

reached the right speed that gearbox

of at least minus 10 that I put on

final grades

here you see we have reached touching

we're stabilizing around 120 with

an orbital velocity apparently

correct to about 7 world is not just us

let's let the simulation propagate for a

then you have then to summarize for

see if we did everything right and it goes

all good then let's see that our

rocket took off with its full mass

let it then be decreased where this is present

there is a jump and you can also see it on the profile

of the speed there is the stop therefore the

first stage shuts down after a while

there is the re-ignition because this this

phase here it is as if during the launch the

rocket clearly goes out the first

stadium waits a couple of seconds

is released and then turned on

the other stage so what happens that

actually here we see the moment in

where there is a release, make the mass

it instantly goes from about three thousand to

less than 2000 because the

first stage weighing 950 kg because it is

empty afterwards there is let's say to the consumption of the

mass of the second stage and then

the actual entry into orbit

of the last one you can also see here unhooks from

according to state only the 150 kg of the remains

of our small sat

well then I'll stop the simulation because

otherwise it would take a lot of time

have a complete life we stop it

I hope he exported me

correctly on

the results here simulation output ok

now there are

I don't know why he didn't have them before

exported for now we have the rocket

paul s p's who are the ones there

they will be to see the graph and

we can finally see it so there

we stop at about 1,300 seconds when

the rocket reached this thing here 200

km at a speed of approximately 7.8 km per

second

with this data here let's go and see

trajectory in three dimensions col

chart from before so I'll read them

ri project script that we used

also in orbit propagation e

we finally have it

so sorry, I moved it a bit

forward should be 5 here I have to

to be so

ok soon unfortunately there is a problem

on on let's modify it so finally it

we can see well a little bothered not

see it well afterwards so I would say a

approximately we should recalculate the

rotation of the earth for the date

obviously pre-established by Reid and

don't go crazy on this then 6.2

I think it might be pretty good

I would say roughly no but a little more than 6.5

and we should be there

now you will understand why not now too

go ahead 6.4 and we'll close the banks

quite convinced perfect ok it is

we finally see our result

now I'll zoom in a bit in the area you see

down here

It's a bit out of sync but it would be there

spaceport that we have defined

that is, the French Guiana where we have the

defined rocket launch point

inside simulink with coordinates

let's go and see it here now

I get closer and you finally see the profile

of our rocket launch

now I will rotate the image slightly

so we can all see it together in

profile here you can see that the

the rocket then took off vertically

started to get parallel

to the treacy surface clearly for

be able to build an orbit here we have at

time of shutdown approximately in

this position

we had the speed needed to

remain in circular orbit at 200

kilometers from the surface from

tragically result will be an orbit

it is not

politics probably doesn't mean that

is a complete one because here is the whole thing

skill in those who more than anything else

skill

certainly also in the purpose that one

has to do with this simulation and then

well certainly also for when yes

they do things simple and skillfully

in the knowledge that one to when

apply these things here here I have it

done pretty quickly though one

could build a better profile

to ensure that at the time of

shutdown

flight conditions are more

current so I'll show you too

so you can see it well we see it

good also so you see departure from

soil and then there is ours clearly

you see how we prepared the orbit

a polar orbit

so since we launched with one

direction

considering the zero angle for how much

it's about the angle

we're basically getting along

to the north

considering the system north is down

we followed the sex so sorry

northwards south because we were born

in the opposite direction with the angle of

dive 80 if they didn't have to go

at least 80 we are given in the direction

opposite

however you see exactly the orbit is

therefore technically coming out of that

from now on I could take the

satellite conditions from this point

below that I am pointing to you with the mouse

and the state therefore the speed and the

position and use the supplement for

be able to solve the problem and therefore

have simulated both the launch and

entering orbit with the elements

that we have seen well I will end here

It's been very long and I apologize a bit for it

of the duration of the seminar, unfortunately yes

I was hoping it would only last an hour in the fake

oriented to 240 as I now I

I realized not being able to

plan times for these things

jokes aside it was very long and so

I was hoping to be able to do it more

quickly but the complexity of

internal part

maybe adding there is an explanation

it was beyond impressive I imagined

I hope you enjoyed it anyway I hope that

Let me say you enjoyed it

same although very long clearly

if you have any don't have for whom

maybe he stayed to follow or for whom

will see if the seminar at other times or

you can then write to us

quietly in our channel

Facebook you can write yes through

the Facebook channel or possibly not

I know if the chat

I don't think it stays active but if you can

add comments below if needed

However, I recommend asking a few questions

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so thanks to everyone

it's a